Showing papers on "Serum albumin published in 1968"
TL;DR: Glutaraldehyde was found to react with the α-amino groups of amino acids, the N-terminal amino groups of some peptides and the sulfhydryl group of cysteine, and the phenolic and the imidazole rings of tyrosine and histidine derivatives were partially reactive.
491 citations
TL;DR: The similarities in the behavior of the BPA and BMA non-mercaptalbumin monomer fractions are somewhat surprising since the presence of these non-Mercapt albumin fractions in plasma albumin has been shown to be due to mixed disulfide formation between mercaptalbumin and plasma cysteine and glutathione.
357 citations
272 citations
TL;DR: The methyl orange dye-binding method tends to give slightly higher results in disease and occasionally larger discrepancies as compared with the electrophoretic and immunoprecipitation methods, but results are little affected, if at all, by the presence of large amounts of paraproteins.
Abstract: Good agreement was obtained between an electrophoretic and an immunoprecipitation method for serum albumin, and it is suggested that these offer a means of determining serum albumin concentration with reasonable accuracy. The methyl orange dye-binding method tends to give slightly higher results in disease and occasionally larger discrepancies as compared with the electrophoretic and immunoprecipitation methods, but results are little affected, if at all, by the presence of large amounts of paraproteins. The dye-binding method appears to be ideal for population surveys.
222 citations
TL;DR: Endoneurial blood vessels at different levels of the peripheral nervous system of the rat differ in their permeability, as do blood vessels in the endoneurium, the perineurium and the epineURium of peripheral nerves.
Abstract: A comparative study was made on the permeability of blood vessels to serum albumin in spinal nerve roots, dorsal root ganglions and peripheral nerves of the rat. Differences in vascular permeability were demonstrated by fluorescence microscopic tracing of intravenously injected albumin labelled with fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FLA) or with Evans blue (EBA). The main findings were as follows:
1.
Extramedullary parts of dorsal and ventral spinal nerve roots presented fluorescent albumin both in the walls of blood vessels and in the interstices between the nerve fibres, from the cord to the junction with the peripheral nerve.
2.
Dorsal root ganglions displayed a rich accumulation of fluorescent albumin in and outside the walls of blood vessels in the capsule and in the endoneurium. In addition, large amounts of albumin were detected in the cortex, filling out the spaces between adjacent neurons. EBA was also traced in satellite cells and occasionally in neurons.
3.
The endoneurium of peripheral nerves presented fluorescent albumin only in the lumen of the blood vessels, the remaining parts of the nerve fasciculi being devoid of fluorescence. The epineurium and perineurium, on the other hand, contained large amounts of fluorescent albumin both in and outside the blood vessels.
212 citations
186 citations
TL;DR: Nine malnourished and nine children who had recovered from malnutrition were given a single injection of albumin-(131)I and were studied during consecutive periods in which the dietary protein was changed.
Abstract: Nine malnourished and nine children who had recovered from malnutrition were given a single injection of albumin-(131)I and were studied during consecutive periods in which the dietary protein was changed.Malnourished children had significantly lower catabolic rates of albumin than had recovered children on the same protein intake. Both nutritional groups, however, showed a progressive fall in catabolic rate after 3-5 days on a low protein diet (0.7-1.0 g/kg per day), and the maximum effect was seen in the 2nd wk of low protein feeding. The catabolic rate could return to normal within 3 wk in a malnourished child fed 4 g of protein/kg per day. The albumin synthetic rate was measured by a computer technique suitable for nonsteady-state conditions. The synthetic rate in the malnourished groups (101 mg/kg per day) fed on a low protein diet was significantly lower than the rate in the recovered groups (148 mg/kg per day). The synthetic rate responded rapidly to a change in diet; when the rate fell, the intravascular albumin mass was maintained by two compensating mechanisms: (1) a net transfer of extravascular albumin into the intravascular pool; and (2) by a delayed fall in the catabolic rate. The net transfer of albumin into the intravascular compartment diminished as the catabolic rate fell. ADAPTATION TO A LOW PROTEIN DIET WAS ASSOCIATED WITH: (a) low synthetic and catabolic rates of albumin; (b) a reduced extravascular albumin mass; and (c) a capacity for a rapid return to normal in the synthetic rate when the dietary protein was increased.
