Showing papers on "Vehicular communication systems published in 2005"

Challenges in Securing Vehicular Networks

Abstract: In the near future, most new vehicles will be equipped with shortrange radios capable of communicating with other vehicles or with highway infrastructure at distances of at least one kilometer. The radios will allow new applications that will revolutionize the driving experience, providing everything from instant, localized traffic updates to warning signals when the car ahead abruptly brakes. While resembling traditional sensor and ad hoc networks in some respects, vehicular networks pose a number of unique challenges. For example, the information conveyed over a vehicular network may affect life-or-death decisions, making fail-safe security a necessity. However, providing strong security in vehicular networks raises important privacy concerns that must also be considered. To address these challenges, we propose a set of security primitives that can be used as the building blocks of secure applications. The deployment of vehicular networks is rapidly approaching, and their success and safety will depend on viable security solutions acceptable to consumers, manufacturers and governments.

An integrated mobility and traffic model for vehicular wireless networks

Abstract: Ad-hoc wireless communication among highly dynamic, mobile nodes in a urban network is a critical capability for a wide range of important applications including automated vehicles, real-time traffic monitoring and vehicular safety applications. When evaluating application performance in simulation, a realistic mobility model for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) is critical for accurate results. This paper analyzes ad-hoc wireless network performance in a vehicular network in which nodes move according to a simplified vehicular traffic model on roads defined by real map data. We show that when nodes move according to our street mobility model, STRAW, network performance is significantly different from that of the commonly used random waypoint model. We also demonstrate that protocol performance varies with the type of urban environment. Finally, we use these results to argue for the development of integrated vehicular and network traffic simulators to evaluate vehicular ad-hoc network applications, particularly when the information passed through the network affects node mobility.

Method and system for modeling and processing vehicular traffic data and information and applying thereof

Abstract: A method and system for modeling and processing vehicular traffic data and information, comprising: (a) transforming a spatial representation of a road network into a network of spatially interdependent and interrelated oriented road sections, for forming an oriented road section network; (b) acquiring a variety of the vehicular traffic data and information associated with the oriented road section network, from a variety of sources; (c) prioritizing, filtering, and controlling, the vehicular traffic data and information acquired from each of the variety of sources; (d) calculating a mean normalized travel time (NTT) value for each oriented road section of said oriented road section network using the prioritized, filtered, and controlled, vehicular traffic data and information associated with each source, for forming a partial current vehicular traffic situation picture associated with each source; (e) fusing the partial current traffic situation picture associated with each source, for generating a single complete current vehicular traffic situation picture associated with entire oriented road section network; (f) predicting a future complete vehicular traffic situation picture associated with the entire oriented road section network; and (g) using the current vehicular traffic situation picture and the future vehicular traffic situation picture for providing a variety of vehicular traffic related service applications to end users.

GrooveSim: a topography-accurate simulator for geographic routing in vehicular networks

Abstract: Vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices are poised to deliver vital services in the form of safety alerts, traffic congestion probing and on-road commercial applications. Tools to evaluate the performance of vehicular networks are a fundamental necessity. While several traffic simulators have been developed under the Intelligent Transport System initiative, their primary focus has been on modeling and forecasting vehicle traffic flow and congestion from a queuing perspective. In order to analyze the performance and scalability of inter-vehicular communication protocols, it is important to use realistic traffic density, speed, trip, and communication models. Studies on multi-hop mobile wireless routing protocols have shown the performance varies greatly depending on the simulation models employed. We introduce GrooveSim, a simulator for geographic routing in vehicular networks to address the need for a robust, easy-to-use realistic network and traffic simulator. GrooveSim accurately models inter-vehicular communication within a real street map-based topography. It operates in five modes capable of actual on-road inter-vehicle communication, simulation of traffic networks with thousands of vehicles, visual playback of driving logs, hybrid simulation composed of real and simulated vehicles and easy test-scenario generation. Our performance results, supported by field tests, establish geographic broadcast routing as an effective means to deliver time-bounded messages over multiple-hops.

Security Aspects of Inter-Vehicle Communications

Abstract: Inter-Vehicular Communications (IVC) are a cornerstone of the future intelligent transportation systems. A crucial enabling component of IVC is its security and privacy. Indeed, as vehicular computing systems become interconnected, there will be new venues for attackers to exploit system vulnerabilities. In addition, proper security mechanisms can assist in law enforcement and automate payment operations, such as toll collection. Leveraging on experience gained from other networks like the Internet or wireless LANs, system security for vehicular networks has to be introduced in the design phase. In the following sections, we outline several security threats encountered in IVC, then we present the obstacles needed to overcome in order to cope with these threats. Finally, we describe several tools that will be helpful in building secure IVC networks.

