Showing papers by "Durham University published in 1983"
TL;DR: A theory for the selfconsistent configuration of upstream hydromagnetic waves, upstream energetic storm particle (ESP) events, and downstream post-shock ion enhancements at interplanetary traveling shocks is presented in this article.
Abstract: A theory for the self-consistent configuration of upstream hydromagnetic waves, upstream energetic storm particle (ESP) events, and downstream postshock ion enhancements at interplanetary traveling shocks is presented. The observations of upstream ultralow frequency waves and those ESP events and postshock enhancements which exhibit approximately isotropic ion distributions in the solar wind or shock frame are briefly reviewed. The theory of Lee (1982) for application to interplanetary traveling shocks is modified and analytical solutions for the wave spectrum as a function of wavenumber and z are presented along with the ion omnidirectional distribution functions as functions of energy and z for all ion species. The theory quantitatively explaines the observed features of the shock-associted energetic ions and predicts the configuration of upstream hydromagnetic waves.
427 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider how estimates of the market model beta parameter can be biased by friction in the trading process (information, decision, and transaction costs) that leads to a distinction between observed and true returns, and thereby introduces serial cross-correlation into security returns.
356 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the possibility of satisfying the gauge field equations in dimensions greater than four by imposing linear relations amongst the components of the field strength tensor, F μν, generalising the idea of self-duality in four dimensions.
347 citations
TL;DR: Clinical characteristics examined in 3,627 consecutive, symptomatic patients referred for cardiac catheterization between 1969 and 1979 found to be important for estimating the likelihood a patient had significant coronary artery disease accurately estimated the likelihood of disease.
338 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that poor readers tended to benefit more from the instruction, more good readers did not differ significantly from good readers in answering the inferential questions, indicating that the experimental teaching approach-was succesaul.
Abstract: 4 appwch to teaching inferential skills that combined an explicit attempt.to eensitize'childrento why and how-one should draw . inferellides to pripr knowledge with substantlel practice in drawin§ -'s4ch inferences during story:,diicussions,\".Subjects were 20 good and 20 poor fourth grade reade's who were randomly 'assigned to either an experimental or a control ,group. The werimental treatment consisted' of three parts: (1) 'making studen4aware of the importance of relating new information to their existing knowledge structures; (2) getting students to speculltel, prior to reading, about what they woulddo in the protagonist's situation and to predidt what the 'protagonist would dp.4 and (3) getting students to answer a-number of inferential questions: Students in the.,control groip receiv40 literal/inferential questions in a pattern most-often reflected kn elememOry school reading: instruction. The, results showed that poor 'readers tended to benefit \"from the instruction, more tban did .good !''readers. The poor reader's did not differ'tubstantia1.1, from good lifeadefs in answering the inferential questions.. The poor readers.also ,outpeifofmed their control group peers, indicating thatthe experimental teaching approach-was succesaul. (Examples of teacher-sthdent discussions hat occurred during questioning sessions and,copiesof worksheet questions are appended. (FL)
315 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used multichannel seismic reflection profiles of the Barbados Ridge accretionary complex to find evidence of very high porefluid pressures in the sedimentary cover on the oceanic lithosphere that is being subducted beneath the Lesser Antilles island arc.
Abstract: Mud volcanoes in front of the Barbados Ridge accretionary complex, discovered in multichannel seismic reflection profiles, provide evidence of very high pore-fluid pressures in the sedimentary cover on the oceanic lithosphere that is being subducted beneath the Lesser Antilles island arc. These high pore-fluid pressures can be attributed to the load imposed on the sedimentary cover by the weight of the advancing accretionary wedge. They offer a mechanical explanation for the very wide decollement that separates the Barbados Ridge Complex accretionary wedge from undeformed sediments on the oceanic lithosphere beneath it. Changes in level of this decollement may be induced by local variations in pore-fluid pressure.
275 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the various rites which were celebrated on Corpus Christi Day, the various dramatic, theatrical manifestations which took place in connection with the occasion, and the mythology associated with both.
