Showing papers by "Imperial Chemical Industries published in 1970"

The pharmacodynamics and metabolism of propranolol in man

Abstract: 1. The metabolic fate of intravenous and oral propranolol has been studied after single doses in man using 14C labelled propranolol. — 2. After oral administration there is virtually complete absorption and peak blood levels of propranolol and 4-hydroxy propranolol (a beta blocking metabolite) are seen at about 1 1/4 h after administration. Studies in normal subjects confirm that the maximum degree of beta blockade occurs at this time. — 3. Following intravenous administration, no 4-hydroxy propranolol is seen and the possible reasons for this are discussed. — 4. Excretion of the administered radio-active dose is mainly in the urine, with only 1%–4% of the administered radio-activity appearing in the faeces after both intravenous and oral dosing. — 5. The major metabolite so far identified in the urine is naphthoxylactic acid, which accounts for approximately 20% and 40% of oral and i.v. doses respectively. — 6. The greater proportion of radio-activity excreted in the urine (30–60% of the administered dose) is as yet unidentified although it may be a conjugate of propranolol. The level of total blood radio-activity following both intravenous and oral propranolol is very much higher than that of either propranolol or 4-hydroxy propranolol. The major portion of this blood radio-activity appears to be the same as the unidentified urinary metabolite. — 7. Following intravenous doses the decline of pharmacological response roughly parallels that of propranolol concentration in the plasma, and does not correlate with the plasma concentration of the unidentified metabolite.

Macro-lattice from segregated amorphous phases of a three block copolymer.

Abstract: THERMOPLASTIC elastomers represent a new and important family of polymeric materials. One of the most representative examples contains three blocks, styrene/butadiene/styrene (SBS), within a chain. At ambient temperatures the two chemical species separate. The B phase is rubbery, and provides the matrix for the highly dispersed S phase which is glassy. Owing to the molecular connexion between the two, the S phase acts like a cross-link and thus creates a network. At high enough temperatures this cross-linking effect due to the S phase is removed and the object becomes mouldable.

Comparative chronotropic activity of β‐adrenoceptive antagonists

Abstract: 1. Chronotropic dose-response curves (non-cumulative) for β-adrenoceptive antagonists were constructed from results in rats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone and depleted of catecholamines by pre-treatment with syrosingopine. 2. Depletion of catecholamines lowered resting heart rate and reduced the threshold to the chronotropic action of isoprenaline by about 50%. Eight β-adrenoceptive antagonists produced a dose-dependent chronotropic response but the maximum response was in all cases smaller than that obtained with isoprenaline. The order of activity was dichloroisoprenaline>LB 46>practolol>INPEA>oxprenolol>pronethalol>alprenolol>I.C.I. 45,763 (Ko 592). Propranolol and sotalol were without significant activity. The duration of the chronotropic response to the antagonists was more prolonged than that to isoprenaline. Propranolol caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curves for the agonist effects of the antagonists. 3. Estimation of β-adrenoceptor blocking activity in anaesthetized cats gave an order of activity dissimilar to that found for maximum agonist responses: LB 46 > oxprenolol > alprenolol > propranolol > I.C.I. 45,763 > practolol > dichloroisoprenaline > sotalol > INPEA > pronethalol. 4. Consideration of chemical structure and physico-chemical properties did not explain the differences between the agonist activities of the adrenoceptive antagonists.

The Gibberellin Fermentation

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses fermentation aspects of the production of gibberellins It discusses the organisms that produce gibberellins, the structure of gibberellins, their biosynthesis, and production It provides a brief review of the applications to which their plant growth-promoting properties is also included The fungal gibberellins form part of a larger family of compounds, the other members being found in higher plants It is possible that gibberellins, or closely related compounds, are also produced by bacteria The intense studies which these fermentations have attracted have yielded a large number of compounds Some of these are implicated in the biosynthesis and breakdown of gibberellins while others are either “shunt” products or compounds, the presence of which would be expected on general metabolic considerations Results from animal tests indicate that gibberellins A 3 has very low mammalian toxicity and that it occurs naturally in many, if not all, vegetable foodstuffs, in some cases in amounts greater than would occur from extraneous addition It is to be expected that increasing applications will be found for this and other members of this interesting group of compounds

