Showing papers by "Institut national de la recherche agronomique published in 1985"
TL;DR: The separation of non phosphorus lipids and phospholipids of rat heart using Sep-pack Silica cartridges is described and a complete partition ofNon phosphorus Lipids andospholipid is obtained.
Abstract: The separation of non phosphorus lipids and phospholipids of rat heart using Sep-pack Silica cartridges is described. No cartridge preparation is necessary before utilization. The separation of lipid extracts is very fast. A complete partition of non phosphorus lipids and phospholipid is obtained.
576 citations
TL;DR: Balance studies confirmed the more efficient utilization of protein and energy by trout fed the more digestible starch than by those in the other groups.
241 citations
TL;DR: Although the sporadic identification of the conjugates formed between amines and cinnamic acids in various plants has been reported over many years, it is only recently that the widespread nature and potential significance of these amides has been recognised.
Abstract: In recent years polyamines have been shown to participate in various aspects of plant growth processes [1, 2, 4, 5, 14, 28, 67, 68, 69, 71]. In general, free putrescine, spermidine and spermine were the only amines measured, and only little attention has been given to bound or conjugated polyamines. Although the sporadic identification of the conjugates formed between amines and cinnamic acids in various plants has been reported over many years, it is only recently that the widespread nature and potential significance of these amides has been recognised.
211 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a gas chroraatography-mass spectrometry of trimethylslly derivatives of hardwood lignins was used to identify thioacidolysis.
Abstract: Arylglycerol-ether bonds of lignin samples or model compounds vera selectively cleaved by treatment with dioxane-ethanethiol (9/1, v/v) and 0.2 N HBF4 etherate or 0.2 N BF3 etherate at 100°C for four hour3. Monomers resulting from “thioacidolysis” were identified by gas chroraatography-mass spectrometry of their trimethylslly derivatives. Compared to acidolysls (dloxane-water, 0.2 N HCL, 100°C 4h), thioacidolysis yields less complex mixtures of monomers. The monomer yields for lignin thioacidolysis were also higher than for acidolysls. This increase was particularly evident for hardwood lignins.
163 citations
TL;DR: Differences in the germination rates and adenylate energy charge values could not be explained by differences in the sensitivity of respiration to O(2).
Abstract: The effect of O(2) partial pressure on the germination and the respiration of 12 cultivated species was studied. The reciprocal of the time necessary to observe rootlet emergence in 50% of the seeds was used to approach the germination rate. The maximum germination and respiration rates were reached in most seeds at O(2) pressures close to that of air. Decreasing the O(2) pressure produced a gradual decrease of the germination rate. The seeds could be classed in two groups according to their response to low O(2) pressures. Group I includes lettuce, sunflower, radish, turnip, cabbage, flax, and soybean: at O(2) pressures close to 2 kilopascals, the germination in this group was stopped and the adenylate energy charge was lower than 0.6. Group II includes rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, and pea. The germination rate of these seeds was also gradually decreased by lowering the O(2) partial pressure but germination still occured, very slowly, at 0.1 kilopascal; the adenylate energy charge remained higher than 0.6. These differences in the germination rates and adenylate energy charge values could not be explained by differences in the sensitivity of respiration to O(2).
149 citations
TL;DR: Using data on chemical composition of deposits obtained from biochemical analysis technics and kinetic data of β‐Iactoglobulin denaturation, the distribution profile of deposits along the surface and the experimental fouling curves can be adequately predicted.
Abstract: Denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin during heating of milk in a plate heat exchanger has been investigated as an important factor in fouling the heat transfer surface. Using, on one hand, data on chemical composition of deposits obtained from biochemical analysis technics and, on the other hand, kinetic data of beta-Iactoglobulin denaturation, the distribution profile of deposits along the surface and the experimental fouling curves can be adequately predicted.
146 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided for circadian variations of colonic motility associated with eating and sleeping in the healthy human by recording myoelectrical activity of the proximal, transverse, and distal colon during 24-h sessions in 10 healthy subjects.
144 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that the neuronal mechanism whereby the olfactory "imprint" is made is dependent on the centrifugal noradrenergic projections to the Olfactory bulbs, which prevents the ewe from forming a selective bond with her own lamb, enabling her to adopt alien lambs.