Abstract: This article aims to discuss a specific late medieval cult as practised in a specific context: that of the late medieval town. The kind of town to be considered falls typically into the category of “provincial capital”, or at least of “county town”, in terms of a recently suggested classification. The cult in question is the cult of Corpus Christi. Corpus Christi was celebrated annually on a day which fell sometime between the end of May and the end of June. What I propose to discuss are the various rites which were celebrated on Corpus Christi Day, the various dramatic, theatrical manifestations which took place in connection with the occasion, and the mythology associated with both. By and large, Corpus Christi has received more attention from literary scholars than from historians. This is because the famous Corpus Christi play cycles developed in connection with the Corpus Christi cult. The mythology of Corpus Christi has been very interestingly discussed by, for example, V. A. Kolve and Jerome Taylor. Much has been written about the ways the plays were presented and produced, some of this by scholars with a strong historical sense, as more recently Alan Nelson and Margaret Dorrell. Nevertheless, there does seem to be lacking amongst most of these writers anything more than a very generalized idea of the late medieval social background against which the cult was practised and the plays performed; and very little sense of the specific social needs and pressures to which both responded.
231 citations
TL;DR: The feasibility of producing the observed velocities and temperatures of solar wind heavy ions by the resonant cyclotron interaction with left-polarized hydromagnetic waves was investigated in this paper.
Abstract: The feasibility of producing the observed velocities and temperatures of solar wind heavy ions by the resonant cyclotron interaction with left-polarized hydromagnetic waves was investigated. A "most favorable case" scenario in which the waves are parallel-propagating and dispersionless and the energy for the wave acceleration and heating is taken from saturated low-frequency Alfven waves via a cascade to higher frequencies, is incorporated into a numerical solar wind code and agreement with observation is tested. The resonant cyclotron interaction is shown to fail on at least three points, even in this most favorable case.
212 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that CPTI is an effective antimetabolite of C. maculatus and that this type of mechanism may be widespread, however, it relies upon a finely controlled balance within the host plant which has to make available sufficient nutrients for itself but insufficient to maintain predation.
Abstract: Insect feeding trials were carried out whereby cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CPTI) was incorporated at various levels up to 10% in pelleted meals of both a susceptible variety of cowpea and another susceptible species of legume, the chickpea. The results confirmed that CPTI, prepared by affinity chromatography, is an effective antimetabolite against C. maculatus; furthermore, it is also effective when added to pelleted chickpea meals. Bioassays using soya bean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) and lima bean trypsin inhibitor (LBTI) showed these protease inhibitors to be relatively ineffective. Methionine supplementation of meals of resistant cowpea resulted in increased adult survival from approximately 43 to 89% relative to the controls; addition of cysteine had a similar effect. Supplementation with both methionine and tryptophan, probably the next limiting amino acid in cowpea, did not increase adult survival any further. It is concluded that CPTI is an effective antimetabolite of C. maculatus and that this type of mechanism may be widespread. However, it relies upon a finely controlled balance within the host plant which has to make available sufficient nutrients for itself but insufficient to maintain predation since this example of resistance can be overcome by by-passing the limiting sulphur amino-acid block.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that it is possible to produce stable Langmuir-Blodgett films of metal-free phthalocyanine for various substrates and to each other.
178 citations
TL;DR: The interrelationship between reduced cell separation rate, reduced imbibition value and reduced pectin solubility was investigated with reference to reduced cooking rate in Phaseolus vulgaris also termed the hardbean phenomenon.
Abstract: The interrelationship between reduced cell separation rate, reduced imbibition value and reduced pectin solubility was investigated with reference to reduced cooking rate in Phaseolus vulgaris also termed the hardbean phenomenon. It was found that reduced imbibition value and reduced pectin solubility can both cause a reduction in the rate of cell separation during cooking of beans and hence an increase in their cooking time and that these two factors act synergistically. Accompanying symptoms are solute leakage during soaking due to membrane breakdown, phytin catabolism and pectin demethylation, all of which are key factors in the development of hardbean.
TL;DR: Although plovers apparently use visual searching, for which the prey detection ranges are probably shorter at night, they were able to maintain fairly high pecking rates at night partly because of higher surface activity levels of prey.