MAC for Dedicated Short Range Communications in Intelligent Transport System

Abstract: In new intelligent transportation system of North American, the emphasis of the surface transportation infrastructure is based on vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communications,while 75 MHz dedicated short range communications may content to future delivery of rich media via vehicle-to-roadside links. This paper provides a tutorial overview of DSRC applications, assess IEEE 802.11 PHY and MAC layer characteristics, limitations of 802.11 in DSRC environments and state of DSRC. and anticipates that 802.11 specifications will need to be suitably altered to meet requirements for DSRC environments of multihop connectivity, high vehicle mobility and a variety of QOS requirements.

AdTorrent: Digital Billboards for Vehicular Networks

Abstract: Advertisements, are the most important source of revenue for some of the biggest Internet-based companies. With vehicular networks poised to become part of the Internet in the near future, this new “edge” of the Internet represents a new frontier that companies will be striving to reach. In this paper we investigate the feasibility of targeted dissemination of ad content in a car network. We present Digital Billboards, a scalable “push” model architecture for ad content delivery. We then propose, AdTorrent, an integrated system for search, ranking and content delivery in this architecture. We evaluate our design using a realistic vehicular mobility model which captures mobility characteristics such as temporal and spatial dependencies and geographic restrictions.

Vehicle-to-vehicle communication device and method of controlling the same

Abstract: A vehicle-to-vehicle communication device installed on a subject vehicle includes a detection function, a transmission function, a report function and a signal-processing function to display position information of surrounding vehicles as well as the subject vehicle. In a process of displaying the position information of the vehicles, the device communicates with the devices installed on other vehicles within a reach of the communication function to reflect the position information of the surrounding vehicles including vehicles not equipped with the device.

Spatial and traffic-aware routing (STAR) for vehicular systems

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a novel position-based routing algorithm for vehicular ad hoc networks able to exploit both street topology information achieved from geographic information systems and information about vehicular traffic, in order to perform accurate routing decisions. The algorithm was implemented in the NS-2 simulator and was compared with three other algorithms in the literature.

Experimental characterization of multi-hop communications in vehicular ad hoc network

Abstract: This paper presents the performance measurement of TCP and UDP communication of a multi-hop Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) in highway and suburban areas. We use existing out-of-box IEEE 802.11b wireless cards on inter-vehicle communication between three cars. Also, we conduct experiments with three static nodes for baseline comparisons with the moving nodes. We then derive inferences in three major areas: (1) providing adjustable network parameters to manage network instabilities, (2) improving UDP efficiency by detecting out-of-touch receivers early, and (3) using speed, route, and distance to improve routing protocols.

Mobility management for vehicular ad hoc networks

Abstract: Vehicular ad hoc networks are gaining importance for inter-vehicle communication, because they allow for the local communication between vehicles without any infrastructure, configuration effort, and without the high costs of cellular networks. Besides local data exchange, vehicular applications may be extended by accessing Internet services. The access is provided by Internet gateways installed along the roadside. However, the Internet integration requires a respective mobility support of the vehicular ad hoc network. In this paper we propose MMIP6, a communication protocol that integrates multihop IPv6-based vehicular ad hoc networks into the Internet. Whereas existing approaches are focused on small-scale ad hoc networking scenarios, MMIP6 is highly optimized for scalability and efficiency. The evaluation showed that MMIP6 is a suitable solution providing a scalable mobility support with an acceptable performance characteristic.

Broadband vehicle-to-vehicle communication using an extended autonomous cruise control sensor

Abstract: For several years road vehicle autonomous cruise control (ACC) systems as well as anti-collision radar have been developed. Several manufacturers currently sell this equipment. The current generation of ACC sensors only track the first preceding vehicle to deduce its speed and position. These data are then used to compute, manage and optimize a safety distance between vehicles, thus providing some assistance to car drivers. However, in real conditions, to elaborate and update a real time driving solution, car drivers use information about speed and position of preceding and following vehicles. This information is essentially perceived using the driver's eyes, binocular stereoscopic vision performed through the windscreens and rear-view mirrors. Furthermore, within a line of vehicles, the frontal road perception of the first vehicle is very particular and highly significant. Currently, all these available data remain strictly on-board the vehicle that has captured the perception information and performed these measurements. To get the maximum effectiveness of all these approaches, we propose that this information be shared in real time with the following vehicles, within the convoy. On the basis of these considerations, this paper technically explores a cost-effective solution to extend the basic ACC sensor function in order to simultaneously provide a vehicle-to-vehicle radio link. This millimetre wave radio link transmits relevant broadband perception data (video, localization...) to following vehicles, along the line of vehicles. The propagation path between the vehicles uses essentially grazing angles of incidence of signals over the road surface including millimetre wave paths beneath the cars.