Role of Estrogens in Ovulation: A Study Using the Estrogen-Antagonist, I.C.I. 46,474

Abstract: A possible role of estrogens in regulating ovulatory release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the estrous cycle has been examined by using a potent estrogen antagonist— ICI 46,474 When administered orally at 1700 hr or before on diestrus, butnot at 0945 hr on proestrus in 4-day cycling rats, the antiestrogen prevented ovulation from occurring on the morning of estrus The antiestrogen was also effective in interfering with ovulation in hamsters and in immature rats and mice pretreated with PMS The minimal effective dose for blocking ovulation in 100% of the adult rats was found to be 05 mg⁄kg When ovulation was blocked by giving the antiestrogen at 1700 hr, it did not prevent vaginal cornification, mating behavior or uterine ballooning, but when inhibition was effected by administration earlier in the cycle, all these estrogen-dependent parameters were either blocked or modified A significant drop in LH content from 23 to 12 μg /gland which was detected in association with ovulation on the day of es

Use of collapsible structural elements as impact isolators, with special references to automotive applications

Abstract: Part 1: Simple struts have been impacted between travelling and stationary masses and the collapse found to consist of two distinct phases The pre-failure phase, being primarily an elastic region, has been analysed by stability criteria and the post-failure phase by consideration of the plastic collapse of the strut Associated with the pre-failure phase is a large transient deceleration which is found, among other parameters, to be a function of the strut shapePart 2: A series of sheet-metal structures have been impacted and, like struts, the collapse found to consist of pre- and post-failure phases of separate identities The pre-failure phase is again associated with the shape of the structure and may give rise to a large transient deceleration This analysis has led to the consideration of more complex elements, such as might be found in an automobile frontal structure, and finally to a complete automobile analogue Conclusions are drawn about the structural parameters required to bring abou

The composition of the leachate through cropped and uncropped soils in lysimeters compared with that of the rain

Abstract: The composition of the leachate from undisturbed monolith lysimeters cropped with white clover or meadow fescue or maintained bare was compared with that of the rain falling on them. No nitrogen fertilizer was applied only an initial dressing of phosphorus and potassium. The grass received much more nitrogen from the rain than it lost by leaching whereas the clover lost more than it received. Most of the leached nitrogen was NO3-N - 92 per cent on the bare soil and 90 per cent on the clover. About 27lb nitrogen per acre (30 kg/ha) per year was drained from the actively growing clover sward rising to about 117lb N/acre/year (131 kg/ha) when the clover died or was removed. Only 2.3lb/ac (2.5 kg/ha) was drained from the actively growing grass sward. It was estimated that the clover fixed at least 270lb N/ac/year (303 kg/ha/year. The rates of leaching of potassium from a grass sward was about 1.7lb/ac/year (1.9 kg/ha) and 0.8 lb (0.9 kg) phosphorus. The quantities were similar for clover. The grass received from the rain more phosphorus and potassium than was leached but only 60 per cent of the calcium and 13 per cent of the magnesium, similar results being obtained with white clover.

Health and Productivity

Abstract: A group of 96 women, 83 under 20 and 13 over 25, wore studied to ascertain if some health factors related to their industrial productivity. A method of determining productivity was postulated. Daily output related closely with the annual output of the individuals studied. The wide variation in individual daily output (10-34 batches) occurred in spite of employee selection. Natural aptitude, length of service and experience in the process wore thought to be the major factors affecting daily output. Health factors could not be demonstrated as influencing daily output. Anaemia and sickness absence did influence productivity by reducing the number of days worked, particularly as groups with the highest productivity ratings lose more time than the lower productivity groups. The reason for this increase in absence was thought to be complex and not entirely due to the increased effort demanded for a higher output. The need to investigate the reasons for sickness absence was restated. Use of the Factory Medical D...

Publications Sponsored by the Colour Measurement Committee—V The Adams—Nickerson Colour-difference Formula*

Abstract: The Adams uniform-chromaticity-scale diagram, the Adams-Nickerson uniform colour space (ANLAB) and the derived colour-difference formula are described in detail. An example showing the method of calculating colour differences is given.