TL;DR: Foraging ability improved over the first 4 years of life, 4-year-olds being almost as successful as adults, and it is suggested that this relates to the delay in the time of first breeding.
TL;DR: The complete amino acid sequence of the bifunctional α‐amylase/trypsin inhibitor from ragi seeds was determined by analysis of fragments and peptides derived from the protein by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and by digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin; the S. aureus V8 protease and a Pro‐specific protease.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used two sets of detectors during the same minimum modulation period in 1977 to make measurements of the H-1 and He-4 spectra of the galaxy.
Abstract: The measurements reported of these isotopes were made using two sets of detectors during the same minimum modulation period in 1977. One measurement was made with a balloon-borne telescope, the other with telescopes on the Voyager spacecraft. It is noted that together they provide the widest energy range yet available for studying these isotopes: 14-150 MeV per nucleon for H2 and 10-290 MeV per nucleon for He-3. The simultaneous helium isotope observations are used to give a mutually consistent picture of galactic propagation and solar modulation. The data define the form of the interstellar H-1 and He-4 spectra, an interstellar matter path length for both H-1 and He-4, and a total residual modulation for He-4. The H-2 observations suggest a picture that is very similar for the galactic propagation of H-1 and He-4.
TL;DR: Comparison with amino acid sequence data from the protein indicates that vicilin is synthesised as preprovicilin with subsequent removal of a signal peptide and a C-terminal peptide as well as post translational endo-proteolytic cleavage.
Abstract: A cDNA plasmid bank has been constructed using mRNA from developing pea seeds and three cDNAs coding for vicilin polypeptides have been selected. These cDNAs have been sequenced and between them cover the whole of the coding sequence plus part of the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. Comparison with amino acid sequence data from the protein indicates that vicilin is synthesised as preprovicilin with subsequent removal of a signal peptide and a C-terminal peptide as well as post translational endo-proteolytic cleavage. The cDNAs represent two different classes of vicilin genes whilst amino acid data show that there are at least three major classes of vicilin polypeptide. The vicilin sequences show extensive homology with conglycinin and phaseolin except in the regions of the internal proteolytic cleavages. The evolutionary significance of this relationship is discussed.
TL;DR: The Beck Spring Dolomite is a platform carbonate sequence dominated by cryptalgal laminites with some stromatolites and grainstones and is inferred to have been deposited in shallow subtidal to intertidal environments.
Abstract: The Beck Spring Dolomite is a platform carbonate sequence dominated by cryptalgal laminites with some stromatolites and grainstones and is inferred to have been deposited in shallow subtidal to intertidal environments. Cavity structures, where the cements occur, include birdseyes, laminoid fenestrae, stromatactis, sheet cracks, and neptunian dikes. Four types of synsedimentary-early diagnetic fibrous dolomite are distinguished. Type A forms isopachous fringes consisting of length-slow acicular to columnar pseudopleochroic crystals with fine, substrate-parallel color banding. The dolomite is mostly nonluminescent with some bright blotches, and inclusion trains, define acicular crystallites within the columnar crystals. Type B consists of length-slow columnar crystals with distinctive bladed relic structures, defined by inclusions and nonluminescence, surrounded by inclusion-free and brightly luminescent dolomite. Type C consists of bladed to wedge-shape pseudopleochroic crystals with undulose extinction (mostly fascicular optic); inclusion trains define acicular crystallites within crystals, and forms mammillated crusts and botryoids. Type D fibrous dolomite forms thin layers of acicular crystals, with a distinctive geometry of the cement layers thickening into the corners of cavities. Types B and C contain relic structures indicating replacement, but types A and D have fabrics which could be primary. The depositional components (pisolites and micrite) and some fibrous dolomites have oxygen isotopic values around -2 per mil versus PDB, compatible with a marine origin. However, Na (around 220 ppm) and Sr (around 65 ppm) contents are very low, suggesting precipitation from dilute waters. Meteoric-marine mixing-zone dolomitization of CaCO 3 sediments and early cements. Or primary marine precipitation of poorly ordered calcian dolomite and early diagenetic stabilization to stoichiometric dolomite. The dolomite spar has very negative values of delta 18 O (-9.6 per mil versus PBD) and is more depleted in Na (34 ppm) and Sr (47 ppm), reflecting precipitation from meteoric waters of very low ionic strength during burial diagenesis. A replacement origin for the dolomite of the depositional components and fibrous cements can be reconciled with the lack of obliterative replacement fabrics invoking an original high-Mg calcite mineralogy.--Modified journal abstract.