Dedicated Short-Range Wireless Communications for Intelligent Transportation System Applications: State of the Art

Abstract: In efforts to reduce traffic accidents and improve the efficient utilization of existing transportation networks, increasing attention is being given to the use of wireless communications between vehicles and roadside equipment to develop new intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications that can help improve the safety of transportation networks and reduce urban congestion. Of particular interest for the development of such applications are the currently proposed dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) wireless standards. This paper aims to provide transportation researchers and engineers with an introduction to these standards. The paper presents the current mobile wireless communication applications and standards, the various DSRC standards that have been proposed, their potential use in ITS applications, their envisioned implementation benefits, and the remaining research needs.

Vehicle-infrastructure integration (vii) and safety: rubber and radio meets the road in california

Abstract: Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration (VII), which embraces the concept of vehicle-roadside cooperative systems, has significant applications in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This article relates how the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) is examining cooperative active safety systems, in which vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-roadside communications would inform other vehicles or the infrastructure about road conditions. Two projects sponsored by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) are currently underway at PATH. These include the Expedited VII (EVII) project which is studying the application of vehicles as traffic probes that would send data to a Traffic Management Center (TMC), and a slippery road warning system where vehicle sensors would transmit safety-critical messages indicating road surface conditions at curves. The second project involves developing, demonstrating and deploying VII technologies in a VII multi-modal, multi-application testbed in a key corridor in Northern California.

An intelligent guiding and controlling system for transportation network based on wireless sensor network technology

Abstract: This paper proposes architecture based on wireless sensor network (WSN) technology for intelligent transportation system (ITS) of a transportation network. With the help of WSN technology, the traffic info of the network can be accurately measured in real time. Based on this architecture, an optimization algorithm is proposed to minimize the average travel time for the vehicles in the network. Compared to randomly-chosen algorithm, simulation results show that the average speed of the road network is significantly improved by our algorithm, and thus improve the efficiency of the road network. Some extended applications of the proposed WSN system are discussed as well.

AAA in vehicular communication on highways with ad hoc networking support: a proposed architecture

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel architecture for vehicular communication on highways, providing an integrated solution considering the benefit of both mobile clients and service providers. Firstly, we define the services offered by the provider, extending from safety messages' transfer to Internet connectivity. Then we develop an AAA scheme, which adapts 802.11i to the vehicular environment employing EAP-Kerberos and EAP-TLS authenticating protocols. To achieve convenient information routing, we propose a routing approach based on the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol and we present a simple scheme for assigning IP addresses to mobile clients.

Analysis and design of vehicular networks

Abstract: Advances in computing and wireless communication technologies have increased interest in "smart" vehicles---vehicles equipped with significant computing, communication and sensing capabilities to provide services to travelers. Smart vehicles can be exploited to improve driving safety and comfort as well as optimize surface transportation systems. Wireless communications among vehicles and between vehicles and roadside infrastructures represent an important class of vehicle communications. One can envision creating an integrated radio network leveraging various wireless technologies that work together in a seamless fashion. Based on cost-performance tradeoffs, different network configurations may be appropriate for different environments. An understanding of the properties of different vehicular network architectures is absolutely necessary before services can be successfully deployed. Based on this understanding, efficient data services (e.g., data dissemination services) can be designed to accommodate application requirements. This thesis examines several research topics concerning both the evaluation and design of vehicular networks. We explore the properties of vehicle-to-vehicle (v2v) communications. We study the spatial propagation of information along the road using v2v communications. Our analysis identifies the vehicle traffic characteristics that significantly affect information propagation. We also evaluate the feasibility of propagating information along a highway. Several design alternatives exist to build infrastructure-based vehicular networks. Their characteristics have been evaluated in a realistic vehicular environment. Based on these evaluations, we have developed some insights into the design of future broadband vehicular networks capable of adapting to varying vehicle traffic conditions. Based on the above analysis, opportunistic forwarding that exploit vehicle mobility to overcome vehicular network partitioning appears to be a viable approach for data dissemination using v2v communications for applications that can tolerate some data loss and delay. We introduce a methodology to design enhanced opportunistic forwarding algorithms. Practical algorithms derived from this methodology have exhibited different performance/overhead tradeoffs. An in-depth understanding of wireless communication performance in a vehicular environment is necessary to provide the groundwork for realizing reliable mobile communication services. We have conducted an extensive set of field experiments to uncover the performance of short-range communications between vehicles and between vehicles and roadside stations in a specific highway scenario.