132 citations
TL;DR: In this article, normal and high-amylose maize and pea starches (gene ae and ra respectively) were studied during gelatinization by their swelling and solubility patterns, as well as by differential scanning calorimetry.
119 citations
TL;DR: The respiration and fermentation rates were compared in germinating seeds of 12 different cultivated species from five families and the fermentation rate under anoxia was related either to the metabolic activity under air or to the adenine nucleotide content of the seeds.
Abstract: The respiration and fermentation rates were compared in germinating seeds of 12 different cultivated species from five families. In air, fermentation contributes significantly to the energy metabolism only in some species (pea, maize), but is generally negligible when compared to respiration. The fermentation rate under anoxia was related either to the metabolic activity under air or to the adenine nucleotide content of the seeds: it was generally higher in seeds which contain starchy reserves (rice, maize, sorghum, pea), than in seeds which do not contain starch (lettuce, sunflower, radish, turnip, cabbage, flax); however, it was similar in wheat, sorghum (starchy seeds), and soya (nonstarchy seeds). The value of the energy charge of all the seeds was lower under anoxia than in air: after 24 hours under anoxia, it was higher than 0.5 in the starchy seeds and in soya and it was around 0.25 in the other fatty seeds.
116 citations
TL;DR: The characteristics of the various resistant strains (levels of resistance, patterns of cross-resistance, fitness) are described and monitoring for resistance in most French vineyards in 1982 and 1983 is discussed.
TL;DR: If the Ca-requiring neutral proteinases are involved in the meat ageing mechanism, it eems that the μmCa ANP is more likely to cause most of the post-mortem changes in the myofibrillar proteins, taking into account the low level of intracellular calcium.
TL;DR: Results show that the presence of other factors than auditory cues must be taken into account to describe differences across strains in retrieving performances, and female mice unable to utilize ultrasonic information may use other sensory channels.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the lysigenous cortical gas spaces help maintain a high respiration rate in the tissues along the root, and in the apical zone, by improving internal transport of oxygen over distances of at least 210 mm.
Abstract: Internal transport of O2 from the aerial tissues along the adventitious roots of intact maize plants was estimated by measuring the concentrations of adenine nucleotides in various zones along the root under an oxygen-free atmosphere. Young maize plants were grown in nutrient solution under conditions that either stimulated or prevented the formation of a lysigenous aerenchyma, and the roots (up to 210 mm long) were then exposed to an anaerobic (oxygen-free) nutrient solution. Aerenchymatous roots showed higher values than non-aerenchymatous ones for ATP content, adenylate energy charge and ATP/ADP ratios. We conclude that the lysigenous cortical gas spaces help maintain a high respiration rate in the tissues along the root, and in the apical zone, by improving internal transport of oxygen over distances of at least 210 mm. This contrasted sharply with the low energy status (poor O2 transport) in non-aerenchymatous roots.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the cytoplasmic support for male sterility is located in the chromosomal mitochondrial DNA instead of the plasmid-like DNA.
Abstract: The mitochondrial genomes of five rapeseed somatic hybrid plants, which combine in a first experimentBrassica napus chloroplasts and a cytoplasmic male sterility trait coming fromRaphanus sativus, and in a second experiment chloroplasts of a triazine resistantB. compestris and a cytoplasmic male sterility trait fromR. sativus, were analyzed by restriction endonucleases. Restriction fragment patterns indicate that these genomes differ from each other and from both parents. The presence of new bands in the somatic hybrid mitochondrial DNA restriction patterns is evidence of mitochondrial recombination in somatic hybrid cells. In both parental and somatic hybrid plants large quantitative variations in a mitochondrial plasmid-like DNA have been observed. Our results suggest that the cytoplasmic support for male sterility is located in the chromosomal mitochondrial DNA instead of the plasmid-like DNA.
TL;DR: In this article, conditions (pH, temperature, time) for the extraction of sugar beet pulp pectins were studied on a laboratory scale and transposed into a pilot plant, where good yields (∼ 14%) were obtained if the pulp is treated at pH 1.0, 85°C for 1 hr.
Abstract: Conditions (pH, temperature, time) for the extraction of sugar beet pulp pectins were studied on a laboratory scale and transposed into a pilot plant. Good yields (∼ 14%) of pectins are obtained if the pulp is treated at pH 1.0, 85°C for 1 hr. The characteristics of the pilot extracted pectins are very close to those of the laboratory ones, except for a lower molecular weight (∼30,000 daltons). Their physicochemical properties confirm their poor gelling ability.