1-carbamoylalkyl phenoxy-3-amino-2-propanols

Abstract: NOVEL 1-(ELECTRONEGATIVELY-SUBSTITUTED-ALKYL- OR ALKENYLPHENOXY)-3-ALKYLAMINO-2-PROPANOL DERIVATIVES, FOR EXAMPLE 1-P-CARBAMOYLMETHYLPHENOXY-3-ISOPROPYLAMINO-2PROPANOL, METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM. THE COMPOUNDS POSSESS B-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING ACTIVITY AND ARE USEFUL IN THE TREATMENT OF HEART DISEASES AND OTHER COMPLAINTS IN MAN. THIS INVENTION RELATES TO NEW ALKANOLAMINE DERIVATIVES WHICH POSSESS B-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING ACTIVITY AND WHICH ARE THEREFORE USEFUL IN THE TREATMENT OR PROPHYLAXIS OF HEART DISEASES, FOR EXAMPLE ANGINA PECTORIS AND CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, AND IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION AND PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA, IN MAN.

The Thermal Conductivity on Rigid Urethane Foams

Abstract: a polyol, which usually contains a surfactant, catalysts and blowing agents, and a polyisocyanate. Foaming is usually achieved by the evaporation of trichloromonofluoromethane, which may be augmented in some cases with carbon dioxide obtained by the reaction between the polyisocyanate and added water. For insulation purposes it is usual to adjust the formulations so that the products have densities between 28 and 48 kg/ms, with the expanding gases trapped in closed cells. Even at the laboratory stage, their technical and commercial potential as insulants was recognised, but their full commercial exploitation and present high level of market penetration could not be attained without the development of the simple application techniques, which accompanied the development, by I.C.I. Ltd., of the low vapour pressure diisocyanate, diisocyanatodiphenyl methane (MDI) (2). Whilst their low initial thermal conductivity, low water vapour transmission rate and high strength to weight ratio have rarely been disputed, the adverse criticism levelled, from time to time, at their permanence properties-particularly their ability to retain their low values of thermal conductivity-has prompted a number of authors

Colour Passing‐Visual or Instrumental?

Abstract: The results of four independent investigations have been used to estimate the chances of any experienced colourist wrongly rejecting an acceptable sample. Seven colour-difference formulae have been assessed against three sets of visual judgments, and the Adams-Nickerson formula has been found to be consistently better than any other. Its use would increase the number of wrong decisions made, but the increase would be confined to wrong rejections.

Reactive disazo dyestuffs containing triazines

Abstract: DYESTUFFS REPRESENTED BY THE GENERAL FORMULA: 2-(D-N(-R)-),4-(CL-),6-((4-(CL-),6-(D-N(-R)-)S-TRIAZIN- 2-YL)-N(-R1)-X-N(-R1)-)-S-TRIAZINE WHEREIN D REPRESENTS A RADICAL OF THE AZONAPHTHALENE OR PHENYLAZO NAPHTHALENE SERIES WHICH CONTAINS AT LEAST THREE SO3H GROUPS, EITHER R AND R1 REPRESENT H OR SATURATED ALIPHATIC RADICALS HAVING UP TO 4 CARBON ATOMS, AND X REPRESENTS A BENZENE, DIPHENYLENE OR NAPHTHALENE NUCLEUS WHICH MAY CONTAIN SUBSTITUENTS OR AN ALIPHATIC RADICAL HAVING AT LEAST TWO CARBON ATOMS, OR -N(-R1)-X-N(-R1)- ARE VALUABLE REACTIVE DYESTUFFS FOR CELLULOSE PROVIDING A WIDE RANGE OF SHADES HAVING EXCELLENT FASTNESS TO WASHING AND TO LIGHT. THEY ARE NOTABLE FOR THE HIGH PROPORTION WHICH FIXES ON THE FIBERS, ESPECIALLY WHEN APPLIED FROM SALINE DYEBATHS.

Wide-frequency-range dielecteric spectrometer

Abstract: Newly developed techniques are described for the automated measurement and display of the relative permittivity and loss factor of insulating materials over the frequency range 10−4 to 106Hz. The principle of operation is to sample, at logarithmically spaced times, the charge-time response to a voltage step of a capacitor containing a specimen of the material. Approximate transforms, developed for this application, are then applied to these data and the steady-state material parameters are presented as a permanent record in analogue form at discrete frequencies spaced at octave intervals. Apart from a brief initial setting-up operation, the process is automatic, and the time taken to describe a complete spectrum is 40s for one instrument which covers the frequency range 1 to 106Hz; in about 15min another covers 10−4 to 102Hz. The present embodiments are most suited to materials having loss factors greater than about 10−3. Factors limiting accuracy and resolution are discussed.

