Paul A.M. Smeets

TL;DR: A critical summary of studies that focused on physiologic measures relating to subjectively rated appetite, actual food intake, or both and made a distinction between biomarkers of satiation or meal termination and those of meal initiation related to satiety and between markers in the brain [central nervous system (CNS)] and those related to signals from the periphery to the CNS.

TL;DR: The concurrence in the brain regions activated in response to viewing pictures of food and to assess the modulating effects of hunger state and the food's energy content were determined.

TL;DR: To develop the evidence base necessary for effective policies, the authors need to build bridges across different levels of knowledge and understanding, which requires experimental models that can fill in the gaps in understanding that are needed to inform policy, translational models that connect mechanistic understanding from laboratory studies to the real life human condition, and formal models that embed understanding in a way that enables policy-relevant predictions to be made.

TL;DR: Cephalic phase responses (CPRs) are innate and learned physiological responses to sensory signals that prepare the gastrointestinal tract for the optimal processing of ingested foods and could be affected by inconsistencies in the associations between sensory signals and subsequent post-ingestive consequences.

TL;DR: The case for integration is reviewed, but also provides real practical examples of how it has been achieved, and both the barriers to and facilitators of its successful implementation are described on the basis of interviews of those involved.