Showing papers on "Standardization published in 1990"
TL;DR: In this paper, the contributions that economists have made to understanding standards-setting processes and their consequences for industry structure and economic welfare are surveyed, and major trajectories along which research has been moving are described and related to both the positive and the normative issues concerning compatibility standards that remain to be studied.
Abstract: This paper surveys the contributions that economists have made to understanding standards-setting processes and their consequences for industry structure and economic welfare. Standardization processes of four kinds are examined, namely: (1) market competition involving products embodying unsponsored standards, (2) market competition among sponsored (proprietary) standards, (3) agreements within voluntary standards-writing organizations, a18d (4) direct governmental promulgation. The major trajectories along which research has been moving are described and related to both the positive and the normative issues concerning compatibility standards that remain to be studied.
896 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze six recent studies dealing with the measurement of international harmonization of financial reporting and propose an alternative methodology for measuring harmonization suggested, and discuss the issues and problems relating to the definition and operationalization of terms, sources of data, statistical methods and causation.
Abstract: This paper analyses six recent studies dealing with the measurement of international harmonization of financial reporting. Methodological issues and problems relating to the definition and operationalization of terms, sources of data, statistical methods and causation are discussed, and an alternative methodology for measuring harmonization suggested.
240 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how product standardization and manufacturing process automation influence the relations among budgetary participation, flexibility of budget targets, and departmental performance, and conclude that standardization varies from "one-of-a-kind" (low) to "commodities" (high).
Abstract: This study examines how product standardization and manufacturing process automation influence the relations among budgetary participation, flexibility of budget targets, and departmental performance. Product standardization (the product dimension) varies from "one-of-a-kind' (low) to "commodities" (high); manufacturing process automation (the process dimension) varies from "job-shop" settings (involving reliance on hand tools) to "continuous flow" production settings (featuring robots and computer-assisted design and manufacturing aids, such as CAD/CAM). These definitions are developed from Hayes, Wheelright, and Clark [1988] and Clark and Hayes [1988].
146 citations
TL;DR: The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) as mentioned in this paper was formed to accelerate standardization and promote greater harmonization among European telecommunications systems, and its organization and structure is described in detail.
58 citations
01 Oct 1990
TL;DR: This memo defines a network management architecture that uses the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Common Management Information Services/Common Management Information Protocol (CMIS/CMIP) in the Internet.
Abstract: This memo defines a network management architecture that uses the
International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Common
Management Information Services/Common Management Information Protocol
(CMIS/CMIP) in the Internet. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
54 citations
[...]
TL;DR: Pan-European standardization bodies and activities with particular attention given to their impact on international trade are discussed in this article, where the authors examine the standardization process and funding and the role of the European Commission.
Abstract: Pan-European standardization bodies and activities are discussed with particular attention given to their impact on international trade. Since many International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards have been derived from US and Japanese products, primarily in telecommunications, the fear that European standards may keep US companies out of the market is said by European experts to be largely unfounded. Of prime concern to the 12 European Community (EC) nations is whether they can generate standards fast enough to be of any benefit to the EC. Applying international standards is difficult because they are so complex. Because of the time (from two to ten years) and effort needed to generate standards, priority has been given to those that are important for safety and government procurement. The standardization process and funding and the role of the European Commission are examined. >
43 citations
TL;DR: The use of bar-code technology continues to grow in construction-related industries in the United States as discussed by the authors and this growth provides an opportunity for construction owners, contractors, and vendors to take advantage of an inexpensive, easily accessible technology of considerable importance, particularly in materials management.
Abstract: The use of bar‐code technology continues to grow in construction‐related industries in the United States. This growth provides an opportunity for construction owners, contractors, and vendors to take advantage of an inexpensive, easily accessible technology of considerable importance, particularly in materials management. A key to this growth is the development of standards. Industry‐wide bar‐code standards are needed to simplify and facilitate communication between companies. Various approaches have been used by other industries to develop bar‐code standards and these are applicable for developing construction‐industry‐wide materials‐management bar‐code standards. To develop such standards, it is first necessary to survey the current industrial‐construction use of bar codes for materials management. This industry includes users, suppliers, and manufacturers. It is necessary to know whether construction‐industry suppliers are developing their own applications or are furnishing bar codes for other users. R...
