다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

http://www.klinikaikozpont.u-szeged.hu/pedia/images/pdf/CME_TEL/Full-Text/25.pdf

The Hallmarks of Aging

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.

For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.

Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-use-and-interpretation-of-assays-for-ijf2t30pbq.pdf

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-use-and-interpretation-of-assays-for-28d1pi1jvo.pdf

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

AFT protéines de crucifère et leur utilisation

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) experienced seasonal freeze-thaw cycles. In this study a modified Stefan piecewise elevation changes model based on air temperature data was integrated to new small baselines subset (NSBAS) chain. A total of 33 scenes of Sentinel-1 data (S-1) with one year time range were collected to build the Multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (MT-InSAR) analyzing network. The results revealed that estimated seasonal surface subsidence ranged from −60 to 0 mm and the linear subsidence value was about 10 mm/yr. Higher correlation between topography slope and subsidence was acquired compared with sinusoidal seasonal model-based results. Surface displacements variation of different land covers were acquired. The result shows that the seasonal subsidence over alpine meadow was higher than alpine desert areas.

Permafrost Subsidence Monitoring of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using Sentinel-1 Data

Land cover change detection has long been a hot field in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) applications. In certain cases, we care not only the changed areas but also from which type to another. This paper presents a supervised urban land cover change types identification method using a series of polarimetric descriptors from SAR observables and polarimetric decomposition. The normalized difference ratio (NDR) operators are generated firstly using the polarimetric descriptors from SAR images acquired in different dates; these operators are then trained according to the selected training sets and used to identify the remaining samples. A modified superpixel segmentation method for polarimetric interferometric SAR (Pol-InSAR) datasets is introduced to improve the accuracy of the experimental result. Radarsat-2 fully polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) images acquired over Suzhou city, China on 9 April 2009 and 15 June 2010 are used in our experiments, the identification accuracies for all changed land cover types are over 80%, which demonstrates the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed method.

Urban land cover change types identification using fully polarimetric SAR descriptors

Facile preparation of codoped lanthanide metal–organic frameworks with efficient energy transfer for ratiometric temperature sensing

Digital elevation model (DEM) matching is a necessary task that must be conducted in many applications of remote sensing, especially for purposes of disaster surveillance (e.g., landslide, debris flow). In this paper, we propose a robust matching method based on contour lines and least squares surface matching. Challenges involve detecting stable and invariant control points (CPs) in un-deformed areas in varying situations and complex topographies. We utilize a shape context descriptor to compare contour lines and detect invariant peaks for CPs based on contour line shapes, which can generate good initial values of transformation parameters. Finally, the least squares surface matching technique is used for optimal matching. The proposed methodology is tested for DEM matching between a new InSAR DEM and ASTER DEM. The experimental results show that the proposed method shows considerable noise resistance and can alleviate deformation and nonlinear distortion effects of different systems.

Hong Zhang

Papers

AFT protéines de crucifère et leur utilisation

Permafrost Subsidence Monitoring of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using Sentinel-1 Data

Urban land cover change types identification using fully polarimetric SAR descriptors

Facile preparation of codoped lanthanide metal–organic frameworks with efficient energy transfer for ratiometric temperature sensing

A new method for multisource DEM matching