https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(06)68880-6.pdf

Mild cognitive impairment

This article attempts to bring together basic and complex information which has been gathered on cellulose structure, principally that of native cellulose, over the last few decades. Even though advances have been made in the field of crystallography, powder crystallography cannot yield a definitive cellulose structure and single crystal diffraction is not possible due to the lack of suitable crystals. Knowledge obtained on the biosynthesis of native cellulose and on the polymorphy of cellulose and its derivatives help our understanding of ultrastructure. Many inconsistencies between early crystallographic studies of native cellulose have been clarified by the discovery that two polymorphs (α and β) of cellulose I exist. Models of the possible ultrastructural arrangements within native cellulose have been put forward over the decades; with advancement in technology, computer simulations of small and large systems are being created to test the viability of these ultrastructural models. It is hoped that this review will aid in the understanding of the complexity and uncertainties that still exist in this subject

Cellulose: the structure slowly unravels

Summary Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is needed to initiate symptomatic treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and will be of even greater significance if drugs aimed at slowing down the degenerative process, such as vaccination regimes and β-secretase and γ-secretase inhibitors, prove to affect AD pathology and to have clinical effect. However, there is no clinical method to determine in which patients mild cognitive impairment (MCI) will progress to AD with dementia, and in which patients MCI is benign. Hence, there is a great clinical need for biomarkers to identify incipient AD in patients with MCI. The CSF biomarkers total tau protein, phosphorylated tau protein, and the 42 amino-acid residue form of amyloid-β may, if put in the right clinical context, prove to have high enough diagnostic accuracy to meet this challenge.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laneur/PIIS1474-4422(03)00530-1.pdf

CSF markers for incipient Alzheimer's disease

Chromatographic separation, identification, and analysis of phosphatides

Activation by Adenosine Triphosphate in the Phosphorylation Kinetics of Sodium and Potassium Ion Transport Adenosine Triphosphatase

Functional Fv fragment of an antibody specific for CD28: Fv-mediated co-stimulation of T cells.

A likely mechanism of especially large photosensitization for a base-developable poly-(phenylhydrosilane) resist (1) in the presence of 3,3',4,4'-tetra(tert-butylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone (EA1) is discussed in terms of photolysis rates and dissolution rates. The increase in the photolysis rate occurs through photoinduced electron transfers from polysilanes to electron acceptors. The fluorescence quenching rate of in the presence of EA1 is almost the same as that in the presence of benzophenone (EA2). However, EA1 does increase both photolysis rates and resist sensitivities, but EA2 does not. The difference between EA1 and EA2 is discussed in terms of back-electron transfer in order to explain the importance of the presence of peroxide moieties. In the case of EA2, photoinduced electron transfers as well as back-electron transfers occur. In case of EA1, the cleavage of peroxide bonds on the benzophenone moiety would effectively inhibit the back-electron transfer to the 1 radical cation. The same phenomena are observed for C-60. EA1 photodecomposes to form compounds bearing carboxylic acids which also facilitate the dissolution of photolysis products of into basic aqueous solutions.

Photosensitization of Base-Developable Poly(phenylhydrosilane) with 3,3‘,4,4‘-Tetra(tert-butylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone. Mechanism of the Drastic Photosensitization in Terms of Photoinduced Electron Transfer

Background: The development of diagnostic markers for earlier and more accurate clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is essential to identify unequivocally AD patients during life. This study is to investigate the basic performance and clinical significance of β-amyloid(1–42) (Aβ42) level measurement in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) alone or in combination with CSF tau for distinguishing AD from non-AD disorders.



Methods: The basic characteristics of the reagent for measuring Aβ42, which used Sandwich ELISA, was examined. The clinical studies were done at 5 centers in Japan. CSF samples from 353 patients were collected and classified into the following six groups; AD (n=189), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI: n=25), Neurodegenerative disorders without AD (ND: n=66), Cerebrovascular disturbance (CVD: n=28), Other neurological disorders (OND: n=18) and Neurological control (NC: n=27) group.



Results: Mean levels of Aβ42 in CSF were significantly lower in AD (395 pg/mL) than MCI (586 pg/mL;p 0.67) of MCI patients who had progressed to AD within a few years was 79% (15/19).



Conclusion: The combined measurement of CSF Aβ42 and tau is clinically a useful diagnostic marker to discriminate AD at an early stage including MCI from normal aging and other related disorders.

Basic and Clinical Studies on the Measurement of β‐amyloid(1–42) in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Diagnostic Marker for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders: Multi Center Study in Japan

Acid phosphatases from Fusarium moniliforme. II. Further studies on substrate specificity and mode of action of acid phosphatase II.

A new screening method for inhibitors of cellulose biosynthesis is described. This method utilized three microbial strains; a cellulose-containing fungus Phytophthora, and a cellulose non-containing fungus Candida, and a bacterial strain of Acetobacter, a cellulose-producing acetic acid bacterium. The primary screen examined microbial cultures for selective growth inhibition against Phytophthora with no inhibition against Candida. The secondary screen tested for herbicidal activity. Thirdly, the active cultures were examined for their inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis by an Acetobacter strain. A screening trial with this new method led to the discovery of two microbial metabolites named phthoxazolin A and phthoramycin as new inhibitors of cellulose biosynthesis with herbicidal activity.

Hiroshi Yoshida

Papers

Functional Fv fragment of an antibody specific for CD28: Fv-mediated co-stimulation of T cells.

Photosensitization of Base-Developable Poly(phenylhydrosilane) with 3,3‘,4,4‘-Tetra(tert-butylperoxycarbonyl)benzophenone. Mechanism of the Drastic Photosensitization in Terms of Photoinduced Electron Transfer

Basic and Clinical Studies on the Measurement of β‐amyloid(1–42) in Cerebrospinal Fluid as a Diagnostic Marker for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders: Multi Center Study in Japan

Acid phosphatases from Fusarium moniliforme. II. Further studies on substrate specificity and mode of action of acid phosphatase II.

Screening method for cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors with herbicidal activity.