Showing papers by "DePaul University published in 1999"
TL;DR: This work shows how GHZ states can be used to split quantum information into two parts so that both parts are necessary to reconstruct the original qubit.
Abstract: Secret sharing is a procedure for splitting a message into several parts so that no subset of parts is sufficient to read the message, but the entire set is. We show how this procedure can be implemented using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. In the quantum case the presence of an eavesdropper will introduce errors so that his presence can be detected. We also show how GHZ states can be used to split quantum information into two parts so that both parts are necessary to reconstruct the original qubit.
2,789 citations
TL;DR: Earlier findings suggesting that CFS is a syndrome primarily affecting white, middle-class patients were not supported, and the highest levels of CFS were consistently found among women, minority groups, and persons with lower levels of education and occupational status.
Abstract: Background: Most previous estimates of the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have derived largely from treated populations, and have been biased by differential access to health care treatment linked with sex, ethnic identification, and socioeconomic status. Objective: To assess the point prevalence of CFS in an ethnically diverse random community sample. Design and Participants: A sample of 28 673 adults in Chicago, Ill, was screened by telephone, and those with CFS-like symptoms were medically evaluated. Main Outcome Measures and Analyses: Selfreport questionnaires, psychiatric evaluations, and complete medical examinations with laboratory testing were used to diagnose patients with CFS. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques were used to delineate the overall rate of CFS in this population, and its relative prevalence was subcategorized by sex, ethnic identification, age, and socioeconomic status. Results: There was a 65.1% completion rate for the telephone interviews during the first phase of the study. Findings indicated that CFS occurs in about 0.42% (95% confidence interval, 0.29%-0.56%) of this random community-based sample. The highest levels of CFS were consistently found among women, minority groups, and persons with lower levels of education and occupational status.
740 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theory of oppression and sociopolitical development that informs an intervention with young African American men in an urban setting and highlight the role of Freire's notion of critical consciousness, a sociopolitical version of critical thinking, in enhancing an awareness of sociopolitical as well as personal forces that influence behavior.
Abstract: Although psychology has an ample vocabulary for describing individual pathologies, the development of theory and concepts for understanding societal pathology remains in its infancy. Because community psychology theory views human behavior in its context, it is essential that interventions not be limited to stress management, personal coping, and similar programming. Interventions should not leave social injustice undiscussed and unchallenged. In this spirit we present a theory of oppression and sociopolitical development that informs an intervention with young, African American men in an urban setting. The five-stage theory highlights the role of Freire's notion of “critical consciousness,” a sociopolitical version of critical thinking, in enhancing an awareness of sociopolitical as well as personal forces that influence behavior. The theory also draws on African American social-change traditions and their spiritual aspects. The action section of the study describes the Young Warriors program's use of mass culture (rap videos and film) as stimuli for the development of critical consciousness. Highlights from an empirical investigation of an eight-session high school version of the program will be presented to illustrate the practical challenges and benefits of sociopolitical interventions.
450 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the objective settlements obtained by men and women in negotiations were reviewed and the organizational significance of the findings was discussed in terms of the glass ceiling, a gender-based earnings differential and women negotiating positions.
Abstract: Studies reporting the objective settlements obtained by men and women in negotiations were reviewed. Differences in outcomes were expected due to differences in perceptions, behaviors, and contextual factors between men and women. In the sample of studies, men negotiated significantly better outcomes than women. Opponent sex, relative power of the negotiator, integrative potential of the task, mode of communication and year of the study were tested as moderators of the effect. Although the overall difference in outcomes between men and women was small, none of these hypothesized moderators or several exploratory moderators reversed or eliminated this effect. The organizational significance of the findings is discussed in terms of the glass ceiling, a gender-based earnings differential and women in negotiation positions. Directions for future research in the laboratory and the field are suggested.
413 citations
07 Nov 1999
TL;DR: An effective technique for capturing common user profiles based on association rule discovery and usage based clustering is proposed and techniques for combining this knowledge with the current status of an ongoing Web activity to perform real time personalization are proposed.
Abstract: We describe an approach to usage based Web personalization taking into account both the offline tasks related to the mining of usage data, and the online process of automatic Web page customization based on the mined knowledge. Specifically, we propose an effective technique for capturing common user profiles based on association rule discovery and usage based clustering. We also propose techniques for combining this knowledge with the current status of an ongoing Web activity to perform real time personalization. Finally, we provide an experimental evaluation of the proposed techniques using real Web usage data.
