Showing papers on "Vaccination published in 1974"

Response of Man to Infection with Vibrio cholerae. II. Protection from Illness Afforded by Previous Disease and Vaccine

Abstract: Human immunity acquired after cholera or provided by cholera vaccines was evaluated. Previous diarrhea caused by infection with Vibrio cholerae induced complete protection against diarrhea after a second challenge with the homologous organism four to 12 months later; vibrios were recovered from only one of 21 patients challenged with the homologous organism. Four of six other men challenged again after the same interval with a heterologous serotype developed mild diarrhea. A whole-cell Inaba vaccine, given either parenterally or orally, produced significant protection against excretion of the organisms and lowered the incidence and severity of diarrhea; the vaccine was more effective when administered parenterally. A partially purified toxoid vaccine also provided some protection. An individual's immunity either to infection or to diarrhea was not correlated with his serum titer of vibriocidal antibody or his serum titer of antitoxin. Immunity, either naturally acquired or vaccine-induced, appeared to be directed against the vibrio rather than against the toxin. At present, cholera vaccines are less effective than previous infection in prevention of subsequent illness.

Immunosuppression during influenza virus infection.

Abstract: The effects of a live attenuated influenza vaccine and subsequent challenge with virulent influenza virus on the delayed hypersensitivity skin test, and the in vitro response of lymphocytes were evaluated. Volunteers were skin tested before and after administration of vaccine or placebo and challenge with PPD (a purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis), candida, mumps, and trichophytin, and their lymphocytes were tested for [3H]thymidine uptake in response to phytohemagglutin. Of eight volunteers who showed evidence of viral replication after administration of the attenuated vaccine, four had a significant diminution in their skin test response, whereas 8 of 13 volunteers infected with virulent influenza virus showed a diminution. Of the 21 volunteers who were infected with either attenuated or virulent influenza virus, 12 showed suppression of their phytohemagglutin response. None of the volunteers who were given placebo vaccine, or who showed no evidence for viral replication after immunization or challenge, had a suppression of their skin test or phytohemagglutin responses. Although most of the infected volunteers demonstrated suppression of their T-cell function, there was no evidence of a similar suppression of B-cell function.

Evaluation of BCG vaccination among Puerto Rican children.

Abstract: In 1949-51 a clinical trial of BCG vaccine was conducted among 191827 children in Puerto Rico 1-18 years of age. The trial was designed to simulate a mass vaccination campaign. Follow-up was continued until 1969. Among the 1976 tuberculosis cases estimated to have occurred without vaccination 29% were nonreactors to 10 TU of tuberculin and thus were eligible for vaccination. The average annual tuberculosis rate was 27.6/100000 among controls and 19.7/100000 among vaccinees a reduction of 28.7%. However the overall reduction in tuberculosis that would have resulted from a complete vaccination program was less than 9%. Vaccination did not reduce the severity of cases that occurred among nonreactors. The reduction in tuberculosis attributable to vaccination showed only minor variations by age race and urban versus rural residence; however BCG effectiveness was significantly greater among males than females. Screening with 100 TU of tuberculin would not have resulted in a significantly different estimate of the effectiveness of BCG. It is noted that high tuberculosis case rates and low risks of acquiring new infections can coexist in the same population. In such circumstances BCG vaccination can do little good and can actually do harm by interfering with the identification of infected persons. The Puerto Rican experience demonstrates the need to estimate as carefully as possible the actual risk of infection before a vaccination campaign is commenced.

Factors affecting the efficacy of live poliovirus vaccine in warm climates: Efficacy of type 1 Sabin vaccine administered together with antihuman gamma-globulin horse serum to breast-fed and artificially fed infants in Uganda*

Abstract: A virologically controlled field trial was conducted with live monovalent type 1 poliovirus vaccine in children aged 3-30 months living in a rural area of Uganda, in an attempt to find out the reason for the poor efficacy of such vaccine often observed in countries with a warm climate. Groups of breast-fed and of artificially fed infants received the vaccine orally, either alone or mixed with horse serum prepared against partly purified human gamma-globulin. Irrespective of the diet, the “take rate”—measured by the rates of vaccine virus excretion and of antibody conversion—was found to be poor when the vaccine was given alone but satisfactory when it was given together with the horse antiserum. However, the extent and duration of vaccine virus multiplication in the intestinal tract proved to be limited and the mean antibody level elicited by the vaccination, irrespective of the schedule of vaccine administration, was low. These results, besides indicating that breast-feeding does not influence the efficacy of vaccination in the age groups studied, revealed the presence of an inhibitor in the alimentary tract. This inhibitor acts against the multiplication of vaccine virus, which may be blocked by antibodies in the horse antiserum for a limited period at the time of vaccination. Interference between the enteroviruses and the vaccine strain was also found to be responsible for decreasing the efficacy of vaccination, though its role was secondary to that of the inhibitor. Revaccination experiments showed that the effects of both inhibitor and interference may be overcome by repeated administration of the vaccine.