The interaction of paraquat with soil : adsorption by an expanding lattice clay mineral.

Abstract: Summary. Some characteristics of the interaction of paraquat with a dioctahedral montmorillonite have been studied by a combination of adsorption, radioisotope exchange, and X-ray diffraction techniques. The clay exhibited a high affinity for paraquat, since when less than 50 me/100 g were absorbed no paraquat was detected in the solution (<0·07 ppm), irrespective of the saturating cation, and in the presence or absence of 3·5 M ammonium nitrate solution. Interlamellar adsorption of paraquat was detected by the occurrence, even in an aqueous environment, of the 12·6 A c-spacing associated with the adsorption of pyridinium ions. When 14C-labelled paraquat was added to a clay containing less than 50 me/100 g of adsorbed paraquat, complete self-exchange was observed within 24 hr. Therefore at all levels of adsorption, paraquat held in the adsorbed phase must be in equilibrium with a solution concentration. Interaction entre le paraquat et le sol; adsorption par un mineral argileux gonflant Resume. Quelques caracteres de l'interaction entre le paraquat et une montmorillonite dioctaherique ont eteetudies par une combinaison des techniques suivantes: adsorption, echanges de radioisotopes et diffraction des rayons X. L'argile manifesta une grande affinite pour le paraquat: lorsque moins de 50 me/100 g furent absorbes, le paraquat ne fut plus decele cans la solution (<0.07 ppm), independamment du cation saturant, et en presenee ou non d'une solution 3,5 M de nitrate d'ammonium. L'adsorption interlamellaire du paraquat fut detectee par l'occurence, meme dans un environnement aqueaux, d'un espacement selon l'axe c de 12,6 A associe avec l'adsorption d'ions pyridinium. Quand du paraquat marque au 14C fut ajoutea une argiie contenant moins de 50 me/100 g de paraquat adsorbe, un autoechange complet fut observe dans les 24 heures. En consequence, a tous les niveaux d'adsorption, le paraquat retenu dans la phase adsorbee doit etre en equilibre avec une concentration de la solution. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Paraquat und Boden: Adsorption an ein aufweit-bares Schichtgitter-Tonmineral Zusammenfassung. Mit Hilfe einer Kombination von Adsorptions- und Radio-isotopenaustauschtechniken und Rontgenstrukturanalyse wurden einige Charakteristika der Wechseiwirkungen zwischen Paraquat und einem diocatedrischen Montmorillonit untersucht. Der Ton besass eine hohe Affinitat fur Paraquat, da in der Losung kein Paraquat mehr nachzuweisen war (<0,07 ppm), wenn weniger als 50 mval/100 g adsorbiert worden waren. Dies war sowohl von dem entsprechenden Kation als auch von der Anwesenheit oder Abwesenheit einer 3,5 M Ammoniumnitratlosung unabhangig. Interlamellare Adsorption von Paraquat wurde anhand der sogar in wassrigem Milieu stattfindenden C-Aufweitung (12,6 A), verbunden mit einer Adsorption von Pyridiniumionen, festgestellt. Wurde 14C-markiertes Paraquat einem Boden, der weniger als 50 mval/100 g adsorbiertes Paraquat enthielt, zugegeben, so trat innerhalb von 24 Stunden vollkommener Selbstaustausch ein. Das adsorbierte Paraquat muss daher bei alien Adsorptionsmengen in einem Gleichgewicht mit einer umgebenden Paraquatlosung stehen.

Halogenated hydrocarbon compositions and uses thereof

Abstract: A composition for cleaning and drying articles comprising a chlorohydrocarbon solvent and a metal, ammonium or amine salt of an alkyl benzene sulphonic acid wherein the alkyl group contains from seven to 14 carbon atoms.

