A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal pattern formation in systems driven away from equilibrium is presented, with emphasis on comparisons between theory and quantitative experiments. Examples include patterns in hydrodynamic systems such as thermal convection in pure fluids and binary mixtures, Taylor-Couette flow, parametric-wave instabilities, as well as patterns in solidification fronts, nonlinear optics, oscillatory chemical reactions and excitable biological media. The theoretical starting point is usually a set of deterministic equations of motion, typically in the form of nonlinear partial differential equations. These are sometimes supplemented by stochastic terms representing thermal or instrumental noise, but for macroscopic systems and carefully designed experiments the stochastic forces are often negligible. An aim of theory is to describe solutions of the deterministic equations that are likely to be reached starting from typical initial conditions and to persist at long times. A unified description is developed, based on the linear instabilities of a homogeneous state, which leads naturally to a classification of patterns in terms of the characteristic wave vector q0 and frequency ω0 of the instability. Type Is systems (ω0=0, q0≠0) are stationary in time and periodic in space; type IIIo systems (ω0≠0, q0=0) are periodic in time and uniform in space; and type Io systems (ω0≠0, q0≠0) are periodic in both space and time. Near a continuous (or supercritical) instability, the dynamics may be accurately described via "amplitude equations," whose form is universal for each type of instability. The specifics of each system enter only through the nonuniversal coefficients. Far from the instability threshold a different universal description known as the "phase equation" may be derived, but it is restricted to slow distortions of an ideal pattern. For many systems appropriate starting equations are either not known or too complicated to analyze conveniently. It is thus useful to introduce phenomenological order-parameter models, which lead to the correct amplitude equations near threshold, and which may be solved analytically or numerically in the nonlinear regime away from the instability. The above theoretical methods are useful in analyzing "real pattern effects" such as the influence of external boundaries, or the formation and dynamics of defects in ideal structures. An important element in nonequilibrium systems is the appearance of deterministic chaos. A greal deal is known about systems with a small number of degrees of freedom displaying "temporal chaos," where the structure of the phase space can be analyzed in detail. For spatially extended systems with many degrees of freedom, on the other hand, one is dealing with spatiotemporal chaos and appropriate methods of analysis need to be developed. In addition to the general features of nonequilibrium pattern formation discussed above, detailed reviews of theoretical and experimental work on many specific systems are presented. These include Rayleigh-Benard convection in a pure fluid, convection in binary-fluid mixtures, electrohydrodynamic convection in nematic liquid crystals, Taylor-Couette flow between rotating cylinders, parametric surface waves, patterns in certain open flow systems, oscillatory chemical reactions, static and dynamic patterns in biological media, crystallization fronts, and patterns in nonlinear optics. A concluding section summarizes what has and has not been accomplished, and attempts to assess the prospects for the future.

/pdf/pattern-formation-outside-of-equilibrium-1601b9znum.pdf

Pattern formation outside of equilibrium

http://dns2.asia.edu.tw/~ysho/YSHO-English/2000%20Engineering/PDF/Int%20J%20Hea%20Mas%20Tra15,%201787.pdf

A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows

Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications

Laser-Doppler measurements of velocity distribution and reattachment length are reported downstream of a single backward-facing step mounted in a two-dimensional channel. Results are presented for laminar, transitional and turbulent flow of air in a Reynolds-number range of 70 < Re < 8000. The experimental results show that the various flow regimes are characterized by typical variations of the separation length with Reynolds number. The reported laser-Doppler measurements do not only yield the expected primary zone of recirculating flow attached to the backward-facing step but also show additional regions of flow separation downstream of the step and on both sides of the channel test section. These additional separation regions have not been previously reported in the literature.Although the high aspect ratio of the test section (1:36) ensured that the oncoming flow was fully developed and two-dimensional, the experiments showed that the flow downstream of the step only remained two-dimensional at low and high Reynolds numbers.The present study also included numerical predictions of backward-facing step flow. The two-dimensional steady differential equations for conservation of mass and momentum were solved. Results are reported and are compared with experiments for those Reynolds numbers for which the flow maintained its two-dimensionality in the experiments. Under these circumstances, good agreement between experimental and numerical results is obtained.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022112083002839