Plague Immunization. VI. Vaccination with the Fraction I Antigen of Yersinia pestis

Abstract: The vaccination of man against plague with Fraction I (FI), the specific capsular antigen of Yersinia pestis, stimulates significant mouse-protective indices (MPI) in approximately two-thirds of those inoculated subcutaneously, and the immunity persists for three months. Revaccination with FI raises the antibody levels of nearly 95% of previously immunized individuals to an extent rarely encountered in studies of plague vaccine. The MPI recorded are roughly equivalent to those observed in the sera of patients convalescing from plague. Although FI may cause delayed allergic reactions, the evidence is conclusive that it is an antigen of major importance among the "dead" Y. pestis vaccines currently in use.

A merozoite vaccine effective against Plasmodium knowlesi malaria.

Abstract: Plasmodium knowlesi malaria is uniformly fatal in rhesus monkeys1. If infections are initially controlled with drug therapy, however, a degree of immunity can be induced associated with periodic relapse and low grade infection after repeated challenge. In such resistant monkeys each recurring infection is attributable to a distinct parasite variant recognisable by the schizont-infected cell agglutination (SICA) test2. Antigenic variation therefore seems to be an important mechanism determining chronicity of infection3 and complicates any attempt to achieve effective immunoprophylaxis4. Rhesus monkeys have been vaccinated with formol-treated5,6 or freeze-thawed7 erythrocytic schizonts of P. knowlesi or fractions of these parasites8,9 in complete (FCA) or incomplete (FIA) Freund's adjuvant. Such vaccination reduced mortality to about 50% after challenge with the homologous variant; in surviving monkeys parasitaemia reached 3–10%, but parasites were completely eliminated after about 2 weeks and some animals were then resistant to heterologous challenge7. When the first challenge variant was known to differ from that used for immunisation, all monkeys suffered fatal infections7. The protection achieved always required the use of complete adjuvant, but this alone was inactive.

Response to Influenza Vaccine by Renal Transplant Patients

Abstract: Twenty-five renal transplant patients and 17 controls were vaccinated with influenza vaccine. Antibody titres were estimated before and one, three, and 12 months after vaccination. On the basis of antibody titre measurements the transplant group showed a similar qualitative and quantitative response to that of the controls. No rejection episodes occurred among the transplant patients as a result of vaccination and nobody in the trial developed influenza. We conclude that it is safe to vaccinate transplant patients with an inactivated influenza vaccine and that protection (haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody) can be induced.

New Japanese Rubella Vaccine: Comparative Trials

Abstract: A total of 142 seronegative volunteers were given one of the following rubella vaccines: Cendehill, HPV77. DE-5, RA27/3, or a new Japanese vaccine, To-336. To-336 vaccine produced a slightly higher geometric mean antibody titre (G.M.T.) (65.7) than did the HPV77. DE-5 (63.1) or RA27/3 vaccine (61.9) but the G.M.T. induced by Cendehill vaccine was much lower (39.3).Reactions, particularly joint symptoms, occurred least commonly after vaccination with To-336 vaccine. Joint symptoms occurred within seven days of menstruation in 30 out of 37 (81%) vaccines (P <0.01); their incidence was not related to oral contraception.Though there is evidence to suggest that Japanese virus strains may be non-teratogenic further data on the incidence of congenitally acquired infection in Japan must be collected before this conclusion can be supported on epidemiological grounds.

Immunization against Marek's disease: influence of strain of chickens, maternal antibody, and type of vaccine.

Abstract: SUMMARY Strains of chickens that differed in susceptibility to Marek's disease (MD) were vaccinated with cell-associated or cell-free preparations of turkey herpesvirus (HVT) or with attenuated MD herpesvirus (ATT MDHV). All vaccines increased the resistance of all strains of chickens to MD but the vaccinates still showed differences in genetic susceptibility between strains resembling those among unvaccinated chickens. When one-day-old chicks that had maternal antibody against MDHV were vaccinated at 1 day of age, the ATT MDHV was less effective than either preparation of HVT. By delaying vaccination to 22 days the efficacy of HVT was not changed and the ATT MDHV was as effective as HVT. In 1 of 4 strains of chickens, vaccination of parental populations with HVT influenced immunization of progeny with cell-free HVT. In that strain the incidence of MD 111 days after challenge was significantly higher in progeny from vaccinated dams than in those from unvaccinated dams. In the same strain, immunization with cell-associated HVT was not influenced by vaccination of dams.