VisionSense: an advanced lateral collision warning system

Abstract: VisionSense is an advanced driver assistance system which combines a lateral collision warning system with vehicle-to-vehicle communication. This paper shows the results of user needs assessment and traffic safety modelling of VisionSense. User needs were determined by means of a Web-based survey. The results show, that VisionSense is most appreciated when it uses a light signal to warn the driver in a possibly hazardous situation on a highway. The willingness to pay is estimated at 300 Euros. Another conclusion based on the survey is that frequent car users want less assistance than less frequent drivers. Besides the user needs the impact on traffic safety is modelled. The results are indicative and more research has to be done. Traffic safety effects of VisionSense on a highway were modelled by means of a microscopic car following and lane change algorithm. Twelve different traffic scenarios were modelled with and without VisionSense. With VisionSense no traffic conflicts occur due to lane changing and less lane changes are performed. VisionSense is a system that can improve traffic safety in the future.

Vehicular networks in urban transportation systems

Abstract: Recent results concerning the development and exploitation of wireless vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications in future generation intelligent transportation systems are discussed, as well as simulation techniques and tools used to effectively model such systems. Specifically, new algorithms to disseminate information in vehicle-to-vehicle networks have been developed, and their performance evaluated using simulation modeling of traffic along the I-75 corridor in the Atlanta metropolitan area. Work to validate the simulations models is summarized. Field experiments with wireless communication along I-75 are described, as well as extensions of these results to investigate communication architectures for vehicular networks. Results concerning multi-resolution simulation of urban transportation networks involving the use of aggregated data from regional planning models in microscopic traffic simulations are summarized.

Vehicular communications apparatus and method

Abstract: A vehicular communications apparatus is configured to calculate information on relative positions, relative velocities, and relative moving directions between own vehicle and other vehicles at a point such as a junction where other vehicles tend to affect running of the own vehicle, and to search for and decide other vehicles which are to be opponents of radio communications, based on a calculated result, and communication opponents are decided from among the searched other vehicles, and radio communications are conducted therewith, and then, the vehicular communications apparatus obtains information on the other vehicles, in a time-sequential manner and by radio communications, and present the information to a driver of the own vehicle from time to time, thereby causing the driver to recognize dynamic information on the other vehicles, enabling the own vehicle to smoothly join a flow of traffic at a junction, for example.

Vehicular mobile commerce: applications, challenges, and research problems

Abstract: With an increasing number of vehicles with significant computing and communication, many applications such as vehicular Internet hot-spots, digital and entertainment content’s broadcast, Intelligent Transportation Systems applications, and highway management will become possible. This “vehicular mobile commerce” will actively involve vehicles and users in both extending the existing mobile commerce applications to the vehicular environment and creating many more new and suitable applications. Before vehicular mobile commerce becomes a practical reality, many technical, structural and user issues must be addressed. In this paper, we identify and discuss several vehicular mobile commerce applications as well as wireless and networking challenges. We present possible solutions for vehicular mobile commerce and define several research problems that should be undertaken.

An architecture study of infrastructure-based vehicular networks

Abstract: There are various ways to organize and connect in-vehicle computing systems by exploiting existing wireless technologies. It is desired to provide a wireless infrastructure for vehicles (e.g., offering reliable broadband channels, transportation related services and Internet access). In this paper we identify several design options for infrastructure-based vehicular networks and evaluate these designs in a realistic vehicular environment.

