Cancer Metastasis: Building a Framework

In the screening group, 82% of men accepted at least one offer of screening. During a median follow-up of 9 years, the cumulative incidence of prostate cancer was 8.2% in the screening group and 4.8% in the control group. The rate ratio for death from prostate cancer in the screening group, as compared with the control group, was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65 to 0.98; adjusted P = 0.04). The absolute risk difference was 0.71 death per 1000 men. This means that 1410 men would need to be screened and 48 additional cases of prostate cancer would need to be treated to prevent one death from prostate cancer. The analysis of men who were actually screened during the first round (excluding subjects with noncompliance) provided a rate ratio for death from prostate cancer of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.90). Conclusions PSA-based screening reduced the rate of death from prostate cancer by 20% but was associated with a high risk of overdiagnosis. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN49127736.)

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Screening and Prostate-Cancer Mortality in a Randomized European Study

In multicellular organisms, communication between cells mainly involves the secretion of proteins that then bind to receptors on neighbouring cells But another mode of intercellular communication - the release of membrane vesicles - has recently become the subject of increasing interest Membrane vesicles are complex structures composed of a lipid bilayer that contains transmembrane proteins and encloses soluble hydrophilic components derived from the cytosol of the donor cell These vesicles have been shown to affect the physiology of neighbouring recipient cells in various ways, from inducing intracellular signalling following binding to receptors to conferring new properties after the acquisition of new receptors, enzymes or even genetic material from the vesicles This Review focuses on the role of membrane vesicles, in particular exosomes, in the communication between immune cells, and between tumour and immune cells

Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses

Stromal Fibroblasts Present in Invasive Human Breast Carcinomas Promote Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis through Elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 Secretion

TGFβ in Cancer

Effect of tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma on human renal carcinoma cell line growth.

Innovations and Challenges in Renal Cancer: Consensus Statement From the First International Conference

Twelve patients with superficial bladder cancer who had failed one or two 6-week courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy were treated with recombinant interferon-alfa-2b (rIFN-alfa-2b). Patients received 12 weekly instillations of rIFN-alfa-2b (100 MU) in 50 cc of normal saline. Those with an initial tumor-free response at the 3-month follow-up received maintenance rIFN-alfa-2b instillations (100 MU) monthly for an additional 9 months. Prior to rIFN-alfa-2b treatment, 6 patients had carcinoma in situ (CIS) with concurrent papillary tumor (pTa or pT I), and 6 had grades I or 2 pTa tumors. Patients were monitored every 3 months with urinary cytologies, cystoscopies, and biopsies when indicated. Median follow-up was 18 months (range 12 to 26 months). At the 3-month follow-up tumor recurrence was noted in 8 (66%) of 12 patients. An additional 3 (25%) patients had tumor recurrence at the 6-month follow-up period, and 3 (25%) patients also developed upper tract tumors during follow-up. Only 1 (8%) patient has maintained a continuous tumor-free response for 24 months. We are unable to demonstrate that rIFN-alfa-2b is likely to induce a tumor-free response in superficial bladder tumor patients who have failed intravesical BCG therapy, including those with CIS.

Failure of intravesical interferon-alfa-2b for the treatment of patients with superficial bladder cancer previously failing intravesical BCG Therapy.

Clinical Urology: Letter to the EditorIn Reply: Re: Selection of Optimal Prostate Specific Antigen Cutoffs for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves

Timothy L. Ratliff

Papers

Effect of tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma on human renal carcinoma cell line growth.

Innovations and Challenges in Renal Cancer: Consensus Statement From the First International Conference

Failure of intravesical interferon-alfa-2b for the treatment of patients with superficial bladder cancer previously failing intravesical BCG Therapy.

Clinical Urology: Letter to the EditorIn Reply: Re: Selection of Optimal Prostate Specific Antigen Cutoffs for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves

bc10: a novel human bladder cancer-associated protein with a conserved genomic structure downregulated in invasive cancer.