TL;DR: The drop in levels of both gonadotropins after 125 d probably corresponded to the development of the negative feedback as a result of greater ovarian activity in these gilts, and was subsequent to the highest levels of FSH and concomitant with the increased frequency of LH pulses.
Abstract: Plasma prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by radioimmunoassay in groups of eight gilts sampled every 20 min for 6 h at about 2-wk intervals between 15 and 192 d of age. The PRL levels were high at 15 and 28 d, declined at 40 d just after weaning and then rose slowly until 192 d of age. The number of LH pulses during 6 h was higher between 83 and 125 d than at the other periods. Magnitude of LH pulses was highest at 15 d, constant from 54 to 125 d, fell at 137 d and remained low until 192 d. Plasma FSH was high from 15 to 125 d, with a maximum at 54 d. It declined slowly until 168 d and did not change thereafter. Estrogen excretion was estimated from urine excretion of estrone (E1; conjugated plus nonconjugated E1) per 24 h from 40 d until puberty in three gilts and at 156 and 174 d in two other animals. The E1 excretion increased with age and four levels were described before peak values with the onset of first estrus. The first increase in E1 excretion occurred between 68 and 110 d, when antral follicles appeared in the ovaries. It was subsequent to the highest levels of FSH and concomitant with the increased frequency of LH pulses. The drop in levels of both gonadotropins after 125 d probably corresponded to the development of the negative feedback as a result of greater ovarian activity in these gilts.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that glycogen is selectively depleted in muscle fibres in response to stress and that the pattern of depletion is different in adrenaline versus mixing stress.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the most frequent limiting factors are nitrogen and water; if soil nutrients are at an optimal level and development requirements are fulfilled, competition for light is often the ultimate source of yield limitation; biomass production is then directly related to photosynthetically active radiation.
Abstract: Competition prevails during most of cereal growth. Many nutrients may be limiting in the field, depending on the main characteristics of soil, climate or cropping system. In temperate areas of Northern Europe, the most frequent limiting factors are nitrogen and water; if soil nutrients are at an optimal level and development requirements are fulfilled, competition for light is often the ultimate source of yield limitation; biomass production is then directly related to photosynthetically active radiation. Thus, in all cases, the processes which lead to the formation of ears and grains in the field are affected by competition for one or more essential growth factor.
TL;DR: Mammary gland differentiation includes multiplication of cells, activation of genes specific to milk synthesis, and activation of "house-keeping" genes, which are controlled by multiple hormones.
TL;DR: The fractional protein synthesis rate (FSR) of tissue (liver, digestive tract, muscle and whole fish) proteins was measured in rainbow trout acclimated to 9 and 18 degrees C after a pulse injection of [U-14C] L-leucine.
TL;DR: Transfer from seawater to fresh water was followed within 1 day by a rise in plasma PRL levels, which stayed high after 3 weeks in fresh water, and Simultaneously, pituitary PRL content decreased significantly.
Abstract: The development of a highly specific radioimmunoassay for salmonid prolactin (PRL) using chinook salmon PRL allowed us to study plasma and pituitary PRL profiles in large sedentary rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) transferred from fresh water to seawater and vice versa. Plasma osmotic pressure and chloride levels were also measured for 3 weeks following change of salinity. Within 1 day after transfer to full seawater we observed a plasma PRL decrease, which stayed significantly lower (3-5 ng/ml) than the fresh water control group (10-15 ng/ml) during the entire experiment. Pituitary PRL content showed an initial abrupt increase, but after 3 weeks in seawater pituitary PRL content had decreased to the same level as in the fresh water control group. On the contrary, transfer from seawater to fresh water was followed within 1 day by a rise in plasma PRL levels, which stayed high (10-15 ng/ml) after 3 weeks in fresh water. Simultaneously, pituitary PRL content decreased significantly. These results may indicate an important role of PRL in fresh water adaptation of sedentary rainbow trout.
TL;DR: Two highly purified syntrophic associations resulting in acetogenesis from stearate and oleate were obtained from the sludges of a sewage digestor and Methanospirillum hungatei together with short, motile, gram-negative, nonfluorescent rods morphologically similar to Syntrophomonas wolfei were identified by microscopic examination.