TL;DR: The results of experiments are consistent with the hypothesis that males are larger as a result of a mechanical constraint and not intrasexual competition for mates.
Abstract: In natural streams, males are bigger than females in precopula pairs of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex. A set of experiments is described, the results of which are consistent with the hypothesis that males are larger as a result of a mechanical constraint and not intrasexual competition for mates. Where the male in a pair is relatively larger than the female the swimming performance is superior to those pairs in which the male and female are of similar sizes. This minimises the risk of being washed downstream by the current.
TL;DR: The results imply that occupational asthma caused by TCPA is an allergic reaction mediated by specific IgE antibody, and not in TCPA-exposed and unexposed comparison groups.
Abstract: We describe seven women with asthma induced by occupational exposure to an acid anhydride, tetrachlorophthalic anhydride (TCPA), an epoxy resin hardening agent. Inhalation tests with TCPA at atmospheric concentrations of less than one tenth of a manufacturer's recommended exposure limit provoked asthmatic reactions in the four women tested. None had evidence of pretest bronchial hyperreactivity. Immediate skin prick test reactions were elicited in the seven subjects by a conjugate of TCPA with human serum albumin (TCPA-HSA) but not in others tested. Specific IgE antibody levels to TCPA-HSA, measured by radioallergosorbent test scores, were significantly elevated in the seven, but not in TCPA-exposed and unexposed comparison groups. These results imply that occupational asthma caused by TCPA is an allergic reaction mediated by specific IgE antibody.
TL;DR: In this article, a solution to the problems of sea-level correlation is proposed, where the use of terms "transgression" and "regression" has been a major cause of misinterpretation and the terms 'transgressive overlap' and'regressive overlap' have been proposed as descriptive lithostratigraphic terms.
Abstract: The geography of the geoid1 and the lack of an acceptable methodology and definition of terms for sea-level studies have impeded the realization of the objectives of the International Geological Correlation Programme Project 61 on Holocene Sea-Level Changes2; these were to establish a graph of the trend of mean sea level over the globe and the relationship between sea level, climate change and the global ice budget2. A solution to the problems of correlation is proposed here. The use of terms ‘transgression’ and ‘regression’ has been a major cause of misinterpretation2 and the terms ‘transgressive overlap’ and ‘regressive overlap’ have been proposed as descriptive lithostratigraphic terms, in which no process is implied3–5. The processes involved in the development of coastal stratigraphical sequences are dependent on the position and rate of change of sea level, and these sequences contain evidence of tendencies of sea level6–8. The application of the concept of sea-level tendency permits meaningful correlations between rising and subsiding areas, and introduces an objectivity to correlation schemes showing ‘transgression sequences’9,10.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical technique is introduced for the solution of the time-dependent equation for the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays, in which transport in heliographic latitude is ignored.
Abstract: A numerical technique is introduced for the solution of the time-dependent equation for the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays, in which transport in heliographic latitude is ignored. We illustrate this method with a model for the solar cycle variation in cosmic ray intensity. The variation is assumed to result from changes in the number of enhanced cosmic ray scattering regions, which are produced by flare-generated shock waves in the solar wind. The model can account for the observed solar cycle variation in intensity at different energies as well as the observed spatial gradients. This model also provides a natural explanation for the cosmic ray hysteresis effect.
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of the magnetic field and plasma observations using spectral methods is presented, which is consistent with the hypothesis that these fluctuations are driven by streaming ions, possibly protons.