Biaxially oriented sheet

Abstract: Uniformly biaxially oriented sheet of polyethylene terephthalate containing from 1 percent to 15 percent by weight of a finely divided inert filler and of a finely divided inert filler and of a thickness of from 0.014 to 0.035 inch. The sheet is prepared by extruding an amorphous polyethylene terephthalate sheet containing from 1 percent to 15 percent of a finely divided inert filler and then drawing it at a temperature of from 80* to 130* C. in the machine direction and in the transverse direction, the draw ratio in either direction being sufficiently great to allow uniform drawing of the sheet but less than 3.25. The filler has a particle size of 0.1 microns to 5.0 microns and may be, for example, titanium dioxide.

Rate equations in thermogravimetry.

Abstract: MacCallum and Tanner1 have argued persuasively for modifying the rate equations used in thermogravimetry, but their conclusions are incorrect. There is no fundamental error of the kind they suggest in the usually accepted procedures and some other reason must be found for discrepancies in derived kinetic parameters. In the present context the point at issue has been dealt with by Kissinger2, as follows.

Factors affecting lead capture methods for the fine localization of rat lung acid phosphatase.

Abstract: Gomori's lead capture method for acid phosphatase localization was adapted for the electron microscope by Holt & Hicks (1961a). The method gave good results in rat liver, but poor tissue preservation with no reaction product in rat lung, and was, therefore, investigated in order to find the optimum conditions for the ultrastructural localization of rat lung acid phosphatase. The conditions investigated included the use of glutaraldehyde or depolymerized paraformaldehyde as the fixative, with and without dimethylsulphoxide; the effect of freezing the tissue; the pH of the incubation medium; and the use of glycerophosphate, naphthol AS-BI phosphate or α-naphthyl phosphate as substrates. Improved preservation of ultrastructure with increased yield of reaction product was obtained by prefixing lung in glutaraldehyde containing 10% dimethylsulphoxide, freezing the tissue and incubating at pH 5.7 with α-naphthyl phosphate. Tissue preservation was acceptable and dense deposits of reaction product occurred in lysosomal elements of all the alveolar cells and especially in macrophages. Deposits were also found closely associated with the lamellae of the inclusion bodies of Type II cells.

Adhesive bonding of polyethylene

Abstract: The treatment of polyethylene film with aqueous ammonium peroxydisulfate solutions prior to adhesive bonding to aluminum has been studied. Such pretreatments resulted in the formation of adhesive joints of high strengths when bonded with a conventional epoxy adhesive. The effect on the tensile shear strength of adhesive joints of variations in the treatment time and temperature and the peroxydisulfate concentration has been examined. The use of certain catalysts for the reaction has also been studied. Tensile shear strengths at least as high as with other pretreatment methods have been obtained.

Metastable ion fragmentation processes in n-alkanes

Abstract: The n-alkanes, propane to heptane, have been studied in a modified MS-9 mass spectrometer under conditions that enabled the daughter ions, resulting from metastable fragmentation processes occurring in the first field free region, to be observed with high sensitivity. The precursor ions in these fragmentations have been identified unambiguously and a general fragmentation scheme for the n-alkanes is proposed. The mass spectrometer incorporated a variable width monitor slit and narrow settings of this slit improved the energy resolution so that fine structure could be observed in some of the ‘metastable peaks’. The implications of this fine structure are discussed.

Gel‐permeation chromatography: Examination of universal calibration procedures for polydimethylsiloxane in a poor solvent

Abstract: Various procedures for universal calibration in gel-permeation chromatography with polystyrene gels are examined for polystyrene and polydimethylsiloxane fractions. For o-dichlorobenzene at 138°C, experimental intrinsic viscosity–molecular weight data show that the Mark-Houwink exponents are 0.70 and 0.57 for polystyrene and polydimethylsiloxane, respectively. In principle, this difference permits a distinction between the various polymer size parameters proposed for universal calibration. An interpretation of the experimental polydimethylsiloxane calibration for o-dichlorobenzene at 138°C requires a consideration of errors in average molecular weights and errors arising from the use of average molecular weight instead of peak molecular weight. When calibration procedures utilizing hydrodynamic volume and unperturbed dimensions are examined, the difference between them is comparable with experimental error. If the Flory-Fox viscosity expression is employed, the perturbed end-to-end distance (or radius of gyration) and the hydrodynamic volume give equivalent universal calibrations. The experimental data are sufficiently accurate to show that the perturbed dimension determined with the Ptitsyn-Eizner relation does not give an adequate universal calibration.