Abstract: Two highly purified syntrophic associations resulting in acetogenesis from stearate (SM) and oleate (OM) were obtained from the sludges of a sewage digestor. In both cases, Methanospirillum hungatei together with short, motile, gram-negative, nonfluorescent rods morphologically similar to Syntrophomonas wolfei were identified by microscopic examination. Besides growing on volatile fatty acids (butyrate through caproate), both cultures grew on oleate (C18:1) and numerous even-numbered, saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA [decanoate through stearate]). In addition, during growth on LCFA, supplementation of the culture media with calcium chloride was an absolute requirement. The sole difference between the associations was observed when SM and OM cultures were transferred from a stearate to an oleate medium. The SM culture needed 10 days before starting to degrade oleate, whereas the OM culture grew immediately, but the OM culture also grew immediately when transferred to stearate medium. Saturated LCFA degradation occurred in the presence of equinormal amounts of calcium (fatty acid/Ca ratio, 2). On the other hand, OM degradation only took place in the presence of an equimolar amount of calcium (fatty acid/Ca ratio, 1). These observations are discussed by considering the solubility constants of LCFA as calcium salts and the toxicity of the free acids against microorganisms.
TL;DR: A highly specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of prolactin (PRL) in the plasma and pituitary of salmonid fishes was developed using a rabbit antiserum to chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) PRL and showed exactly the same competitive inhibition curves in the RIA, regardless of iodination of either hormone.
TL;DR: The gill enzyme activity and the T4 blood plasma level follow a similar pattern, reaching high values at the same moment, and does not seem to be correlated with an increase of temperature.
TL;DR: Metarhizium flavoviride outperformed all other fungi and it was the only species effective against Sitona lineatus and the overall cumulative mortality for eggs and grubs was high in both insect species.
Abstract: Conidial suspensions of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal, Paecilomyces farinosus (Dickson ex Fries) Brown and Smith, and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown and Smith were tested in the laboratory for pathogenicity to Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. and Sitona lineatus L. eggs and neonate larvae. All fungi tested, except B. bassiana , were infectious for O. sulcatus eggs. Metarhizium flavoviride outperformed all other fungi and it was the only species effective against Sitona lineatus . The grubs of O. sulcatus and S. lineatus hatching from treated but apparently unaffected eggs were susceptible to all fungi tested and the overall cumulative mortality for eggs and grubs was high in both insect species. Metarhizium flavoviride with a very low LD50 (1 × 101 spores ml−1) was also the fastest to attack O. sulcatus (LT50 = 9.6 days at 108 conidia ml−1). The lowest LD50 for S. lineatus was 4.2 × 102 conidia ml−1 with P. fumosoroseus and M. flavoviride was the fastest acting fungus with a LT50 = 6.9 days at 108 conidia ml−1. INRA isolates M. flavoviride 88 and B. bassiana 142 are promising candidates to control both weevil species.
TL;DR: Results indicated an allopolyploid origin of apple genome, with evidence of bigenic disomic inheritance in most cases and preferential pairing between pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.
Abstract: Electrophoresis of 7 pollen enzymes was applied to 5 progenies from controlled crosses and one self-progeny of apple. Segregation data were examined according to three kinds of hypotheses: monogenic disomic, bigenic disomic and tetrasomic inheritance Twenty codominant alleles and a recessive null were identified. Results provided evidence of bigenic disomic inheritance in most cases: 6 pairs of homoeologous loci carrying identical homoeoalleles were revealed; only 2 enzymes exhibited a simple monogenic control. Preferential pairing between pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis can be postulated. These results indicated an allopolyploid origin of apple genome. Fixed heterozygosity occurred for several enzymes, which is a typical feature of allopolyploidy. Loss of duplicate gene expression can account for the monogenic control of 2 of the enzymes.
TL;DR: Human κ‐casein was prepared from whole casein by successive hydroxyapatite and thiol‐Sepharose chromatographies and the 158‐residue sequence of human λ‐ casein was compared to those of goat, ewe, cow and rat κ-caseins.
TL;DR: Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were made on pork samples from pigs of various genetic types slaughtered either under minimal stress or somewhat stressful conditions, and highly significant relationships were found between T(1) and all the meat characteristics studied.
TL;DR: The quenching of arginine in intact mycelium suggest that the amino acid is associated with a cellular component which restricts its rotational freedom.