173 citations
TL;DR: The kinetics of pulse label studies suggest that the processes observed were sequential and that precursor-product relationships exist between the F-1 and F-2 pools and theF-2 and PL pools.
Abstract: Mature human erythrocytes were incubated with 14C-labeled palmitic acid bound to crystalline human albumin. Energy-dependent incorporation of the labeled palmitic acid into cell membrane phospholipids occurred, and various stages in this incorporation were defined.
Initially the palmitic acid was rapidy transferred from the albumin to a “superficial” membrane pool of free fatty acid (F-1), which was removable when the cells were washed with defatted albumin. This process was independent of red cell metabolism.
The labeled fatty acid then passed into a second “deeper” membrane pool of free fatty acids (F-2), which was not extractable with albumin. This process was energy-dependent and proceeded at a slower rate than the initial transfer from albumin to F-1.
Ultimately the labeled fatty acid was incorporated into phosphatides (PL). This process also was dependent upon cellular metabolism.
The kinetics of pulse label studies suggest that the processes observed were sequential and that precursor-product relationships exist between the F-1 and F-2 pools and the F-2 and PL pools. [Formula: see text] From the size and specific activities of these pools, calculations of the extent of phospholipid turnover were made. An approximate figure of 2% /hr or 30 nmoles/ml of packed red blood cells per hr was obtained. The figure was further calculated to represent an energy cost to the red blood cell of approximately 5% of the energy available from glycolysis.
145 citations
TL;DR: It is found that protein hydration correlates strongly with the sum of the polar residues minus the amides; amides apparently inhibit water binding.
145 citations
TL;DR: Commercial serum albumin was found to contain lactate, pyruvate, and especially citrate in addition to fatty acids, andCharcoal treatment followed by prolonged dialysis was effective in removing most of these contaminants.
141 citations
TL;DR: The Standards Committee of the AACC presents a discussion of the nature of total serum protein and the problems associated with its determination, and proposes that protein be defined as polypeptide material, and that a reference preparation be promulgated for interlaboratory use.
Abstract: The Standards Committee of the AACC presents a discussion of the nature of total serum protein and the problems associated with its determination. Proposals are made that protein be defined as polypeptide material, and that a reference preparation be promulgated for interlaboratory use. The reference material suggested is bovine serum albumin, produced to rigid specifications and distributed as a stable 7% (w/v) solution, the concentration of which has been established by careful dry weight assay. Comments of readers are invited.
TL;DR: The microsomes from perfused livers taken from fed animals did not demonstrate a significantly reduced capacity to incorporate leucine-(3)H or phenylalanine-(14)C into protein, and perfusion per se does not inhibit the microsomal response.
Abstract: Carbonate-14C was used to label the hepatic intracellular arginine pool and direct measurement of albumin synthesis was made in six rabbits before and after an 18-36 hr fast. 18 perfusion studies were performed with livers derived from fed and fasted rabbits (18-24 hr). Microsomal amino acid-incorporating ability with leucine-3H and phenylalanine-14C was compared in 17 studies, using microsomes isolated from livers taken from fed and fasted rabbits and from isolated perfused livers whose donors were fed and fasted.
Albumin synthesis is rapidly inhibited by fasting. Albumin synthesis decreased 33% in vivo and 53% in the perfused liver. The microsomes from perfused livers taken from fed animals did not demonstrate a significantly reduced capacity to incorporate leucine-3H or phenylalanine-14C into protein. Microsomes derived from perfused and nonperfused livers whose donors were fasted incorporated 32-54% less tracer than microsomes obtained from fed donor rabbits. Microsomes separated from perfused livers removed from fed and fasted rabbits responded to polyuridylic acid stimulation and phenylalanine-14C incorporation rose from 58 to 171%.
