Showing papers on "Similarity (psychology) published in 1968"
305 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the individual's responses to members of a set of stimuli are based on his internalized conception of them and can be revealed by multidimensional scaling analysis of his judgments of interstimulus similarity.
61 citations
TL;DR: Factor-analysis was used to explore the feasibility of a multidimensional approach to the study of interpersonal attraction in an experimental context and provides support for a multi-dimensional conceptualization of interpersonal attractions.
Abstract: Factor-analysis was used to explore the feasibility of a multidimensional approach to the study of interpersonal attraction in an experimental context. S completed a battery of attraction items concerning an O he heard on tape. In a 2 × 2 × 2 design, O either blundered or not, was the same age or older than 5, and held similar or different opinions. These attraction ratings were then factor-analyzed and factor scores later used in analyses of variance for experimental conditions. The two factors extracted were related to socio-emotional and task-related aspects of interpersonal attraction. Interestingly enough, the Similarity dimension was significant on both of these independent factors. The study provides support for a multi-dimensional conceptualization of interpersonal attraction.
48 citations
TL;DR: This article found that attraction toward a stranger is a positive function of his occupational prestige and a negative function of assumed attitudinal similarity between the stranger and the target. But, the relationship between attraction and assumed similarity between strangers was not investigated.
Abstract: Previous research has shown that the effect of attitudes on attraction is independent of the prestige or status of the stranger expressing the attitudes. It was hypothesized that in the absence of additional information, attraction toward a stranger is a positive function of his occupational prestige and that attraction is a positive function of assumed attitudinal similarity between stranger and S. Ss were 139 Stanford students who were given either occupational information, attitudinal information, or both types of information about a stranger. It was found that either occupational information alone (p < .02) or attitudinal information alone (p < .001) influences attraction. When the two types of information are combined, as in earlier research, Ss respond only to attitude similarity (p < .001). There was support for the proposed relationship between attraction and assumed similarity (p < .01), but variations across conditions suggest caution in interpreting this finding.
33 citations
TL;DR: The authors explored the relationship between the use and meaning of 33 prepositions and found that preposition with overlapping substitutes generally had overlapping contexts in sentences, had overlapping free associations, and frequently belonged to the same groups.
28 citations
TL;DR: Ss judged the some pairs of words “same” or “different” under semantic, acoustic and visual criterion, and the effects of different kinds of confusabittty, such as acoustic similarities in the semantic matching task, or semantic similarity in the acoustic matching task.
Abstract: Ss judged the some pairs of words “same” or “different” under semantic, acoustic and visualcriteria. RTs were compared for each criterion, and the effects of different kinds of confusabittty, such as acoustic similarity in the semantic matching task, or semantic similarity in the acoustic matching task, were also studied.
23 citations
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a Prisoner's Dilemma game with threats and penalties was investigated and it was found that the effect of threats in low attraction dyads was not observable in high attraction pairs.
Abstract: This study attempted to clarify the conditions in which threats are conducive to cooperation. Pairs of Ss in a Prisoner’s Dilemma game either had the opportunity to send threat and penalty messages, or they did not. In addition, pairs were either of high or low mutual positive attraction, manipulated by perceived attitude similarity. In terms of the number of cooperative responses in the game, the high mutual attraction conditions showed significantly more cooperative behavior than those groups of low mutual attraction. A significant interaction effect was demonstrated: Over blocks of trials the efficacy of threats and penalties in inducing cooperation was contingent upon whether the Ss were of high or low mutual attraction. As the game progressed the no-threat condition produced more cooperation than the threat/penalty condition providing high mutual attraction was present; with low mutual attraction, the threat/penalty condition was increasingly superior to the no-threat condition. In general, the beneficial effect of threats in low attraction dyads was not observable in high attraction pairs. These results were interpreted as reflecting the incongruity of threats and penalties in a “friendly” interaction.
19 citations
16 citations
TL;DR: A reclassification of stimulus-response paradigms for studying taste mixture perception is outlined; and it is suggested that the interaction of taste components may be an artifact of the response measures used.
