https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Plant essential oils for pest and disease management

Biological effects of resveratrol.

Resveratrol, trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, was first isolated in 1940 as a constituent of the roots of white hellebore (Veratrum grandiflorum O. Loes), but has since been found in various plants, including grapes, berries and peanuts. Besides cardioprotective effects, resveratrol exhibits anticancer properties, as suggested by its ability to suppress proliferation of a wide variety of tumor cells, including lymphoid and myeloid cancers; multiple myeloma; cancers of the breast, prostate, stomach, colon, pancreas, and thyroid; melanoma; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; ovarian carcinoma; and cervical carcinoma. The growth-inhibitory effects of resveratrol are mediated through cell-cycle arrest; upregulation of p21Cip1/WAF1, p53 and Bax; down-regulation of survivin, cyclin D1, cyclin E, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and clAPs; and activation of caspases. Resveratrol has been shown to suppress the activation of several transcription factors, including NF-kappaB, AP-1 and Egr-1; to inhibit protein kinases including IkappaBalpha kinase, JNK, MAPK, Akt, PKC, PKD and casein kinase II; and to down-regulate products of genes such as COX-2, 5-LOX, VEGF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, AR and PSA. These activities account for the suppression of angiogenesis by this stilbene. Resveratrol also has been shown to potentiate the apoptotic effects of cytokines (e.g., TRAIL), chemotherapeutic agents and gamma-radiation. Phamacokinetic studies revealed that the target organs of resveratrol are liver and kidney, where it is concentrated after absorption and is mainly converted to a sulfated form and a glucuronide conjugate. In vivo, resveratrol blocks the multistep process of carcinogenesis at various stages: it blocks carcinogen activation by inhibiting aryl hydrocarbon-induced CYP1A1 expression and activity, and suppresses tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Besides chemopreventive effects, resveratrol appears to exhibit therapeutic effects against cancer. Limited data in humans have revealed that resveratrol is pharmacologically quite safe. Currently, structural analogues of resveratrol with improved bioavailability are being pursued as potential therapeutic agents for cancer.

/pdf/role-of-resveratrol-in-prevention-and-therapy-of-cancer-tq57uztzep.pdf

Role of Resveratrol in Prevention and Therapy of Cancer: Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Components of Essential Oil from Rootstock of Coptis chinensis

Nicotine is the primary psychoactive component in tobacco. It is taken into the body by tobacco smoking, and mainly metabolized to cotinine in the hepatic cytochrme P450 (CYP) 2A6. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive method for the determination of nicotine metabolism to cotinine using HPLC. The internal standard, trans-4'-carboxycotinine methyl ester was synthesized with a simple method. The nicotine and cotinine were separated completely and detected by C(18) 5-µm analytical column (L-column Octa decyl silyl (ODS), 150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) equipped with a C(18) 5-µm guard column (L-column ODS, 10 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) and ultraviolet detection at 260 nm. The detection limit of the assay was 0.05 µM for cotinine (n=5, R.S.D) and 0.1 µM for nicotine. Thus the present results provided a sensitive and useful method for the determination of nicotine metabolism catalyzed by CYP2A6.

The novel assay method for nicotine metabolism to cotinine using high performance liquid chromatography.

Biotransformation of (-)-guaiol by Eurotium rubrum as a biocatalyst.

This study was conducted to determine the composition of essential oil from buds of male and female Eurya japonica flowers and to determine the aroma-active compounds of this plant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), sensory evaluation, and odor activity values (OAV). The oils contained eighty-five compounds. We identified for the first time forty-four compounds in E. japonica. Through sensory evaluation, nineteen aroma-active compounds were identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Because the chemical composition can affect the interaction between plants and herbivorous insects, our results suggest that essential oils from male and female flower buds of E. japonica differently affect herbivores. Sexual differences in essential oils deserve further investigations in this plant-insect system.

Sexual Differences in Chemical Composition and Aroma-active Compounds of Essential Oil from Flower Buds of Eurya japonica.

In this study, biotransformation of (−)-isolongifolene (1) by Glomerella cingulata and suppressive effect on umuC gene expression by chemical mutagens 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide (furylfuramide) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) of the SOS response in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 were investigated. Initially, 1 was carried out the microbial transformation by G. cingulata. The result found that 1 was converted into (−)-isolongifolen-9-one (2), (−)-(2S)-13-hydroxy-isolongifolen-9-one (3), and (−)-(4R)-4-hydroxy-isolongifolen-9-one (4) by G. cingulata, and their conversion rates were 60, 25, and 15%, respectively. The metabolites suppressed the SOS-inducing activity of furylfuramid and AFB1 in the umu test. Comound 2 showed gene expression by chemical mutagens furylfuramide and AFB1 was suppressed 54 and 50% at <0.5 mM, respectively. Compound 2 is the most effective compound in this experiment.

Mitsuo Miyazawa

Papers

Components of Essential Oil from Rootstock of Coptis chinensis

The novel assay method for nicotine metabolism to cotinine using high performance liquid chromatography.

Biotransformation of (-)-guaiol by Eurotium rubrum as a biocatalyst.

Sexual Differences in Chemical Composition and Aroma-active Compounds of Essential Oil from Flower Buds of Eurya japonica.

Suppression of SOS-inducing activity of chemical mutagens by metabolites from microbial transformation of (-)-isolongifolene.