29 citations
Book•
01 Mar 1990
TL;DR: Part 1 The field: introduction architectural concerns a reference model the process of standardization, the players, and the rules: language bindings encodings formal specification.
Abstract: Part 1 The field: introduction architectural concerns a reference model the process of standardization. Part 2 The players: output primitives and attributes co-ordinate systems storage mechanisms input primitives and modes. Part 3 The rules: language bindings encodings formal specification. Part 4 Refereeing: validation and testing registration of geographical items current status and future directions. Part 6 The reserves.
24 citations
TL;DR: Every stage of the evaluation process is re-examined here and considered as a framework to define goals and criteria about a step of design: effectiveness in the end-user's environment and long-term effects on his behaviour.
Abstract: After the early experiments in artificial intelligence a methodology is emerging around advanced systems for the management of medical knowledge. The stress is moving away from the implementation of prototypes to the evaluation. It is possible to adapt and to apply this to field evaluation techniques already developed in similar contexts of knowledge management (books, drugs, epidemiology, consultants, etc.). The time is ready for a further step: to envisage a methodology for the design of real systems that cope with the 'knowledge environment' of the user. Every stage of the evaluation process is re-examined here, and considered as a framework to define goals and criteria about a step of design: (1) the impact of the system on the progress of health care provision (priorities, cost-benefit analysis, share of tasks among different media); (2) effectiveness in the end-user's environment and long-term effects on his behaviour (changes in people's role and responsibilities, improvements in the quality of data, acceptance of the system); (3) the intrinsic efficiency of the system apart from the operational context (correctness of the knowledge base, appropriateness of the reasoning). The need to differentiate the test sample into three classes (obvious, typical, atypical) is emphasized, discussing the influence on both evaluation and design. In particular the difficulty of having 'gold standards' on atypical cases, due to the disagreement among the experts, leads to the definition of two alternative attitudes: the 'standardization mode' and the 'brain-storming mode'.
TL;DR: It is argued that applying formal methods to standards making would result in more accurate, more understandable, and more useful standards.
Abstract: It is argued that applying formal methods to standards making would result in more accurate, more understandable, and more useful standards. The main benefit seen in using formal methods in a standard's development and expression is improving the standard's quality. In the early stages of standards development, formal methods can result in considerable clarification during the development and expression of the underlying conceptual model for a standard or family of related standards. They can also define precisely the relation among the components of both the standard being developed and other standards. Later in the development process, formal methods can improve a standard's quality during its use by letting it be expressed clearly, unambiguously, and concisely in a way that natural language does not allow. Finally, formal methods can aid standards development at the maintenance stage, for example, by allowing the adequacy of a proposed change to be proved. Guidelines for applying formal methods in the standardization process are provided. >
21 May 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, a digital signature scheme giving message recovery is described, in order to submit it to the public scrutiny of IACR (the International Association for Cryptologic Research), which is currently prepared by Subcommittee SC27, Security Techniques, inside Joint Technical Committee JTC1, Information Technology.
Abstract: This paper describes a “digital signature scheme giving message recovery” in order to submit it to the public scrutiny of IACR (the International Association for Cryptologic Research) This scheme is currently prepared by Subcommittee SC27, Security Techniques, inside Joint Technical Committee JTC1, Information Technology, established by both ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)
TL;DR: This paper argued that industry standards do not appreciably alter a firm's intraindustry competitive standing (unless the standardization process is grossly misused) and may improve its ability to anticipate inter-industry and international threats.
TL;DR: The procedures for the development and testing of public information symbol as applied by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committee working on public information symbols; and the results of the 19S5/6 test series conducted under the sponsorship of ISO are covered.
