抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

The applications of copper (Cu) and Cu-based nanoparticles, which are based on the earth-abundant and inexpensive copper metal, have generated a great deal of interest in recent years, especially in the field of catalysis. The possible modification of the chemical and physical properties of these nanoparticles using different synthetic strategies and conditions and/or via postsynthetic chemical treatments has been largely responsible for the rapid growth of interest in these nanomaterials and their applications in catalysis. In addition, the design and development of novel support and/or multimetallic systems (e.g., alloys, etc.) has also made significant contributions to the field. In this comprehensive review, we report different synthetic approaches to Cu and Cu-based nanoparticles (metallic copper, copper oxides, and hybrid copper nanostructures) and copper nanoparticles immobilized into or supported on various support materials (SiO2, magnetic support materials, etc.), along with their applications i...

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00482

Cu and Cu-Based Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis.

: The unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the fundamental vibrational transitions of the chiral molecule, 4-methyl-2-oxetanone, are calculated ab initio. Harmonic force fields are obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT), MP2, and SCF methodologies and a 5S4P2D/3S2P (TZ2P) basis set. DFT calculations use the Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA), BLYP, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) density functionals. Mid-IR spectra predicted using LSDA, BLYP, and B3LYP force fields are of significantly different quality, the B3LYP force field yielding spectra in clearly superior, and overall excellent, agreement with experiment. The MP2 force field yields spectra in slightly worse agreement with experiment than the B3LYP force field. The SCF force field yields spectra in poor agreement with experiment.The basis set dependence of B3LYP force fields is also explored: the 6-31G* and TZ2P basis sets give very similar results while the 3-21G basis set yields spectra in substantially worse agreements with experiment. jg

Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields

Organic chemists have always been fascinated by the cyclopropane subunit.1 The smallest cycloalkane is found as a basic structural element in a wide range of naturally occurring compounds.2 Moreover, many cyclopropane-containing unnatural products have been prepared to test the bonding features of this class of highly strained cycloalkanes3 and to study enzyme mechanism or inhibition.4 Cyclopropanes have also been used as versatile synthetic intermediates in the synthesis of more functionalized cycloalkanes5,6 and acyclic compounds.7 In recent years, most of the synthetic efforts have focused on the enantioselective synthesis of cyclopropanes.8 This has remained a challenge ever since it was found that the members of the pyrethroid class of compounds were effective insecticides.9 New and more efficient methods for the preparation of these entities in enantiomerically pure form are still evolving, and this review will focus mainly on the new methods that have appeared in the literature since 1989. It will elaborate on only three types of stereoselective cyclopropanation reactions from olefins: the halomethylmetal-mediated cyclopropanation reactions (eq 1), the transition metal-catalyzed decomposition of diazo compounds (eq 2), and the nucleophilic addition-ring closure sequence (eqs 3 and 4). These three processes will be examined in the context of diastereoand enantiocontrol. In the last section of the review, other methods commonly used to make chiral, nonracemic cyclopropanes will be briefly outlined.

Stereoselective Cyclopropanation Reactions

Rearrangement of N-(1-methyl-2-butenyl)-2-methyl-6-ethylaniline to 2-methyl-6-ethyl-4-(1-methyl-2-butenyl) aniline

It was established that when NBD is heated (60~ h, toluene) in the presence of the catalyst system Co (acac) 2 -l,2-bis (diphenylphosphino)ethane Et2AICI (I : 1.5 :I 5) a mixture of polycyclic hydrocarbons is formed in93% yield; it consists of dimers I, II, and Ill (73, 9, and 9%) and the new trimer IV, the content of which in the catalysate is -~9%. When NBD is copolymerized with I (NBD :I=3:1) with the same catalyst, the yield of IV is increased to 22%.

A new trimer of norbornadiene

1.

The catalytic effect of tertiary amines on the decomposition of hydrotrioxides was discovered using Me2C(OH)OOOH and PhC(O)OOOH as examples.




2.

Increase in the basicity of the amine intensifies its catalytic effect on the decomposition of hydrotrioxides.

Reactions of organic hydrotrioxides with tertiary amines

The trisodium and trilithiumsalts of glycyrrhizic acid (IIa) (IIb) were obtained in a similar way as the tripotassium salt [8J by treating the solution of the glycoside in acetone with an alcoholic solution of the corresponding alkali. On recrystallization of IIa from a mixture of glacial acetic acid and hexane (3:1), a monosidium salt was obtained. Its subsequent treatment in the form of a solution in a mixture of ethanol and water (2:1) at 50~ by a methanolic solution of LiOH gave the mixed sodium-dilithium salt (IIe), which was precipitated from the solution by an excess of acetone. In a similar way, when an alcoholic solution of KOH was added to a solution of a Na-salt in a mixture of ethanol and water, a sodiumdipotassium salt (IIf) was obtained. The potassium-disodium salt (IIg) was obtained from the monopotassium salt by the same method [8].

Trisubstituted salts of β-glycyrrhizic acid having antiinflammatory and antiulcerous activity

Condensation of 2-[(E)-pent-3-en-2-yl]-4-, 2-[(E)-pent-2-en-2-yl]-4-, or 2-(cyclopent-1-enyl)-6-methylaniline with 1-chloro-1-(N-methylimino)- or 1-chloro-1-(N-phenylimino)ethane affords the corresponding amidines. Cyclization of the N-methylimino derivatives in polyphosphoric acid gives 3,4-dihydroquinazolines in high yields.

Tolstikov Genrikh A

Papers

Rearrangement of N-(1-methyl-2-butenyl)-2-methyl-6-ethylaniline to 2-methyl-6-ethyl-4-(1-methyl-2-butenyl) aniline

A new trimer of norbornadiene

Reactions of organic hydrotrioxides with tertiary amines

Trisubstituted salts of β-glycyrrhizic acid having antiinflammatory and antiulcerous activity

Amidines: Synthesis from o-Alkenylanilines and Cyclization in Polyphosphoric Acid.