다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

http://www.klinikaikozpont.u-szeged.hu/pedia/images/pdf/CME_TEL/Full-Text/25.pdf

The Hallmarks of Aging

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes.

For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy.

Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation, it is imperative to target by gene knockout or RNA interference more than one autophagy-related protein. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways implying that not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-use-and-interpretation-of-assays-for-ijf2t30pbq.pdf

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-use-and-interpretation-of-assays-for-28d1pi1jvo.pdf

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Last year, China has launched a new radar satellite on August 10th: the Chinese high spatial resolution satellite Gaofen-3 (GF-3). It is the first Chinese polarimetric imaging radar, and the only radar satellite in the Chinese High Resolution Earth Observation System. This paper introduces two fully-polarimetric (FP) modes of GF-3, and exhibits their calibrated backscattering coefficients and land classification results. The histograms of GF-3 calibrated backscattering coefficients are in good accordance with those of Radatsat-2 Fine Quad data. Besides, both unsupervised and supervised classification schemes portrait different ground objects in a rational way, and achieve satisfactory accuracies. Through the comparison to Radarsat-2 data, both backscattering information and polarimetric abilities of GF-3 are examined, which demonstrate good product quality and utilization value of GF-3.

Classification of Chinese GaoFen-3 fully-polarimetric SAR images: Initial results

The molecular mechanisms underlying the biological effects of carbon ions are unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway in regulating carbon ion (12C6+) radiation‑induced cellular toxicity. HLY78 is a Wnt‑specific small molecular modulator, whose effects on 12C6+ radiation‑induced damage are mostly unknown. HLY78, in combination with 12C6+ radiation was investigated on HeLa cell viability, cell cycle progression, DNA damage, and the expression of apoptotic and Wnt‑related proteins. 12C6+ radiation suppressed cell viability in a time‑dependent manner, whereas the addition of HLY78 to cells significantly reduced this stress. Moreover, after irradiation with 12C6+, HeLa cells exhibited increased cell apoptosis, G2/M phase arrest, and a number of γ‑H2AX foci. However, Wnt signaling activation alleviated these effects. Furthermore, when compared with the radiation alone group, supplementation with HLY78 markedly increased the expression of anti‑apoptotic and Wnt‑related proteins, and significantly decreased the expression of apoptotic proteins. The present results indicated that activation of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway by HLY78 reduced 12C6+ radiation‑induced HeLa cell dysfunction, suggesting that the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating 12C6+ radiation‑induced cellular toxicity in HeLa cells.

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/or.2020.7581/download

The effects of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway on apoptosis in HeLa cells induced by carbon ion irradiation.

Automatic target recognition is the key stage of SAR image interpretation system and has been taking a great interest to the researchers in recent years. Aiming at the issue of aircraft type recognition in high-resolution SAR images, a novel method based on multi-scale autoconvolution (MSA) affine invariant moment is proposed. First, the texture analysis and clustering method are used to segment the SAR images and then the denoising algorithm and morphological processing are applied to segmented results. Second, 29 MSA features are extracted and form a feature vector to represent the target, then the vector components are standardized by gauss normalization. In the final, the vectors are classified by using the nearest neighbor classifier and template library constructed previously. Experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain high accuracy rate with high processing speed, in which the accuracy rate of two type aircrafts with real data arrives at 85.17% and the accuracy rate of four type aircrafts with simulated data arrives at 87.85%.

Aircraft Type Recognition in High-Resolution SAR Images Using Multi-Scale Autoconvolution

Calcined Oil Shale Semi-coke for Significantly Improved Performance Alginate-Based Film by Crosslinking with Ca2+

In 2014, TerraSAR-X (TSX) mission were extended by implementing two new modes. One is Staring Spotlight (ST) mode. The ST mode increases the high geometric resolution of the standard High Resolution Spotlight product. By widening the azimuth beam steering angle range and therewith extending the synthetic aperture an azimuth resolution of 0.24 m can be achieved. In this paper, some types of damage buildings by earthquake in the new ST mode TSX image are analyzed. In particular, we investigate the characteristics of individual damaged buildings in the new high resolution image. The old Beichuan County is selected as the research area, where most of the damage buildings are preserved after the earthquake on 12 May, 2008. Moreover, buildings with different types of damages can be found in the study area. Features such as shape, strong scattering points, and texture features of the damage buildings in descending and ascending post-earthquake SAR images are analyzed. Based on the analysis, TSX ST mode images show good potential for damage building detection, for the resolution of the image is improved. However, some scattering features of the building are also not stable in such high resolution SAR images, when the imaging geometry is changed. So in order to obtain good detection results, the pre-event and post-event images are also expected for damage building detection in decimeter resolution SAR images.

Hong Zhang

Papers

Classification of Chinese GaoFen-3 fully-polarimetric SAR images: Initial results

The effects of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway on apoptosis in HeLa cells induced by carbon ion irradiation.

Aircraft Type Recognition in High-Resolution SAR Images Using Multi-Scale Autoconvolution

Calcined Oil Shale Semi-coke for Significantly Improved Performance Alginate-Based Film by Crosslinking with Ca2+

Damage building analysis in TerraSAR-X new staring spotlight mode SAR imagery