313 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the theoretical arguments regarding why such strategic consensus is important and presented an exploratory analysis of data from seven manufacturing plants within the metalworking industry, finding that there are strategic areas where there is substantial disagreement between levels of the firm.
245 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue for the value of moving beyond a descriptive approach to this issue by examining the effects of self-labeling on the psychological, health, and work-related outcomes of unwelcome, sex-related experiences.
Abstract: Research has consistently documented a discrepancy between experiencing offensive sex-related behaviors and labeling these situations as sexual harassment, leading to several attempts to understand this phenomenon. The authors propose that the issue of why it is that women who report such experiences generally do not indicate that they have been sexually harassed is an important psychological question, and may provide a path through the nested meanings of workplace harassment. The authors argue for the value of moving beyond a descriptive approach to this issue by examining the effects of self-labeling on the psychological, health, and work-related outcomes of unwelcome, sex-related experiences. They present data from female employees working in 3 separate organizations, demonstrating that women exposed to such behaviors report very similar consequences, whether they label their experiences as harassment or not.
225 citations
TL;DR: The authors revisited the determinants of student evaluations in a model that allows for the possibility that (expected) grades are simultaneously determined, and found that grades do affect an instructor's evaluation.
209 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that the presence of irrelevant information weakens the impact of relevant information on auditors' judgments, but they did not consider whether experience moderates the diluting effect of the irrelevant information.
Abstract: Auditors encounter both relevant and irrelevant information during the performance of audit tasks. Prior studies have shown that the presence of irrelevant information weakens the impact of relevant information on auditors' judgments. Such studies, however, have not considered whether experience moderates the diluting effect of irrelevant information on auditors' judgments. This study reports the results of an experiment in which the effect of irrelevant information on the going‐concern judgments of less‐experienced auditors—audit seniors—is compared to the effect of irrelevant information on the going‐concern judgments of more‐experienced auditors—audit managers and partners. The experiment reaffirms that irrelevant information does have a diluting effect on the judgments of audit seniors but provides new evidence that irrelevant information does not have a diluting effect on the judgments of audit managers and partners.
195 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated whether attachment styles influenced the extent to which individuals engage in parasocial interaction and found that attachment styles are related to parasocial behavior: anxious-ambivalents were the most likely to form parasocial bonds, avoidants were the least likely to develop such relationships, and Secures were in the middle, with the more mistrusting Secures showing a tendency to engage in a parasocial interactions.
Abstract: Attachment theory was investigated as an alternative inter-personal theory for understanding how audience members form parasocial relationships with television personalities. Attachment theory posits that people develop relationships in either a secure or insecure fashion. We explored whether attachment styles influenced the extent to which individuals engage in parasocial interaction. A total of 115 students completed the parasocial scale and two attachment style questionnaires. Results provided evidence that attachment styles are related to parasocial behavior: Anxious-ambivalents were the most likely to form parasocial bonds, Avoidants were the least likely to develop such relationships, and Secures were in the middle, with the more mistrusting Secures showing a tendency to engage in parasocial interaction. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for the attachment process.
194 citations
TL;DR: The state of managerial accounting in Ireland is discussed in this paper, where the authors argue that the marginalisation of managerial accountants in Ireland may be due to both supply and demand barriers, such as a lack of continuing professional education, practitioner journals devoted specifically to management accounting and executive MBA programs.
TL;DR: The time is now ripe for exploring how affective reasoning can be incorporated into pedagogical agents to improve students’ learning experiences.
Abstract: Lifelike pedagogical agents have been the subject of increasing attention in the agents and knowledge-based learning environment communities [2, 17, 19—21]. In parallel developments, recent years have witnessed great strides in work on cognitive models of emotion and affective reasoning [4,18, 22]. As a result, the time is now ripe for exploring how affective reasoning can be incorporated into pedagogical agents to improve students’ learning experiences.
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: Most of us think assessment should be, first and foremost, about improving student learning and, secondarily, about determining accountability for the quality of learning produced as mentioned in this paper, and though accountability matters, learning still matters most.
