Cortney Simmons

TL;DR: The authors examined how race and political preference might jointly influence the way youth (12th graders) viewed law enforcement from 2005 to 2016 and found that there is a racial gradient in how young adults perceive law enforcement, political orientation contributes to heterogeneity in youths' perceptions of law enforcement.

TL;DR: This paper summarized five critical points about racism from the point of view of Black scholars and allies: (1) Black people are experiencing exhaustion from and physiological effects of racism, (2) racism extends far beyond police brutality and into most societal structures, (3) despite being the targets of racist attacks, black people are often blamed for their oppression and retaliated against for their response to it, (4) everyone must improve their awareness and knowledge (through both formal education and individual motivation) to fight racism and (5) anti-racist policies and accountability are key to enact structural reformation

TL;DR: It is suggested that aspirations may only influence behavior if youth also have the psychosocial capabilities to consider their future aspirations when behaving in the present, and that both aspirations, expectations and strain uniquely influence criminal behavior.

TL;DR: Examination of differential effects of absent fathers and harsh fathers on delinquency in male juvenile offenders in the U.S. indicated that youth in the harsh-father group engaged in more offending behaviors and used more substances than youth inThe absent- father group, and this difference remained even after controlling for the mother-child relationship.