Antibody Response to a Human Diploid Cell Rabies Vaccine

Abstract: An experimentally killed rabies virus vaccine prepared in a human diploid cell strain (WI-38)—Wyeth rabies vaccine (WRV)—was used by various injection schedules in two separate studies to define more closely in human volunteer subjects an effective vaccination schedule for pre- or postexposure immunization, particularly for donors of rabies-hyperimmune plasma. To permit valid comparisons between our results and those of other workers, antibody levels achieved were expressed in terms of international units (IU) per milliliter of serum. Antibody response of previously nonvaccinated persons were only modest after a single dose of WRV, never reaching a level higher than 0.80 IU/ml over a 56-day testing period. Moreover, antibody was not detected at 0.16 IU/ml before the 14th day, either after a single dose or after two doses given 3 days apart. The best response followed four doses of WRV given within 4 weeks. This schedule resulted in the highest rate of seroconversion to the ≥6 IU/ml antibody level required of potential rabies-immune plasma donors. Giving the first vaccine dose in aluminum hydroxide diluent did not enhance the antibody response. There was a definite suggestion in the various injection schedules that higher and more sustained antibody levels were reached when the interval between the first and second vaccine doses was longest. The greater immunogenicity of WRV as compared with duck embryo vaccine was best demonstrated by the fact that a single booster dose of duck embryo vaccine to previously vaccinated individuals resulted in only a sevenfold antibody rise during the following 56 days, whereas a booster dose of WRV elicited a 69-fold rise. Al(OH)3 in the first dose of WRV had no effect, but the enhancing effect of a longer interval between vaccine doses was noted once again; 20 of 20 subjects who received three doses of WRV with 4 weeks between doses developed good levels of rabies antibody, and 19 exceeded 6 IU/ml.

Plague Immunization. IV. Clinical Reactions and Serologic Response to Inoculations of Haffkine and Freeze-dried Plague Vaccine

Abstract: In several independently conducted potency tests in mice, a sample of the new type of formalin-killed Haffkine vaccine, manufactured in Bombay from caseinate broth cultures of virulent Yersinia pestis (strain 195/P), appeared to be immunogenically identical to the old type of Haffkine vaccine. Antigenic differences, however, became evident during trials in man. A significant booster effect on the mouse protection index of serum antibody was imparted by the new vaccine, which contained fourfold more Fraction I than the old vaccine. The serologic responses, including markedly elevated indirect HA titers and local reactions resembling delayed hypersensitivity, were striking in individuals whose immunity had been primed by previous inoculations with relatively small doses of live, attenuated, but invasive Y. pestis E.V.76 daughter strains. A freeze-dried, USP (Cutter) vaccine suspended in cryoprotective chemicals (assayed and proven potent in terms of its capacity, as compared with a standard vaccine, to protect mice and guinea pigs against a standard challenge with virulent Y. pestis) proved to be only moderately antigenic in man. As a booster antigen, it stimulated a significant humoral response. Antigenic and immunogenic inadequacies of killed plague vaccines were overcome by reinoculation at three- to six-month intervals.

Vaccination against Newcastle disease: efficacy of an oil emulsion vaccine.

Abstract: Vaccination using injectable Newcastle vaccine (inactivated) oil emulsion at 21 days of age stimulated high and persistent H.I. antibody levels. Vaccine prepared on an industrial scale contained not less then 100 PD50 in 0.5 ml. High levels of maternal antibodies had a negative influence on vaccination of chickens when carried out during the first 3 weeks of age, but not when performed later. Vaccine stored in a refrigerator (at 8 degrees to 4 degrees C) or at room temperature (20 degrees C) retained its potency for at least 1 year.

