Foundation University, Islamabad

About: Foundation University, Islamabad is a education organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Medicine. The organization has 3077 authors who have published 2206 publications receiving 59649 citations.

Molecular ruler for scaling down nanostructures

Abstract: The present invention is a method and apparatus relating to manufacturing nanostructure patterns and components using molecular science. The method includes overlaying a multilayer organic molecule resist on at least a portion of a parent structure selectively deposited on a substrate, depositing a layer over the parent structure and in contact with at least a portion of the multilayer organic resist, and removing the multilayer organic molecule resist to leave a residual structure.

The molecular genetics of cancer

Abstract: The search for genetic damage in neoplastic cells now occupies a central place in cancer research. Diverse examples of such damage are in hand, and they in turn hint at biochemical explanations for neoplastic growth. The way may be open to solve the riddles of how normal cells govern their replication and why cancer cells do not.

Multifunctional tool and method for minimally invasive surgery

Abstract: An apparatus and method for minimally invasive surgery. The apparatus can comprise a tool which includes a multi-functioning end effector for insertion into a patient, a user control adapted for use by the surgeon external of the patient, and an intermediate section between the end effector and the user control to translate control instructions from the user control through an actuating mechanism to operate the end effector in one of at least two different functioning states. No instrument exchange is necessary to change between states. The actuation mechanism could be a manually operated mechanical mechanism. Alternatively, it could be partially or fully electromechanical or electrical or electronic. According to one aspect, the end effector is a rigid link mechanism. According to another aspect, the end effector could be a compliant mechanism, at least in part. Another aspect of the invention includes the ability of the end effector to have at least some articulation in addition to grasping and cutting functions.

HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission.

Abstract: Within-patient HIV evolution reflects the strong selection pressure driving viral escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) recognition. Whether this intrapatient accumulation of escape mutations translates into HIV evolution at the population level has not been evaluated. We studied over 300 patients drawn from the B- and C-clade epidemics, focusing on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles HLA-B57 and HLA-B5801, which are associated with long-term HIV control and are therefore likely to exert strong selection pressure on the virus. The CTL response dominating acute infection in HLA-B57/5801-positive subjects drove positive selection of an escape mutation that reverted to wild-type after transmission to HLA-B57/5801-negative individuals. A second escape mutation within the epitope, by contrast, was maintained after transmission. These data show that the process of accumulation of escape mutations within HIV is not inevitable. Complex epitope- and residue-specific selection forces, including CTL-mediated positive selection pressure and virus-mediated purifying selection, operate in tandem to shape HIV evolution at the population level.