Abstract: After nearly two decades of uphill struggle, the “assessment movement” has reached a promising plateau. In general, US higher education has moved beyond unproductive, dualistic debates – do you remember, “four legs good, two legs bad” from Animal Farm? – over whether assessment should focus on accountability or improvement. Today, most faculty and academic administrators have finally, if reluctantly, come to accept that dealing with both is a political and economic inevitability. Nonetheless, most of us think assessment should be, first and foremost, about improving student learning and, secondarily, about determining accountability for the quality of learning produced. In short, though accountability matters, learning still matters most.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use the tools of counting complexity and generic oracles to understand the limitations of the complexity of quantum computation and give a relativized answer to an open question of Simon.
TL;DR: Seven-year follow-up data in a sample of high school youths indicate that youths living in communities with regular enforcement had significantly less smoking than thoseliving in communities without regular enforcement.
Abstract: Smoking is the primary preventable cause of death, and yet 3,000 adolescents become smokers each day. Most adult smokers begin this deadly habit when they are under the age of 18, which is the minimum legal age for the purchase of cigarettes. The majority of adolescent smokers are able to purchase cigarettes even though laws prohibit the sale of cigarettes to minors. In the late 1980s, Woodridge, IL, became one of the first towns in the nation to demonstrate a significant reduction in the ability of youth to purchase cigarettes. Almost 2 years after passage of this legislation, the percentage of regular smokers among 7th- and 8th-grade students had been reduced from 16 to 5%. Seven-year follow-up data in a sample of high school youths indicate that youths living in communities with regular enforcement had significantly less smoking than those living in communities without regular enforcement. In particular, rates of regular smoking were 8.1% in communities with regular enforcement versus 15.5% in communities without regular enforcement. It is possible that adolescents who had restricted access to tobacco products were less likely to become regular smokers. These findings have important public health implications, particularly in light of recent federal legislation mandating that all states develop programs to reduce access of youth to tobacco products.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a longitudinal analysis of patterns of investment in advanced manufacturing technologies AMT and financial performance and conclude that plants invest in technology in an incremental fashion over time rather than using an all-or-nothing approach.
Abstract: This study presents a longitudinal analysis of patterns of investment in advanced manufacturing technologies AMT and financial performance. Investments in AMT from 112 manufacturing plants in the metal-working industries are examined. Data were collected via a mail survey administered to 202 plants in 1994, and readministered to 112 of the same plants in 1996. This study seeks to fill a void in the area of technology management, which is comprised primarily of cross-sectional studies that do not address the dynamic nature of investments in technology. Four major conclusions are drawn from the data. First, several individual technologies have higher investments in 1996 than in 1994. In particular, electronic mail has the largest increase in investment, a finding that suggests that manufacturing firms are finding ways to take advantage of the exploding potential of electronic communication. Our second conclusion is that plants invest in technology in an incremental fashion over time rather than using an all-or-nothing approach. Plants with low investments follow one of three technology strategies as their investments in AMTs evolve: 1 continued low investment, 2 investment primarily in design-based technologies, or 3 equalized investment in design, manufacturing, and administrative AMTs. Third, analysis of the degree of manufacturing involvement in developing business strategy indicates that plants that have a more proactive role for manufacturing invest greater resources in AMTs. Finally, while AMT investment was not positively associated with performance in a cross-sectional analysis, longitudinal analysis of data collected two years later does reveal a relationship. In short, the analysis supports the proposition that there is a lag between initial investment and resulting performance improvements.
TL;DR: It was indicated that fatigue is common in urban populations, but that prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue occur in about 5.00 to 7.68 percent and 2.72 to 4.17 percent, respectively, of the sample of the population.
Abstract: Previous estimates of the prevalence of fatigue and chronic fatigue have derived largely from treated populations and have been biased by differential access to health-care treatment linked with gender, racial/ethnic and social class status. This study involves a community-based prevalence study of prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue. It addresses: (1) the rate of prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue in a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse sample of 28,673 adults in Chicago; and (2) establishes the relative prevalence of prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue across race/ethnicity, socio-economic status and gender. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques were utilized to delineate the overall rate of prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue in the Chicago population and its relative prevalence by gender, race/ethnicity, and social class. Findings indicated that fatigue is common in urban populations, but that prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue occur in about 5.00 to 7.68 percent and 2.7...
TL;DR: A successful university-CBO collaboration that was formed to explore HIV-related risk rates and prevention strategies for suburban street youth and discusses the benefits and challenges of including out-of-the-mainstream youth as full collaborative partners in the research are described.