Abstract: Empirical findings about the perceived interaction of the components of qualitatively complex taste stimuli are reviewed and summarized. The revision of multidimensional scaling equations to incorporate a simulation of a mutually inhibitory or facilitatory interaction between components is discussed. Data from a previously published study on the perception of similarity among taste mixtures are re-analysed for illustrative purposes and a description of them is shown to be less adequate when provision is made for one form of interaction than when this is omitted. A reclassification of stimulus-response paradigms for studying taste mixture perception is outlined; and it is suggested that the interaction of taste components may be an artifact of the response measures used.
9 citations
TL;DR: It was suggested that the semantic differential is a useful tool for individual-environment interaction research but further research with it would be more effective if relationships, in terms of distance and direction, of ratings for concepts such as Self, Ideal Self and Environment, were available.
Abstract: A test of the hypothesis that satisfaction with one's environment is related to perceived self-environment similarity and to the utility of TAPE (Transactional Analysis of Personality and Environment), based on the semantic differential. 169 Ss rated the concepts Self, Ideal Self and My Club on 52 polar adjective scales. Perceived self-club environment similarity was found to be related to ratings of satisfaction with a club environment on two different forms of TAPE. The relationship between similarity and satisfaction varied for different types of club satisfaction and did not appear to reflect satisfaction with the self. It was suggested that the semantic differential is a useful tool for individual-environment interaction research but further research with it would be more effective if relationships, in terms of distance and direction, of ratings for concepts such as Self, Ideal Self and Environment, were available.
TL;DR: This paper found that the facilitation of the early items is probably due to events taking place during the learning trial rather than during recall, and that words presented first in a series of conceptually related words will be better recalled than those presented later.
TL;DR: The main objective of the IMC is to provide a means for increased communication between special class teachers in a geographical area which is usually larger than individual school districts.
Abstract: nia. The main objective of the IMC, then, is to provide a means for increased communication between special class teachers in a geographical area which is usually larger than individual school districts. Several additional purposes are inherent in this: cross fertilization of ideas, enhancement of professional self concept, materials development, and the acquisition of new materials for further dissemination. The first SEE meeting was held in conjunction with the Southeastern Regional Special Education Center near Los Angeles County. This organization consists of 13 school districts in southeastern Los Angeles County which have combined their efforts and resources to improve special education in the area. The meeting was restricted to consideration of the problems of teaching the orthopedically handicapped. All teachers of the orthopedically handicapped in Los Angeles County were invited to attend. Approximately 50of 60 teachers who were invited attended the meeting; 25 teachers brought materials for display. Participants were given brief orientation talks relative to the purposes and functions of the two sponsoring agencies. Approximately two hours were allowed for examining and discussing materials brought by teachers. Teacher participants were asked for verbal evaluations of the activities at the end of the conference. In addition, materials were prepared for wider dissemination through the Instructional Materials Center's facilities.
01 Jan 1968
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: Autocoun as mentioned in this paper is an attempt to simulate with a computer selected aspects of the counseling behavior of an expert counselor, which results in a number of predictive statements regarding a student's probable performance in high school and college courses.
Abstract: Publisher Summary
Autocoun is an attempt to simulate with a computer selected aspects of the counseling behavior of an expert counselor. The intervening activities represent a series of changes in interest and conceptualizations of counseling processes and outcomes. The automated counseling system was constructed to produce two general outcomes. The first is an analysis of certain pupil appraisal data that is found in cumulative folders. The analysis results in a number of predictive statements regarding a student's probable performance in high school and college courses. There are two kinds of validation data consisting of (1) measures of similarity between the automated counseling system and human counselors regarding pre- and post-interview pupil appraisal, and (2) measures of similarity regarding interview out-put, that is, course selections. There is data that hints at the generalizability of Autocoun and its single counselor model.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare aspects of three modern plays with cognate features from the English medieval mystery cycles to reveal the similarity of dramatic techniques occurring in two apparently dissimilar fornts of drama separated chronologically by six hundred years.
Abstract: This study attempts to disclose a similarity of dramatic techniques occurring in two apparently dissimilar fornts of drama separated chronologically by six hundred years. Specifically the strange juxtaposition of comedy and brutality which seems to be a consistent trait of avant‐garde drama is equally prevalent in medieval dramaturgy. To demonstrate this similitude the writer compares aspects of three modern plays with cognate features from the English medieval mystery cycles. Following this comparison he offers some underlying social and psychological reasons for this recurrence.