Abstract: As Voyager 2 approached Jupiter's bow shock, large-amplitude fluctuations were seen in both the magnetic field and plasma fluid velocity. These fluctuations generally coincided with the occurrence of long-lived energetic particle events similar to the upstream waves often observed near the earth's bow shock. In this paper an analysis of the magnetic field and plasma observations using spectral methods is presented. The characteristic spectral features related to the upstream waves are generally seen near 1 mHz. The measured correlation lengths of these fluctuations suggest that they are coherent over only a few wavelengths. The analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that these fluctuations are driven by streaming ions, possibly protons. No evidence for the existence of whistler waves is found. It is argued that some of the observed spectral features suggest that dynamical turbulent processes are occurring in the uptream wave region, including a possible observation of an inverse cascade of magnetic helicity to large spatial scales.
TL;DR: The application of entomology to forensic med i cine was first placed on a firm footing by the publication in Paris in 1894 of Megnin 's classic work La Faune des Cadavres.
Abstract: I N T R O D U C T I O N The application of entomology to forensic med i cine was first placed on a firm footing by the publication in Paris in 1894 of Megnin 's classic work La Faune des Cadavres. Application de I'Entomologie d la Medicine Legale. Pr ior to the appearance of th is treatise two shorter works on the subject, one by Yovanovitch and the o the r by Megnin himself, had been published in 1888, also in Paris. Nei ther of these earl ier works, however, dealt with the subject as comprehen sively as Megnin ' s second work. In 1898 Mot ter , working in the United States, published a pape r deal ing with the fauna of buried corpses. Since then remarkably few comprehensive works have appeared , but Nuor teva (many papers , see refer ences) has been actively extending the appl i cat ion of the subject in Finland. Several recent reviews have appeared, of which the most im por tan t are Leclercq (1969), Easton and Smi th (1970), Smith (1973) and Nuor teva (1977). T h e pauci ty of references t o forensic entomology as such gives the misleading impression that little is known about the subject, but a t r emendous a m o u n t of relevant information exists in t h e entomological l i terature. A very full bibli ography is given by Nuor teva (1977). In a t tempt ing to de termine the age after death of a corpse by entomological means , two me thods can be appl ied. T h e first me thod , favoured by Megnin and other early workers , is based on the na ture of the insect fauna present on the corpse at any given t ime. Since certain insect species are associated with definite stages of corpse decomposi t ion, it is possible in pr inci ple to tell how long ago death occurred by iden tifying the assemblage of species present on the corpse. In theory this method may seem logical enough , but in practice it is no t easy to date a corpse in this way. T h i s is because insect faunas vary greatly according to season, lati tude, alt i tude and m a n y other factors, and it follows tha t the succession of species will also vary. In a highly urbanized count ry like Britain where the landscape is being continually changed by road building, deforestation, reafforestation etc., the character of the fauna of a single locality may change drastically from year to year. Therefore, it is impossible to generalize about the insect succession on corpses and for this method to be successfully applied an in t imate knowledge of the local fauna is necessary. T h e second method , much more widely applied in recent years, is the appl icat ion of knowledge of the life cycle of those insects breeding (in other words, present as larvae) in the corpse. The rates of development of m a n y sarcosaprophagous insects have been intensively studied in the laboratory and the field, together with the effects of var ious envir onmenta l factors such as t empera tu re , light and humidi ty . It is possible, therefore, t o obtain a good idea of the t ime of death by determining the age of the larvae and the length of t ime taken to comple te their development . T h e a im of this pape r is twofold: firstly, t o cor rect some misconcept ions regarding the appl i cation of forensic entomology and to give some indication of the scope and potential i t ies of the subject, and secondly, to pu t on record some in formation regarding the si tuat ion in winter—an aspect of the subject hardly ever touched upon in the forensic l i terature.
TL;DR: Levels of factor VII/von Willebrand's factor were significantly elevated above the normal range in this pedigree, and defective release of vascular plasminogen activator was observed on several occasions in all five subjects.
TL;DR: The paper describes the relationships between adult age, hatching date, egg volume, brood size, hatch sequence, chick weight at hatching, chick growth rate and chick body size for a population of Great skuas in Shetland.
Abstract: The paper describes the relationships between adult age, hatching date, egg volume, brood size, hatching sequence, chick weight at hatching, chick growth rate and chick body size for a population of Great skuas in Shetland. The relative importance of these factors, and food availability, is assessed in determining chick size, weight, and growth rate.