Abstract: Forming collaborations between university-based researchers and community-based organizations (CBOs) serves to improve health promotion research and service. Unfortunately, members of the targeted populations are typically not included in such collaborations. This article describes the development and maintenance of a successful university-CBO collaboration that was formed to explore HIV-related risk rates and prevention strategies for suburban street youth and discusses the benefits and challenges of including out-of-the-mainstream youth as full collaborative partners in the research. Specific benefits included population-specific modifications of the research methods and instruments, recruitment of hard-to-reach youth, greater ease in tracking participants, and increased project acceptability and credibility. Among the challenges were issues related to boundaries, confidentiality, commitment, and burnout. Although such collaborations require increased time and commitment, the synergistic knowledge and experience of university researchers, community-based service providers, and out-of-the-mainstream youth can result in the development of unique and informative research and service programs.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an approach for effective service operations management by integrating market-based objectives and operating decisions of managers, which can be used by managers to make better decisions about product/service design and positioning services according to market needs.
Abstract: This study presents an approach for effective service operations management by integrating market-based objectives and operating decisions of managers. This approach is based on constructs from operations management, econometrics, and marketing and can be used by managers to make better decisions about product/service design and positioning services according to market needs. Empirical data for this study were collected from the pizza delivery industry in a large metropolitan area in the western United States. Pizza delivery profiles were experimentally designed based on seven attributes: promised delivery time, actual delivery time, pizza variety, pizza temperature, money-back guarantee, price, and discount. An econometric procedure known as probabilistic discrete choice analysis was used to identify the customer pizza choice patterns and managers’ perceptions of customer choice patterns. The results show how customers trade off among different attributes when choosing a pizza delivery company. Managers ...
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship of perceived risk to just world beliefs (BJW) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) across a wide variety of different types of threats (e.g., getting hijacked, contracting AIDS).
Abstract: Although perceptions of risk have been studied extensively by both social and cognitive psychologists, relatively little work has focused on individual differences in these perceptions. Across two studies, the authors examined the relationship of perceived risk to just world beliefs (BJW) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). Both studies showed that these two variables have interactive effects on perceived risk across a wide variety of different types of threats (e.g., getting hijacked, contracting AIDS). Among high authoritarians, participants felt much less at risk if they believed in a just world than if they did not. Among low authoritarians, however, BJW and perceived risk were unrelated. Results are conceptualized in terms of a buffering hypothesis, which suggests that the extent to which self-protective variables (such as BJW) mediate risk are most pronounced among persons who view the world in threatening terms (i.e., high authoritarians). Implication of these findings for previous models of ris...
TL;DR: An in-depth empirical analyses of the relationship between IS leadership behavior and BPR outcomes for 30 BPR projects found that successful BPR leaders use leadership styles that fit the type of task that needs to be done and the needs of the people that will perform the tasks.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the impact of ownership structure and changes in the deposit insurance system on the market for bank time deposits in Poland and found that depositors exacted a price for risk-taking.
Abstract: This paper examines the impact of ownership structure and changes in the deposit insurance system on the market for bank time deposits in Poland. In an environment of less restrictive bank supervision and a deposit insurance policy that favored state banks, we find that depositors exacted a price for risk-taking. After a new law increasing insurance coverage for private banks went into effect, however, bank specific variables became less important in explaining differences in deposit interest rates. We report, however, that the three fully guaranteed state banks pay significantly lower rates than private banks. Moreover, other state-owned banks, with the same explicit guarantee as private banks, pay significantly lower rates than private banks, so it appears that depositors treat these state-owned banks as if they have a larger implicit guarantee.
TL;DR: The authors examines the use of political slogans in Communist China from the early 1960s to the late 1980s and discusses rhetorical impacts of these political slogans on transforming Chinese ideology from Confucianism to Maoism, and to Deng Xiaoping's pragmatism.
Abstract: By employing the frameworks of McGee's discussion on the relationship between ideology and ideographs, Wander's approach to the identification of fact and negation in cultural analysis, and by addressing Arendt's question on the process of indoctrination in totalitarian regimes, this study examines the use of political slogans in Communist China from the early 1960s to the late 1980s. It discusses rhetorical impacts of these political slogans on transforming Chinese ideology from Confucianism to Maoism, and to Deng Xiaoping's pragmatism. The analysis indicates that political slogans are coined to meet the changing need of social conditions as well as the need of authorities to establish control. Moreover, the pervasive use of these political slogans has altered the face of Chinese culture and affected the Chinese thought pattern. The rhetorical strategies and techniques employed by Communist China resemble closely those employed by other totalitarian regimes.
