https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Plant essential oils for pest and disease management

Biological effects of resveratrol.

Resveratrol, trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, was first isolated in 1940 as a constituent of the roots of white hellebore (Veratrum grandiflorum O. Loes), but has since been found in various plants, including grapes, berries and peanuts. Besides cardioprotective effects, resveratrol exhibits anticancer properties, as suggested by its ability to suppress proliferation of a wide variety of tumor cells, including lymphoid and myeloid cancers; multiple myeloma; cancers of the breast, prostate, stomach, colon, pancreas, and thyroid; melanoma; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; ovarian carcinoma; and cervical carcinoma. The growth-inhibitory effects of resveratrol are mediated through cell-cycle arrest; upregulation of p21Cip1/WAF1, p53 and Bax; down-regulation of survivin, cyclin D1, cyclin E, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and clAPs; and activation of caspases. Resveratrol has been shown to suppress the activation of several transcription factors, including NF-kappaB, AP-1 and Egr-1; to inhibit protein kinases including IkappaBalpha kinase, JNK, MAPK, Akt, PKC, PKD and casein kinase II; and to down-regulate products of genes such as COX-2, 5-LOX, VEGF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, AR and PSA. These activities account for the suppression of angiogenesis by this stilbene. Resveratrol also has been shown to potentiate the apoptotic effects of cytokines (e.g., TRAIL), chemotherapeutic agents and gamma-radiation. Phamacokinetic studies revealed that the target organs of resveratrol are liver and kidney, where it is concentrated after absorption and is mainly converted to a sulfated form and a glucuronide conjugate. In vivo, resveratrol blocks the multistep process of carcinogenesis at various stages: it blocks carcinogen activation by inhibiting aryl hydrocarbon-induced CYP1A1 expression and activity, and suppresses tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Besides chemopreventive effects, resveratrol appears to exhibit therapeutic effects against cancer. Limited data in humans have revealed that resveratrol is pharmacologically quite safe. Currently, structural analogues of resveratrol with improved bioavailability are being pursued as potential therapeutic agents for cancer.

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Role of Resveratrol in Prevention and Therapy of Cancer: Preclinical and Clinical Studies

The chemical composition of essential oil extracted from Uncaria Hook ("Chotoko" in Japanese), the branch with curved hook of the herbal medicine Uncaria rhynchophylla has been investigated by GC and GC-MS analyses. Eighty-four compounds, representing 90.8% of the total content was identified in oil obtained from Uncaria Hook. The main components i were (E)-cinnamaldehyde (13.4%), α-copaene (8.0%), methyl eugenol (6.8%), δ-cadinene (5.3%), and curcumene (3.6%). The important key aroma-active compounds in the oil were detected by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), using the flavor dilution (FD) factor to express the odor potency of each compounds. Furthermore, the odor activity value (OAV) has been used as a measure of the relative contribution of each compound to the aroma of the Uncaria Hook oil. The GC-O and AEDA results showed that α-copaene (FD = 4, OAV = 4376), (E)-linalool oxide (FD = 64, OAV = 9.1), and methyl eugenol (FD = 64, OAV = 29) contributed to the woody and spicy odor of Uncaria Hook oil, whereas furfural (FD = 8, OAV = 4808) contributed to its sweet odor. These results warrant further investigations of the application of essential oil from Uncaria Hook in the phytochemical and medicinal fields.

/pdf/identification-of-aroma-active-compounds-in-essential-oil-306wfz2bxp.pdf

Identification of Aroma-active Compounds in Essential Oil from Uncaria Hook by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry

The chemical compositions of essential oils from the flower and aerial parts (i.e., leaf and branch) of Eurya japonica were determined and quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 87 and 50 compounds were detected in the oils from the flower and aerial parts, respectively. The main compounds of the flower oil were linalool (14.0%), (9Z)-tricosene (12.0%), and nonanal (7.4%). In the oil from the aerial parts, linalool (37.7%), α-terpineol (13.5%), and geraniol (9.6%) were detected. In the oils from the flower and aerial parts, 13 and 8 aroma-active compounds were identified by GC-olfactometry (GC-O) analysis, respectively. The key aroma-active compounds of the flower oil were heptanal [fatty, green, flavor dilution (FD) = 128, odor activity value (OAV) = 346], nonanal (sweet, citrus, FD = 128, OAV = 491), and eugenol (sweet, spicy, FD = 64, OAV = 62): in the oil from the aerial parts, the key aroma-active compounds were linalool (sweet, citrus, FD = 64, OAV = 95), (E)-β-damascenone (sweet, FD = 256, OAV = 4000), and (E)-β-ionone (floral, violet, FD = 128, OAV = 120). This study revealed that nonanal and eugenol impart the sweet, citrus, and spicy odor of the flower oil, while (E)-β-damascenone and (E)-β-ionone contribute the floral and sweet odor of the oil from the aerial parts.

Characteristic odor components of essential oils from Eurya japonica.

The Constituents of the Essential Oil from Erigeron annuus

The components of the essential oil of Golden oyster mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus) were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifty-nine components, representing 95.9% of the total oil were identified. The main components of the oil were fatty acids such as palmitic acid (23.3%), linoleic acid (31.3%) and pentadecylic acid (6.0%). Elsholtzia ketone and curcuphenol were identified in the oil of mushroom for the first time. The result of GC-O (gaschromatography olfactometry) and AEDA (Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis) showed that the sulfur and nitrogen-containing components, C8 ketone and C8 aldehyde are responsible for the aroma of P. citrinopileatus

Characteristic Odor Components of Essential Oil from Dried Fruiting Bodies of Golden Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus)

The essential oil, obtained by steam distillation of flowers, leaves and stems from Wisteria brachybotrys Sieb.et Zucc, collected in Japan was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-MS. The important aroma-active compounds were also detected in the oil using GC-MS/Olfactometry (GC-MS/O) and aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA). As a result, sixty-eight compounds from flowers of W. brachybotrys, accounting for 96.3%, were identified, and benzyl cyanide (31.7%), palmitic acid (8.7%), and (Z)γ-bisabolene (8.4%) as the main compounds. Thirty compounds from leaves, accounting for 97.3%, were identified, and phytol (46.0%), palmitic acid (8.2%), and nonanal (5.7%) as the main compounds. Twenty-eight compounds from stems, accounting for 98.7%, were identified, and geraniol (32.8%), linalool (22.1%), and nerol (10.4%) as the main compounds. A preliminary analysis by GC-MS and using Kovats’ retention indexes, lead to characterize and quantify the oil constituents, while GC-MS/O was then applied for the identification of the main odorants. By the incremental dilution method (AEDA), applied to the GC-MS/O technique, the flavor dilution (FD) factor was obtained. To our knowledge, the composition of these parts of essential oils is described here for the first time, both from the chemical and olfactometric viewpoints.

Determination of Characteristic Components in Essential Oils from Wisteria brachybotrys Using Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry Incremental Dilution Technique

Mitsuo Miyazawa

Papers

Identification of Aroma-active Compounds in Essential Oil from Uncaria Hook by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry

Characteristic odor components of essential oils from Eurya japonica.

The Constituents of the Essential Oil from Erigeron annuus

Characteristic Odor Components of Essential Oil from Dried Fruiting Bodies of Golden Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus citrinopileatus)

Determination of Characteristic Components in Essential Oils from Wisteria brachybotrys Using Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry Incremental Dilution Technique