Rick M. Maizels

TL;DR: Long-lived parasites such as the helminths are more remarkable for their ability to downregulate host immunity, protecting themselves from elimination and minimizing severe pathology in the host.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that parasites have evolved specific molecular strategies to induce this conducive landscape, and the foremost candidate immunomodulators released by helminths are reviewed, including cytokine homologs, protease inhibitors, and an intriguing set of novel products implicated in immune suppression.

TL;DR: This Review discusses recent advances in defining the immune cell types and molecules that are mobilized in response to helminth infection and more broadly considers how these immunological players are blended and regulated in order to accommodate persistent infection or to mount a vigorous protective response and achieve sterile immunity.

TL;DR: Current understanding of the growing number of individual helminth mediators that have been shown to target key receptors or pathways in the mammalian immune system is summarised.

TL;DR: It is shown that tuft cells, a rare epithelial cell type in the steady-state intestinal epithelium, are responsible for initiating type 2 responses to parasites by a cytokine-mediated cellular relay and a cellular relay required for initiating mucosal type 2 immunity to helminth infection.