TL;DR: In this article, the author responds to an article in this edition by Bradbury (in press), which suggests that the free-market approach to estimating a player's marginal revenue product (MRP) is limited.
Abstract: The author responds to an article in this edition by Bradbury (in press), which suggests that the free-market approach to estimating a player’s marginal revenue product (MRP) is limited. The author...
TL;DR: The tax act requires a tax-exempt organization to provide a copy of its informational Form 990 to anyone who requests it and specifies penalties for noncompliance as mentioned in this paper, which will subject nonprofit reporting to greater scrutiny than ever before.
Abstract: Historically, information about tax‐exempt organizations has often been hard to obtain. The 1996 tax act requires a tax‐exempt organization to provide a copy of its informational Form 990 to anyone who requests it and specifies penalties for noncompliance. Form 990 information on most tax‐exempt organizations is also being made available in digitized form. The ready availability of such financial information will subject nonprofit reporting to greater scrutiny than ever before. Accountants need to be aware that preparer error rates may become public information. This paper describes recent developments that are making Form 990 data available to researchers and the general public. It then discusses potential uses for the data as well as limitations of the data, and considers possible implications for nonprofit managers, donors and accounting firms.
TL;DR: A number of researchers have investigated whether any connection exists between the social or environmental and the financial performance of a corporation as mentioned in this paper, finding no connection between social and environmental issues and financial performance.
Abstract: In line with the international trend, Americans are holding the management of large public corporations to greater ethical accountability. The scrutiny covers a broad spectrum of stakeholders so that a company’s effect on its employees, customers, vendors, franchisees, the environment and the communities in which it operates is emerging as an important benchmark of corporate performance. At the same time, corporate directors and senior managers are paying greater attention to the importance of intangible corporate assets like a highly motivated workforce, trustworthy suppliers, a loyal customer base and, most important, a reputation for fair dealing. A number of researchers have investigated whether any connection exists between the social or environmental and the financial performance of a corporation.
02 Jul 1999
TL;DR: It is shown that bisimulation is complete, but not sound, for the v-calculus for a labelled transition system semantics, and it is also shown that by adding assignment to the v -calculus, bisimulations becomes sound and complete.
Abstract: A.M. Pitts and I.D.B. Stark (1998) have proposed the v-calculus as a language for investigating the interaction of unique name generation and higher-order functions. They developed a sound model based on logical relations, but left completeness as an open problem. In this paper, we develop a complete model based on bisimulation for a labelled transition system semantics. We show that bisimulation is complete, but not sound, for the v-calculus. We also show that by adding assignment to the v-calculus, bisimulation becomes sound and complete. The analysis used to obtain this result illuminates the difficulties involved in finding fully abstract models for v-calculus proper.
TL;DR: An algorithm is developed, targeted to the decompression hardware imbedded in the Xilinx XC6200 series field-programmable gate array architecture, that can radically reduce the amount of data needed to transfer during reconfiguration.
Abstract: One of the major overheads in reconfigurable computing is the time it takes to reconfigure the devices in the system. This overhead limits the speedups possible in this exciting new paradigm. In this paper me explore one technique for reducing this overhead: the compression of configuration datastreams. We develop an algorithm, targeted to the decompression hardware imbedded in the Xilinx XC6200 series field-programmable gate array architecture, that can radically reduce the amount of data needed to transfer during reconfiguration. This results in an overall reduction of about a factor of four in total bandwidth required for reconfiguration.
TL;DR: Intervention efforts aimed at reducing adolescent females' participation in sexual activity, substance use, and violence should consider the influence of gang membership on the participation in these behaviors.
Abstract: Differential rates of participation in three categories of risk behaviors (ie, sexual activity, substance use, violence) were explored, comparing gang members to nonmembers, within a sample of 1,143 inner-city African American adolescent females The relationship between gang membership and risk behavior also was examined, by exploring the association between a variety of microsystemic influences (eg, gang, family, school) and participation in risk behaviors MANOVA analyses indicated that gang members, relative to nonmembers, reported higher rates of participation in each of the three categories of risk behaviors Stepwise linear regression analyses indicated that gang membership was the variable with the most consistent predictive ability, across all categories of risk, as it entered early in all equations and remained in all three final models after controlling for other statistically significant contextual variables Findings suggest that intervention efforts aimed at reducing adolescent females' participation in sexual activity, substance use, and violence should consider the influence of gang membership on the participation in these behaviors