Agent-based control strategies for smart and safe vehicles

Abstract: Summary form only given. The history of agent research with transportation problems should be richer and better in the future, and should go further from air to surface and vehicles to houses. As a matter of fact, the domain of traffic and transportation management is well suited to an agent-based approach because of it geographically distributed nature and its periodically busy-idle operating characteristics. The future of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) should full of intelligent and autonomous agents that travel among traffic control centers, road intersections, highways, streets, vehicles, houses, offices, malls, via Internet, wireless, and ad hoc networks, collect right information at right times and make smart decisions so that our transportation systems would be eventually "intelligent". Recently, more studies have emerged on applying agent-based approaches for intelligent vehicle problems. For example, agents for implementing a future car pooling, transportation scheduling, distributed control, traffic simulation, and so on. Although those are important problems in transportation, they are not systematically dealing with core issues in ITS yet. The purpose of this paper to introduce the concept of agent-based control (ABC) for networked systems in control theory (Fei-Yue Wang and Cheng-Hong Wang, 2003) to traffic and transportation managements, especially for smart and safe intelligent vehicles that are wireless connected, and to call for more and further research and applications of agent-based approach for ITS.

Modeling Vehicular Traffic and Mobility for Vehicular Wireless Networks

Abstract: Ad-hoc wireless communication among highly dynamic, mobile nodes in a urban network is a critical capability for a wide range of important applications including automated vehicles, real-time traffic monitoring, and battleground communication. When evaluating application performance through simulation, a realistic mobility model for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) is critical for accurate results. This technical report discusses the implementation of STRAW, a new mobility model for VANETs in which nodes move according to a realistic vehicular traffic model on roads defined by real street map data. The challenge is to create a traffic model that accounts for individual vehicle motion without incurring significant overhead relative to the cost of performing the wireless network simulation. We identify essential and optional techniques for modeling vehicular motion that can be integrated into any wireless network simulator. We then detail choices we made in implementing STRAW.

Development of Intersection Safety Support Systems using Vehicle-To-Vehicle Communication

Abstract: The development of systems that enable a vehicle itself to detect a dangerous situation and to support the driver's accident avoidance maneuvers is gaining momentum as a result of the progress being made in sensors for detecting the forward environment and in actuators for controlling the vehicle's driving and braking forces. The systems now under development mainly envision emergency situations leading to rear-end collisions. In order to reduce traffic accidents, there are needs for systems that are effective in avoiding intersection crashes, which are typical of the types of accidents that occur in Japan and are as numerous as rear-end collisions. However, reduction of right- and left-turn accidents or broadside accidents at intersections would not be easy to accomplish with autonomous support systems in individual vehicles. This paper focuses specifically on accidents at intersections and examines approaches to reducing such accidents by means of vehicle-to-vehicle communication.

System and method of vehicular wireless communication using an integrated coordinating access point

Abstract: A system and method of vehicular wireless communication over a Dedicated Short Range Communication service band. The system and method include a vehicle having a navigation system, a processor, and a communication system for transmitting a message via a wireless communications link. The system and method also include a control channel for communicating a safety communication and a service channel for communicating a non-safety communication.

Adaptive media switching for future vehicle-to-vehicle communication

Abstract: Vehicle-to-vehicle (peer-to-peer) communication is expected to play an important role in ITS (intelligent transport systems). This paper proposes an adaptive media switching method for future vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Our method adopts an approach to select the most suitable radio communication media from several possible types based on the vehicle locations, available media and communication quality. Before the network configuration of inter-vehicle and roadside-vehicle communication changes, the vehicle detects it and then initiates the media reselection. During such media switching, our proposed HTTP-based session layer mobility avoids any interruption of communication. We conducted field tests using several experimental vehicles. The results verify that our proposed method is effective in selecting the most suitable media, and disconnection of communication during the media switching is also avoided

The cost behavior of intelligent transportation systems over time

Abstract: The successful deployment of any innovative system relies heavily on conducting a credible ex-ante evaluation and planning. Among such innovative systems are the intelligent transportation systems (ITS), which promise a cure-all remedy to the staggering adverse impacts of traffic congestion. Yet these systems have different characteristics than the traditional transportation systems-such as different lifecycles and cost structures, and higher uncertainties in terms of benefits, costs or obsolescence. This paper investigates the cost behavior of ITS and questions whether the long-established practice of assuming the project-specific inflation rates to be the same as the general inflation rate-that the traditional approach adopted while conducting the economic and financial analysis of the conventional transportation projects-can be applied to ITS projects. The methodology used for this study follows three different approaches that look into the behavior of inflation rate with respect to ITS projects. The results indicate that a sector-specific inflation rate must be derived and used. This recommended practice will lead, on the whole, to better planning, more effective deployment and improved lifecycle management of these technology driven systems.