Shoji Hata

TL;DR: In this review, the activation mechanism of calpain by calcium ions, which is essential to understand its physiological functions, is discussed on the basis of recent X-ray structural analyses.

TL;DR: Data suggest that, in a multifaceted manner, MuRF1 participates in the regulation of AA metabolism, including the control of free AAs and their supply to other organs under catabolic conditions, and in theregulation of ATP synthesis under metabolic-stress conditions where Mu RF1 expression is induced.

TL;DR: The study of calpains focuses especially on recent findings about their structure–function relationships, which have been greatly aided by the development of 3D structural studies and genetic models.

TL;DR: Gene studies show that a variety of defects in many different organisms, including lethality, muscular dystrophies and gastropathy, actually stem from calpain deficiencies, which form the basis for ongoing and future studies regarding the physiological role of calpains.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that stretch-dependent p94 distribution in sarcomeres plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of LGMD2A, and it is indicated that the stretch-induced dynamic redistribution of p94 is dependent on its protease activity and essential to protect muscle from degeneration, particularly under conditions of physical stress.