抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

The applications of copper (Cu) and Cu-based nanoparticles, which are based on the earth-abundant and inexpensive copper metal, have generated a great deal of interest in recent years, especially in the field of catalysis. The possible modification of the chemical and physical properties of these nanoparticles using different synthetic strategies and conditions and/or via postsynthetic chemical treatments has been largely responsible for the rapid growth of interest in these nanomaterials and their applications in catalysis. In addition, the design and development of novel support and/or multimetallic systems (e.g., alloys, etc.) has also made significant contributions to the field. In this comprehensive review, we report different synthetic approaches to Cu and Cu-based nanoparticles (metallic copper, copper oxides, and hybrid copper nanostructures) and copper nanoparticles immobilized into or supported on various support materials (SiO2, magnetic support materials, etc.), along with their applications i...

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00482

Cu and Cu-Based Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis.

: The unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the fundamental vibrational transitions of the chiral molecule, 4-methyl-2-oxetanone, are calculated ab initio. Harmonic force fields are obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT), MP2, and SCF methodologies and a 5S4P2D/3S2P (TZ2P) basis set. DFT calculations use the Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA), BLYP, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) density functionals. Mid-IR spectra predicted using LSDA, BLYP, and B3LYP force fields are of significantly different quality, the B3LYP force field yielding spectra in clearly superior, and overall excellent, agreement with experiment. The MP2 force field yields spectra in slightly worse agreement with experiment than the B3LYP force field. The SCF force field yields spectra in poor agreement with experiment.The basis set dependence of B3LYP force fields is also explored: the 6-31G* and TZ2P basis sets give very similar results while the 3-21G basis set yields spectra in substantially worse agreements with experiment. jg

Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields

Organic chemists have always been fascinated by the cyclopropane subunit.1 The smallest cycloalkane is found as a basic structural element in a wide range of naturally occurring compounds.2 Moreover, many cyclopropane-containing unnatural products have been prepared to test the bonding features of this class of highly strained cycloalkanes3 and to study enzyme mechanism or inhibition.4 Cyclopropanes have also been used as versatile synthetic intermediates in the synthesis of more functionalized cycloalkanes5,6 and acyclic compounds.7 In recent years, most of the synthetic efforts have focused on the enantioselective synthesis of cyclopropanes.8 This has remained a challenge ever since it was found that the members of the pyrethroid class of compounds were effective insecticides.9 New and more efficient methods for the preparation of these entities in enantiomerically pure form are still evolving, and this review will focus mainly on the new methods that have appeared in the literature since 1989. It will elaborate on only three types of stereoselective cyclopropanation reactions from olefins: the halomethylmetal-mediated cyclopropanation reactions (eq 1), the transition metal-catalyzed decomposition of diazo compounds (eq 2), and the nucleophilic addition-ring closure sequence (eqs 3 and 4). These three processes will be examined in the context of diastereoand enantiocontrol. In the last section of the review, other methods commonly used to make chiral, nonracemic cyclopropanes will be briefly outlined.

Stereoselective Cyclopropanation Reactions

Lithium iodide promoted rearrangement of double activated alkenylcyclopropanes to cyclopentenes or 1,3-dienes

The cyclization of 2-alkenylarylamines in polyphosphoric acid (PPA) with 1,2 and 1,3 shifts of the α-alkyl substituent of the alkenyl fragment leads to the formation of indoline and indane compounds. Cis- and trans-stereoisomers of 2-methyl-4-ethyl-1-aminoindane formed without displacement of the α-substituents as well as 2-methyl-2-propylindoline are obtained from 2-(1′ -methyl-2′ -pentenyl)-aniline.

Cyclization of 2-(1′-alkyl-2′-alkenyl)anilines in polyphosphoric acid

We have examined the dependence of the stereospecificity of epoxidation of Δ5-steroids by p-(methoxy-carbonyl) perbenzoic acid on substrate structure and solvent.

Oxidation with p-(methoxycarbonyl) perbenzqic acid 1. Stereochemistry of epoxidation of Δ5-steroids

A useful chiral synthon from (R)-4-menthenone

Ozonolysis of 19β,28-epoxy-A-neo-5β-methyl-25-nor-18α-olean-9-ene gave 23% of 1α,10α: 9β,11β: 19β,28-triepoxy-A-neo-5β-methyl-25-nor-18α-oleane whose structure was determined by X-ray analysis

Tolstikov Genrikh A

Papers

Lithium iodide promoted rearrangement of double activated alkenylcyclopropanes to cyclopentenes or 1,3-dienes

Cyclization of 2-(1′-alkyl-2′-alkenyl)anilines in polyphosphoric acid

Oxidation with p-(methoxycarbonyl) perbenzqic acid 1. Stereochemistry of epoxidation of Δ5-steroids

A useful chiral synthon from (R)-4-menthenone

Synthesis and molecular structure of 1α,10α: 9β,1β: 19β,28-triepoxy-A-neo-5β-methyl-25-nor-18α-oleane