The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics A Textbook of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics for Physicians and Medical Students. By Prof. Louis Goodman and Prof. Alfred Gilman. Pp. xiii + 1383. (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941.) 50s. net.

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. However, the past 15 yr have seen the emergence of the microbiota (the trillions of microorganisms within ...

The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Successful adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of human haploidentical NK cells in patients with cancer.

Introduction: The American Thyroid Association appointed a Task Force of experts to revise the original Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Management Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association. Methods: The Task Force identified relevant articles using a systematic PubMed search, supplemented with additional published materials, and then created evidence-based recommendations, which were set in categories using criteria adapted from the United States Preventive Services Task Force Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The original guidelines provided abundant source material and an excellent organizational structure that served as the basis for the current revised document. Results: The revised guidelines are focused primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and hereditary MTC. Conclusions: The Task Force developed 67 evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians in the care of patients with MTC. The Task Force considers the recommendati...

/pdf/revised-american-thyroid-association-guidelines-for-the-2lbm9jji5g.pdf

Revised American thyroid association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma

IL-15 promotes the growth of T cells and shares properties of IL-2. IL-2 is produced exclusively by T cells, while IL-15 message is expressed by a variety of tissues. However, it has been difficult to demonstrate IL-15 in the supernatants of many cells that express message for this cytokine. This suggests that IL-15 production is regulated by post-transcriptional controls. In this study, we cloned three types of murine IL-15 cDNA isoforms generated by alternative splicing and compared the translational efficiency among these isoforms. The translational efficiency of isoforms with alternative exon 5 containing another 3′ splice site was significantly higher than that of IL-15 cDNA with originally described exon 5, which is generated by internal splicing of alternative exon 5. The translation product of the isoform containing alternative exon 5 has a shorter open reading frame due to stop codons in additional sequence, followed by a new AUG codon, and displays a shorter leader sequence. The shorter isoform of the IL-15 was detected in peritoneal macrophages stimulated with IFN-γ and LPS, which expressed an abundant level of alternative exon 5. These results suggest that normal IL-15 production in stimulated macrophages is regulated by splicing of alternative exon 5.

Translational Efficiency Is Up-Regulated by Alternative Exon in Murine IL-15 mRNA

Gain-of-function mutations within the receptor tyrosine kinase gene RET cause inherited and non-inherited thyroid cancer Somatic gene rearrangements of RET have been found in papillary thyroid carcinoma and germline point mutations in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC) Conversely, loss-of-function mutations are responsible for the development of Hirschsprung's disease, a congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system Comparison between normal RET signaling activated by the RET ligand glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and abnormal RET signaling caused by various mutations has led to a deeper understanding of disease mechanisms The focus of the present review is on recent progress in the study of RET signaling dysfunction in human diseases

RET receptor signaling: Dysfunction in thyroid cancer and Hirschsprung's disease

Interactions of Human-and Rat-Organic Anion Transporters With Pravastatin and Cimetidine

In the mammalian brain, new neurons are continuously generated throughout life in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Previous studies have established that newborn neurons migrate a short distance to be integrated into a pre-existing neuronal circuit in the hippocampus. How the migration of newborn neurons is governed by extracellular signals, however, has not been fully understood. Here, we report that NMDA receptor (NMDA-R)-mediated signaling is essential for the proper migration and positioning of newborn neurons in the DG. An intraperitoneal injection of the NMDA-R antagonists, memantine, or 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) into adult male mice caused the aberrant positioning of newborn neurons, resulting in the overextension of their migration in the DG. Interestingly, we revealed that the administration of NMDA-R antagonists leads to a decrease in the expression of Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a candidate susceptibility gene for major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, which is also known as a critical regulator of neuronal migration in the DG. Furthermore, the overextended migration of newborn neurons induced by the NMDA-R antagonists was significantly rescued by exogenous expression of DISC1. Collectively, these results suggest that the NMDA-R signaling pathway governs the migration of newborn neurons via the regulation of DISC1 expression in the DG.

/pdf/nmda-receptor-regulates-migration-of-newly-generated-neurons-45iux79d1a.pdf

NMDA receptor regulates migration of newly generated neurons in the adult hippocampus via Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1)

https://www.jrnjournal.org/article/S1051-2276(08)00447-0/pdf

Atsushi Enomoto

Papers

Translational Efficiency Is Up-Regulated by Alternative Exon in Murine IL-15 mRNA

RET receptor signaling: Dysfunction in thyroid cancer and Hirschsprung's disease

Interactions of Human-and Rat-Organic Anion Transporters With Pravastatin and Cimetidine

NMDA receptor regulates migration of newly generated neurons in the adult hippocampus via Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1)

Indoxyl Sulfate Promotes Proliferation of Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells by Inducing Oxidative Stress