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Backward-Facing Step Flow

▪ AbstractWe review the experimental evidence on turbulent flows over rough walls. Two parameters are important: the roughness Reynolds number ks+, which measures the effect of the roughness on the buffer layer, and the ratio of the boundary layer thickness to the roughness height, which determines whether a logarithmic layer survives. The behavior of transitionally rough surfaces with low ks+ depends a lot on their geometry. Riblets and other drag-reducing cases belong to this regime. In flows with δ/k ≲ 50, the effect of the roughness extends across the boundary layer, and is also variable. There is little left of the original wall-flow dynamics in these flows, which can perhaps be better described as flows over obstacles. We also review the evidence for the phenomenon of d-roughness. The theoretical arguments are sound, but the experimental evidence is inconclusive. Finally, we discuss some ideas on how rough walls can be modeled without the detailed computation of the flow around the roughness element...

Turbulent flows over rough walls

\n The effect of sidewall conductance on Nusselt number for the Rayleigh-Bénard convection is examined by performing nearly identical sets of experiments with sidewalls made of three different materials. These experimental results are utilized to extrapolate and estimate the Nusselt number for an ideal zero-thermal-conductivity sidewall case, which is the case when the sidewalls are perfectly insulating. A semi-analytical model is proposed, based on the concept of extended surfaces, to compute the discrepancy in Nusselt number caused by the presence of finite thermal conductance of the sidewalls. The predictions obtained using this model are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimentally determined values.

Effect of Sidewall Conductance on Nusselt Number for Rayleigh-Bénard Convection: A Semi-Analytical and Experimental Correction

An electrochemical technique is used to study local mass transfer coefficients on surfaces of inclined enclosures over the range 1.1×104 < RaH < 1.4×1010 for a nominal Schmidt number of 2280. Scaling with gcosθ instead of g in the Rayleigh number correlates the data well at low angles of inclination; however, as either the aspect ratio or the angle of inclination increase, the longitudinal density stratification causes the data to deviate from a power law scaling.

Local mass transfer measurements in an inclined enclosure at high Rayleigh number


 The rectangular vortex generator pairs (RVGPs) are arranged upstream of the film cooling holes to achieve better coolant coverage on the endwall near the pressure-side corner area. The endwall film cooling effectiveness distributions under transonic flow conditions are numerically calculated for the single RVGP and double rows of RVGPs cases. At first, the effects of three geometrical parameters (i.e., the distance between RVGP and cooling hole, height of RVGP and attack angle of RVGP) on endwall film cooling effectiveness are studied with a single hole and RVGP at different mainstream inlet Reynolds numbers and blowing ratios. Then, the double rows of RVGPs are applied to further enhance the overall film cooling effectiveness on the blade endwall. The results show that the implementation of RVGPs significantly enhances the film cooling effect on transonic blade endwall at a pressure-side corner area. With the increase of RVGP height, the lateral coolant coverage on the endwall corner area is improved. However, by decreasing the distance between the vortex generator pair and cooling hole, the film cooling effectiveness downstream of the cooling holes is increased. The attack angle of RVGP mainly affects the shape of coolant spreading on endwall surface. The RVGP with optimum dimensions and arrangement is able to suppress the coolant from lifting off the endwall and increase the coolant diffusion near the endwall. Compared with no vortex generator case, the area-averaged film cooling effectiveness on endwall with double rows of RVGPs is improved by 13.16%.

Richard J Goldstein

Papers

Effect of Sidewall Conductance on Nusselt Number for Rayleigh-Bénard Convection: A Semi-Analytical and Experimental Correction

Local mass transfer measurements in an inclined enclosure at high Rayleigh number

Implementation of Rectangular Vortex Generator Pairs to Improve Film Cooling Effectiveness on Transonic Rotor Blade Endwall

Heat transfer—a review of 1990 literature

Gas turbine heat transfer