An 18-36 hr fast inhibits albumin production in vivo and in the perfused liver. The microsomal system is less active in the fasted state and perfusion per se does not inhibit the microsomal response.
TL;DR: Plasma membranes were isolated from rat liver and the 5′-nucleotidase and the Mg2+-insensitive part of the nitrophenylphosphatase were not, but all other enzyme activities were abolished by lipid extraction and, with the exception of the ATPase, inhibited to various extents by the phospholipase treatment.
TL;DR: Human serum albumin is acetylated when exposed to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) under physiologic conditions in vitro and indications are that a similar phenomenon occurs in vivo after ingestion of aspirin.
Abstract: Human serum albumin is acetylated when exposed to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) under physiologic conditions in vitro. Indications are that a similar phenomenon occurs in vivo after ingestion of aspirin.
TL;DR: The results indicate that in rat embryos the cerebral blood vessels are impermeable to albumin at least as early as the fifteenth day after fertilization.
Abstract: A study was made on the permeability of cerebral blood vessels to albumin during development. Fluorescent labeled bovine serum albumin was injected into a tail vein of newborn, young and adult rats and into the umbilical artery of embryos from the fifteenth to the twenty-first day of pregnancy. The distribution of the tracer was ascertained by means of fluorescence microscopy. In the brains of the embryos and postnatal rats the fluorescent albumin was strictly confined to the lumen of the blood vessels, while considerable extravascular passage was observed in subcutaneous tissue. The results indicate that in rat embryos the cerebral blood vessels are impermeable to albumin at least as early as the fifteenth day after fertilization.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The selective induction of tolerance in cells capable of producing high affinity antibody upon immunization with large doses of antigen is proposed as an explanation for these observations and as one factor involved in the control of antibody synthesis.
Abstract: Summary Guinea pigs immunized with 50 µg of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) exhibit a marked increase in affinity of serum anti-hapten antibody between 2 weeks and 2 months after immunization associated with a modest fall in serum anti-DNP antibody concentration. On the other hand, guinea pigs immunized with 1 mg of DNP-BSA display little or no increase in affinity of serum antihapten antibody together with a marked fall in antibody concentration over the same time period. The selective induction of tolerance in cells capable of producing high affinity antibody upon immunization with large doses of antigen is proposed as an explanation for these observations and as one factor involved in the control of antibody synthesis. Furthermore, it is proposed that tolerance induction involves a thermodynamically driven step consisting of the binding of antigen to cell associated antibody.
TL;DR: In vitro studies demonstrated that a major part of the antibodies produced by rabbits with chronic nephritis lacked precipitating properties, and it is suggested that, in addition to quantity, quality of antibody plays an important role in the development of chronic serum sickness.
Abstract: Three of 16 rabbits injected (intravenously) daily with crystalline bovine serum albumin (BSA) for periods in excess of 10 wk developed chronic glomerulonephritis. In vivo, animals with chronic proteinuria formed variable quantities of soluble complex after injection of antigen while animals without proteinuria exhibited rapid removal of the injected BSA. In vitro studies demonstrated that a major part of the antibodies produced by rabbits with chronic nephritis lacked precipitating properties. Interpretations of these observations were presented in the discussion. It is suggested that, in addition to quantity, quality of antibody plays an important role in the development of chronic serum sickness. Complexes formed with nonprecipitating antibody, which are less rapidly removed from circulation, would have a greater opportunity to deposit in glomeruli and induce inflammation.
TL;DR: Evidence suggests that the principle component of the fetuin fraction contains the bulk of its biological activity, and the factor studied here appears to be of general importance in mammalian cell growth.