Abstract: Two main issues in developing and standardizing public information symbols on an international basis are covered in this paper: the procedures for the development and testing of public information symbols as applied by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committee working on public information symbols; and the results of the 19S5/6 test series conducted under the sponsorship of ISO.
TL;DR: The computer industry isn't maturing, it's molting; standardization of hardware and software, increasing integration of systems and capabilities, and the Japanese "technology tsunami" are combining to effect a tremendous transformation in the industry.
Abstract: The computer industry isn't maturing, it's molting. Standardization of hardware and software, increasing integration of systems and capabilities, and the Japanese "technology tsunami" are combining to effect a tremendous transformation in the industry. Intel Corporation President and CEO Andrew S. Grove looks at what these trends mean for the computer industry of the 1990s.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of complementarities in social increasing returns, the strategic importance of standardization in determining industry structure, and the coordination problems facing the sponsor of a new technology are discussed.
Abstract: Events in the Local Area Network (LAN) market are used to illuminate recent developments in the economics of technical standards. Several analytical themes emerge: the role of complementarities in social increasing returns, the strategic importance of standardization in determining industry structure, and the coordination problems facing the sponsor(s) of a new technology. The contrast between office LANs, with a traditional industrial organization, and factory LANs, where large users attempted to set a standard, is central.
TL;DR: European legislation and power struggles in the standards arena are sparking fear of technical barriers to trade and prompting the American standards community to reevaluate its infrastructure.
Abstract: European legislation and power struggles in the standards arena are sparking fear of technical barriers to trade and prompting the American standards community to reevaluate its infrastructure. The National Institute of Standards and Technology may step up its role in order to negotiate at a governmental level with the EC.
01 Aug 1990
TL;DR: The European effort in preparing a standard for home systems is currently concentrated in the ESPRIT project 2431, with detailed specifications for transmission media, protocol and command language, and network management to provide a basis for compatible products.
Abstract: The European effort in preparing a standard for home systems is currently concentrated in the ESPRIT project 2431. A broad consortium of partner companies are cooperating to achieve a common network architecture, with detailed specifications for transmission media, protocol and command language, and network management, so as to provide a basis for compatible products. Project 2431 is reviewed with reference to project objectives, requirements, architecture, applications, installations, and standardization approach. >
30 Sep 1990
TL;DR: The author analyzes the user requirements for information modeling within the framework of distributed applications and examines the extent to which the methods used in the standardization activities can be applied beyond their original intention as general tools for Information modeling within distributed applications.
Abstract: The author analyzes the user requirements for information modeling within the framework of distributed applications. Some developments providing general application-independent methods for information modeling are outlined. Finally, the problem of having several application-specific standards for information interchange using different methods for information modeling is discussed, along with an approach to harmonizing the different underlying models. The requirements for such information modeling tools are outlined and compared with some modeling approaches under development. Also examined is the extent to which the methods used in the standardization activities can be applied beyond their original intention as general tools for information modeling within distributed applications. >
01 Dec 1990
TL;DR: Computer Aided Software Engineering tool users are faced with the task of coordinating tools and data from a variety of sources spanning the entire software development life cycle, and formal efforts have done little to resolve the integration problems.
Abstract: : Computer Aided Software Engineering tool users are faced with the task of coordinating tools and data from a variety of sources spanning the entire software development life cycle. Despite much discussion and increased standardization activity, complete, transparent CASE tool integration is still a long way from realization. There are a number of factors which have complicated the tool integration scenario and a number of actions being taken in an attempt to resolve the problems. The implications of these concerns can be examined from the perspectives of single-vendor, multiple-vendor, operating environment, development process, and end user integration. In addition to specific technical and methodological solutions, standards efforts are viewed as a possible path to tool integration. To date, formal efforts have done little to resolve the integration problems, but defacto standards may well become the cornerstone of future CASE tool evolution.