TL;DR: In this article, a mesure les deplacements vers le rouge for un nouvel echantillon de 320 galaxies, complet a J≃17, was presented.
Abstract: On a mesure les deplacements vers le rouge pour un nouvel echantillon de 320 galaxies, complet a J≃17. On a evalue la fonction de correlation a 2 points en utilisant les informations relatives aux positions et aux deplacements vers le rouge. On en deduit la valeur quadratique moyenne des vitesses particulieres relatives pour des paires de galaxies dont les separations projetees sont dans le domaine 0≤σ≤4 h −1 Mpc. On trouve des differences de vitesses sur la ligne de visee 1/2 =250±50 kms −1 independantes des separations projetees. On a evalue l'amplitude de la fonction de correlation a 3 points
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was made of water, sediments and invertebrates in the R. Derwent, North-East England, at one site above and three sites below a stream bringing in high concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb derived from an active fluorspar mine.
Abstract: A study was made of water, sediments and invertebrates in the R. Derwent, North-East England, at one site above and three sites below a stream bringing in high concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb derived from an active fluorspar mine. The mean concentrations of these metals in filtrable water at the unpolluted site were 0.020, <0.0003, 0.005 mg l-1, respectively, while those at the first polluted site were 0.29, 0.0006, 0.016 mg l-1. The benthic macroinvertebrate fauna was dominated by insects; all taxa present at the unpolluted site were represented at one or more of the polluted sites. In almost all cases the elevated concentrations of metals in water and sediments at polluted sites were paralleled by higher concentrations in animals. Significant positive correlations were demonstrated between metal concentrations in certain taxa and those in their environment e.g. Ecdyonurus venosus and aqueous Pb. Mayflies tended to concentrate Zn, Cd and Pb to higher levels than other groups. Comparison of carnivorous species with other taxa revealed no indication of increased metal concentrations at higher trophic levels.
TL;DR: This paper describes a method for the transfer to plant cells of any cloned gene, regardless of its termini or internal restriction enzyme cleavage sites, through in vivo recombination of a broad host-range intermediate vector containing HindIII-23, a right-end T-region fragment of the nopaline plasmid pTiC58.
TL;DR: The return to camelot chivalry and the english gentleman was discussed in this paper, where the authors discuss the history of European ideas and the English gentleman's role in the return to chivalry.
TL;DR: In this paper, an account is given of methods developed to monitor heavy metals in rivers by measuring the concentration of these metals in Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw, and samples of moss, water and sediments were harvested for analysis from 52 different sites in northern England and Belgium.
Abstract: An account is given of methods developed to monitor heavy metals in rivers by measuring the concentration of these metals in Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw. Key features of the standard method recommended include the harvesting of materials from microhabitats with fast current speeds wherever possible, thorough washing in field and laboratory, use of terminal 2-cm lengths of shoot, drying at 105°C and digestion in 2 M HNO3. In order to establish the extent to which this species is useful and to provide baseline data with which others can compare their own observations, samples of moss, water and sediments were harvested for analysis from 52 different sites in northern England and Belgium. Significant positive correlations were obtained between Cu and Zn in 2-cm tips and in both (total) water and sediment, but in the case of Cd and Pb only between 2-cm tips and sediment. Multiple stepwise regression was used to quantify the apparent influence of environmental variables. For instance, with Pb in the moss as the dependent variable, significant influences were found for Zn in the moss (+ve) aqueous Mn (+ve) and filtrable reactive phosphate (−ve). Variables which were significant were incorporated in each case into equations to predict the concentration of metal that would be expected if allowance was made for the concentrations of all these variables at each site. In the case of Pb, r2 = 0.075 for metal in moss versus aqueous metal, whereas r2 = 0.879 for metal in moss versus the predicted value for metal in moss. This suggests that the lack of correlation between Pb in moss and Pb in water was probably due largely to the influence of other variables. For Cd, the difference was less: r2 = 0.013 and r2 = 0.47, respectively. A principal components analysis was also carried out, with measurements of water and moss as the variables ordinated. An example is given of the use of the moss to monitor intermittent Zn pollution in R. Wear.