Systemic Infection Following BCG Therapy

Abstract: BCG vaccination has been widely used for tuberculosis prophylaxis, and complications in normal individuals have rarely been reported. 1 Recently, there has been widespread interest in the use of BCG vaccine as immunotherapy in patients with cancer. This therapy, however, may lead to serious complications. 2 A patient with malignant melanoma who received multiple BCG injections illustrates the occurrence of systemic BCG infection in an anergic individual. Patient Summary A 61-year-old white man was diagnosed as having malignant melanoma by biopsy in 1963. At that time, the melanoma was localized to the patient's right leg, and he underwent a surgical resection with node dissection. He remained free of detectable disease for seven years. Two years before admission, he developed recurrent melanoma in the right leg. Some lesions were surgically removed, and the patient received two courses of chemotherapy with dimethyltriazeno imidazole carboxamide and bis-chlorethyl nitrosourea with no apparent effect

Development of Specific Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in Children Immunized with Live Rubella Virus Vaccine

Abstract: The development of cell-mediated immunity by 51Cr lymphocytotoxicity was measured over a 42-day period in 12 children immunized with live rubella virus vaccine (HPV-77-DE5) and was compared with the development in serum of hemagglutination inhibition antibody response to rubella. Cell-mediated immunity was detected as early as three days after immunization, reached a maximum between seven and 14 days, and declined slowly thereafter. Serum antibody was not detected until more than 14 days after immunization, and then it gradually increased. Two control children remained negative for both tests. An additional six children within the same age group, who presumably had been immunized or infected with rubella previously, had appreciable titers for cell-mediated immunity and hemagglutination inhibition. In comparing the immune responses according to birthweights, cell-mediated immunity was detected earlier in infants who were born at full term (> 2,500 g) than in those of low birthweight. A similar, but less striking, difference was the earlier development of humoral antibody in the full-term infants. The measurement of specific cell-mediated immunity to rubella virus by lymphocytotoxicity may provide a valuable in vitro marker of effectiveness of vaccine and of protective immunity to viral infection.

The effect of repeated vaccination in an enzootic foot-and-mouth disease area on the incidence of virus carrier cattle.

Abstract: SUMMARY A comparison was made of the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease virus 'carrier' cattle in an unvaccinated enzootic area and an area where routine 6-monthly vaccination with an inactivated vaccine had been carried out for 3-4 years The incidence of carriers in the vaccinated area was 0 49 °/O as compared to 3@34 °/O in the non-vaccinated area The results indicate that, provided the immune status of the vaccinated herd is maintained at a level sufficient to prevent outbreaks of clinical disease and the re-introduction of nrus is prevented through livestock movement controls, it should be possible to eradicate the disease from an enzootic area through vaccination

Preliminary Investigations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Vaccine in Patients with Leukemia and Cystic Fibrosis

Abstract: A heptavalent lipopolysaccharide vaccine against Pseudomonas has been developed. Clinical trials revealed a decreased incidence of sepsis and mortality due to Pseudomonas in vaccinated patients with burns. If vaccinated, certain groups of immunosuppressed patients with cancer may also have a decreased incidence of death associated with Pseudomonas. Trials of parenteral vaccination in patients with cystic fibrosis show little benefit. Adverse reactions to this vaccine are frequent and often limit the dose given.

Cell-mediated immune response following natural rubella and rubella vaccination.

Abstract: Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), determined by estimating the production of MIF from sensitized leucocytes, was followed for 12 months after natural rubella infection (twenty-two subjects) and after vaccination with the Cendehill strain of attenuated rubella virus vaccine (forty subjects). Results were compared and correlated with the development of rubella haemagglutination inhibition antibody. The cell-mediated immune response commenced 1 week before the humoral immune response, but both responses reached a maximum simultaneously whether induced by natural infection or by vaccination. However, the CMI following natural rubella infection was of greater magnitude and duration than that stimulated by the vaccine virus. Twelve months after the initial stimulus, CMI could not be detected in any of the vaccinees, but was still present in some individuals after natural infection. This ability of the Cendehill vaccine virus to stimulate only shortlived, detectable CMI may be an important factor in the high reinfection rate observed following rubella vaccination.

Keratoacanthoma in a smallpox vaccination site.

Abstract: SUMMARY Tumours arising at the site of smallpox vaccination are rare. A case of keratoacanthoma developing within 2 months at the site of vaccination is described and a likely role of vaecinia virus in the causation of such a tumour is discussed. Complications of varying type and severity may follow smallpox vaccination. Except for encephalitis, these are not officially notifiable diseases, and thus available statistics on their incidence are often un-reliable; however, a primary tumour developing in the site of vaccination is certainly rare. Lane et al. (1970) in 1,648,000 vaccinations against smallpox described one patient who developed melanoma. We describe here a case of keratoacanthoma developing within 2 months at the site of a successful primary vaccination.