TL;DR: In this article, a general scheme for the validation of analytical methods and some aspects of the parameters composing it are remarked, and the procedure for the standardisation is briefly discussed and highlighted the importance of two particular aspects (the calibration of the instruments and the Standard substances) that, even though not directly related to Validation, significantly affect its results.
Abstract: It is suggested a general scheme for the Validation of the analytical methods and some aspects of the parameters composing it are remarked. Furthermore, the procedure for the Standardisation is briefly discussed and it is highlighted the importance of two particular aspects (the calibration of the instruments and the Standard substances) that, even though not directly related to Validation, significantly affect its results.
TL;DR: Outlined are the initial activities of an ad hoc standards committee established by the IEEE Neural Networks Council to pursue this effort and several proposed definitions are presented.
Abstract: Outlined are the initial activities of an ad hoc standards committee established by the IEEE Neural Networks Council to pursue this effort. A proposed list of frequently used terms to be considered by the committee is presented. Several proposed definitions are presented. >
TL;DR: The objectives, present results, and future actions related to the Common Standards for Quantitative Electrocardiography (abbreviated CSE) project are summarized.
Abstract: Although the first attempts to automate electrocardiograph (ECG) analysis by digital computer were made as early as 1957 by H. V. Pipberger and coworkers,’ it took considerably more time to develop operational computer programs than originally anticipated. However, over the last 15 years computer processing of ECGs has increased rapidly.2-s Still, until recently there were no standards in this field. There were no common definitions of waves, no standards for measurement or diagnostic classification, and no uniform terminology for reporting. Even more, data processed by one ECG system can up to today, due to lack of standards, not be transmitted and read by another ECG computer system in routine practice. This has created a situation, whereby large differences in measurement results by different computer programs hamper the exchange of diagnostic criteria and interpretation result^.^.' More and more microcomputer-based interpretative ECG machines are being put on the market without any prior independent validation. In order to overcome some of these problems, a concerted action was started in the European Community (EC) in June 1980, striving towards “Common Standards for Quantitative Electrocardiography” (abbreviated CSE).8,9 In the present paper we will briefly summarize the objectives, present results, and future actions related to this project .
TL;DR: The issues involved in standardizing the seventh (application) layer of the Open Systems Interconnection model are examined and telecommunication service requirements are discussed within the context of these standardization efforts.
Abstract: The issues involved in standardizing the seventh (application) layer of the Open Systems Interconnection model are examined. The status of the ISO Open Distributed Processing (ODP) reference model and of other models is summarized. Telecommunication service requirements are discussed within the context of these standardization efforts. >
TL;DR: Technological elements that are essential to customer control of management functions are discussed, they are: an open interface, an object-oriented operation principle, and the synchronization of online database information.
Abstract: The current status of Japanese business communications and private network management is discussed, covering requirements, functions, and standardization of network management. The gap between user needs and technology as well as the issue of introduction and operating costs of management systems are examined. Technological elements that are essential to customer control of management functions are discussed, they are: an open interface, an object-oriented operation principle, and the synchronization of online database information. >
TL;DR: The architecture defines a functional partitioning of the capabilities of ISDN, which is used to compare and contrast the DSS1 and SS7 protocols and to discuss the interfaces that support global intelligent networks.
Abstract: A historical context is provided for integrated services digital network (ISDN) to give some perspective on how the current signaling capabilities have evolved. A communications architecture is introduced and used to organize the discussion of the ISDN protocols (i.e. DSS1 and SS7) and to highlight the role of signaling in the overall architecture. The architecture defines a functional partitioning of the capabilities of ISDN, which is used to compare and contrast the DSS1 and SS7 protocols and to discuss the interfaces that support global intelligent networks. The purpose is to illustrate the similarity between the DSS1 and SS7 control protocols. The likely evolution of the ISDN protocols is discussed, showing their convergence toward a single control protocol based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) protocols. >
TL;DR: A modelling approach for integrating information and communication aspects of multimedia information processing is outlined, which takes adequate standards into consideration, but goes beyond them in some areas.