Abstract: The relationship between various materials which may be present in a fetuin fraction of fetal calf serum and their biological activity observed for the fraction as a whole is clarified. Addition of fetuin produced maximum reproduction of single bovine ovary cells in synthetic F12 medium whereas crystalline albumin had little effect and crystalline alcohol-precipitated albumin had no effect or inhibited growth. Fetuin antibody precipitates specifically with fetuin and destroys all growth of bovine ovary cells; growth inhibiton is reversed by fetuin addition. Therefore the action of fetuin on cell division is specific and different from that of albumin which does not reverse inhibition upon addition. In gel electrophoresis the standard fetuin preparation exhibits 1 major component and 6 or 7 minor ones. Evidence suggests that the principle component of the fetuin fraction contains the bulk of its biological activity. Many different mammalian cells responded to bovine fetuin and several different adult and fetal mammalian sera were similarly deprived of their cell stimulatory growth power by treatment with antifetuin gamma globulin. Therefore the factor studied here appears to be of general importance in mammalian cell growth.
TL;DR: Mitochondria from rat tissues are less sensitive than those of guinea pig to in vitro inhibition by phenethylbiguanide, but serum albumin alters sensitivity to inhibition in similar fashion in both species.
Abstract: Derivatives of guanidine, such as phenethylbiguanide, are potent inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration in vitro, but the relevance of this inhibition to their in vivo blood sugar-lowering action is not clear. We have studied the metabolism of pyruvate and long chain fatty acids by mitochondria from several tissues of guinea pigs and rats and observed the effects of phenethylbiguanide on these processes. The rate of pyruvate decarboxylation and of β-oxidation of long chain fatty acyl-CoA derivatives by guinea pig heart mitochondria in vitro has been found to exceed the flux of substrate through the citric acid cycle, both in the presence and absence of phosphate acceptor.
When serum albumin is included in the incubation medium, the respiration of guinea pig heart, skeletal muscle, and liver mitochondria is inhibited by concentrations of phenethylbiguanide which approximate the levels achieved in those tissues in vivo. In the absence of albumin, the mitochondria are several fold less sensitive to phenethylbiguanide inhibition. Mitochondria from rat tissues are less sensitive than those of guinea pig to in vitro inhibition by phenethylbiguanide, but serum albumin alters sensitivity to inhibition in similar fashion in both species. During the breakdown of pyruvate or long chain fatty acyl-CoA, phenethylbiguanide demonstrates no specificity of inhibition toward the oxidative reactions before the citric acid cycle versus those of the cycle itself. However, oxidation of free fatty acids is relatively resistant to inhibition.
TL;DR: The most sensitive and quantitatively reliable index for the assessment of the “anti-inflammatory” action of the various steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs is the behaviour of the serum alpha-2-glycoproteins.
TL;DR: The accuracy of the method was improved by introducing refinements into procedures for measuring (14)C radioactivities associated with both urea and proteins that are lost from the plasma during the synthesis interval, which can be shortened with advantage to 3-4hr.
Abstract: 1. Rates of synthesis of plasma albumin and fibrinogen were measured by the [14C]carbonate method in normal rabbits and in animals that received a single intravenous injection of Shigella endotoxin 14–48hr. earlier. 2. The accuracy of the method was improved by introducing refinements into procedures for measuring 14C radioactivities associated with both urea and proteins that are lost from the plasma during the synthesis interval. 3. The synthesis interval (time between injecting carbonate and measuring specific radioactivities of protein guanidine carbon in plasma) can be shortened with advantage to 3–4hr. 4. Injection of endotoxin markedly decreased the fractional rate of loss in the first few hours of injected radioiodine-labelled fibrinogen and to a smaller extent of similarly labelled albumin from the plasma. The absolute rate of synthesis of fibrinogen was increased in endotoxin-treated rabbits by more than 400% compared with normal animals, and the rate of synthesis of albumin was increased by about 60%.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The protein content of tears shows an inverse relationship to the volume of lacrimal fluid obtained during a collection period of less than 5 min, and has gel filtration characteristics consistent with a molecular weight intermediate between that of serum albumin and of lysozyme.
