Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Evidence ispresented thatligandin, an intracellular protein involved inthebinding ofsuchanions asbilirubin, indocyanine green, andpenicillin, isidentical toglutathione S-transferase B (EC2.5.1.18), an enzyme catalyzing theconjugation ofglutathione withsuchelec- trophiles as1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloro-4- nitrobenzene, iodomethane, ethacrynic acid,andbromo- sulfophthalein. Theproteins, isolated bydistinct methods, havethesamespecificity forsubstrates andforligands, reactinidentical fashion toantibody pioducedagainst ligandin, bearentirely sinlilar physical characteristics and aminoacidcomposition, andarebothinduced inresponse tophenobarbital. Indocyanine green, oneoftheligands thatisnoteffective asasubstrate, wasshowhtocompeti- tively inhibit theconjugation reaction. Itissuggested that specificity isdirected towardcompoundswithelectrophilic sites. ligandin isacytoplasmic protein found inabundance inthe liver ofrat, man,andother species. Thisprotein iscapable ofbinding noncovalently alarge number ofcompounds, which includes bilirubin, heme,benzyl penicillin, certain steroids, andsuchdyesasbromosulfophthalein

TheIdentity ofGlutathione S-Transferase B withLigandin, aMajorBinding Protein ofLiver

Chrysin: Sources, beneficial pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of action

Injectable hydrogels have gained popularity as a vehicle for the delivery of cells, growth factors, and other molecules to localize and improve their retention at the injection site, as well as for the mechanical bulking of tissues. However, there are many factors, such as viscosity, storage and loss moduli, and injection force, to consider when evaluating hydrogels for such applications. There are now numerous tools that can be used to quantitatively assess these factors, including for shear-thinning hydrogels because their properties change under mechanical load. Here, we describe relevant rheological tests and ways to measure injection force using a force sensor or a mechanical testing machine toward the evaluation of injectable hydrogels. Injectable, shear-thinning hydrogels can be used in a variety of clinical applications, and as an example we focus on methods for injection into the heart, where an understanding of injection properties and mechanical forces is imperative for consistent hydrogel deli...

Methods To Assess Shear-Thinning Hydrogels for Application As Injectable Biomaterials

In rats with streptozotocln-induced diabetes an increase in arterial blood pressure was observed as early as the first week after the drug was injected. Blood pressure reached maximal values around the fourth week and remained stable for a long period of follow-up. The responsiveness of these rats to the three major vasopressor hormones, angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and vasopressin, was decreased in the early phase of diabetes and returned to normal in the late phase. Acute treatment at the third, sixth, and twelfth weeks with blockers of these vasopressor hormones resulted in a significant fall in blood pressure at the third week with captopril and at the twelfth week with propranolol plus phentolamine. No significant fall was observed when a specific vasopressin inhibitor was administered. Good control of the blood pressure was obtained when these rats were treated chronically with captopril or prazosin, and partial control was achieved when they were fed a low salt diet. An attenuation in arterial blood pressure levels was observed hi rats with two-kidney, one clip hypertension when diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Plasma creatinlne levels hi diabetic rats were significantly higher than those in control rats only in the sixth and twelfth weeks. Electron microscopy revealed some minor glomerular lesions only at the twelfth week. (Hypertension 11 [Suppl I]: I-14-I-18, 1988)

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension

The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects of baicalein, main bioactive constituent from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis and Scutellaria lateriflora, on isoproterenol (ISO) induced acute myocardial infarction model in rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Rats were treated with baicalein (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) orally for 14 days and on 13th and 14th day, myocardial injury was induced by ISO injection (100 mg/kg, subcutaneous) at an interval of 24 h. Our study showed that ISO administration resulted in significant elevations in the levels of cardiac injury biomarkers such as cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase-MB, AST and ALT. Concentrations of reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species in the heart tissue increased significantly while antioxidant enzymes level declined. The levels of tissue pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were significantly increased after ISO administration. Pretreatment with baicalein significantly reversed these alterations induced by ISO administration. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms of protective effect of baicalein pretreatment revealed that it repressed the expression of nuclear factor kappa B and restored the ISO induced elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress. We found that baicalein pretreatment enhanced the level of antioxidant defense enzymes like SOD, catalase and GSH. Furthermore, the present study also demonstrated cardioprotective effects of baicalein by the histopathological findings. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that baicalein pretreatment might have a potential benefit in prevention and terminating ischemic heart diseases like myocardial infarction.

Vicky Dahiya

Papers

Baicalein Protects Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Ischemic Injury in Male Wistar Rats by Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Antiproliferative and antioxidant potential of hesperetin against benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice.

Chemopreventive effect of chrysin, a dietary flavone against benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice

Animal models of myocardial infarction: Mainstay in clinical translation.

The renoprotective activity of hesperetin in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Molecular and biochemical evidence