Abstract: Summary The major immunoglobulin of tears is IgA globulin, which is recovered in the external volume when subjected to Sephadex G 200 gel filtration. This protein contains “transport” or “secretory” piece as does the IgA globulin of other secretions. Another protein in tears, the anodal tear protein, is not related to albumin but is electrophoretically a “prealbumin.” It has gel filtration characteristics consistent with a molecular weight intermediate between that of serum albumin and of lysozyme, and has not been identified in serum, spinal fluid, saliva or urine. The protein content of tears shows an inverse relationship to the volume of lacrimal fluid obtained during a collection period of less than 5 min.
TL;DR: The behavior of lysozyme in aqueous urea and acetamide is consistent with the following conclusions: like serum albumin, the extent of solute-protein interaction is paralleled by some degree of protein perturbation, the latter reflected by ly sozyme in change of intrinsic viscosity or disulfide bond stability (or both).
TL;DR: The testosterone-binding component was readily separated from corticosteroid-binding globulin by column chromatography of pooled pregnancy serum on microgranular diethylaminoethyl cellulose and is distinctly different from corto-binding Globulin in its chromatographic behavior and steroid-binding properties.
TL;DR: It is shown that the transfer of thymus cells alone to irradiated recipient mice would not restore their antibody response to sheep erythrocyte antigens, but that these cells would act in cooperation with bone marrow cells when a mixture of these cell types was transferred.
Abstract: IT has been observed consistently that the immune responsiveness of neonatally thymectomized mice to various antigens, including bovine serum albumin (BSA), can be restored by injection of sufficient dissociated thymus cells1,2. This is also true for mice thymectomized in adult life, lethally irradiated and injected with bone marrow (my unpublished data). Claman, Chaperon and Triplett3 have shown that the transfer of thymus cells alone to irradiated recipient mice would not restore their antibody response to sheep erythrocyte antigens, but that these cells would act in cooperation with bone marrow cells when a mixture of these cell types was transferred.
TL;DR: There was close agreement between albumin synthetic rates measured by this method and albumin catabolic rates derived from simultaneous albumin-(131)I studies, supporting the validity of the method and suggesting that there is relatively little fluctuation in the rate of albumin synthesis from time to time.
Abstract: The guanido carbon of hepatic arginine is the common precursor of urea and of the arginine of plasma proteins synthesized in the liver. It is possible to measure the momentary synthetic rates of plasma proteins by "pulse labeling" this arginine pool with bicarbonate-(14)C. In the current study, this method has been adapted in order to use urinary urea data and was applied to control subjects and patients with gastrointestinal protein loss. The assumptions required for this determination are discussed. There was close agreement between albumin synthetic rates measured by this method and albumin catabolic rates derived from simultaneous albumin-(131)I studies, supporting the validity of the method and suggesting that there is relatively little fluctuation in the rate of albumin synthesis from time to time. The albumin synthetic rates in six control subjects averaged 5.8 mg/kg per hr, while those of five patients with gastrointestinal protein loss averaged 7.2 mg/kg per hr. Thus in these patients, there was relatively little acceleration of albumin synthesis in response to continued loss of plasma proteins into the gastrointestinal tract. Fibrinogen synthetic rates averaged 1.9 mg/kg per hr in five control subjects and 3.2 mg/kg per hr in five patients with gastrointestinal protein loss. Transferrin synthetic rates exhibited considerable individual variation in both groups and averaged 0.24 mg/kg per hr in four control subjects and 0.31 mg/kg per hr in five patients with gastrointestinal protein loss. The method employed in this study offers several advantages in studying plasma protein metabolism. It provides a direct measurement of protein synthesis, applicable to several proteins simultaneously, does not require a long-term steady state in the metabolism of the proteins, and is capable of measuring short-term fluctuations in synthetic rates. Therefore, this approach is applicable to the investigation of the physiological factors controlling the rates of synthesis for plasma proteins.