Showing papers by "Johannes Kepler University of Linz published in 1994"
Book•
01 Aug 1994TL;DR: The Metapattern approach as mentioned in this paper is a hot-spot-driven approach that combines Object-Oriented programming languages to enhance software reusability by an appropriate combination of object-oriented concepts.
Abstract: 1. Impact Of Object-Oriented Software Development On Software Quality Software Quality Attributes Measures for Producing High-Quality Software Reduced Complexity Through Structure Potentials of Object-Orientation for Improving Software Reusability 2. Concepts Of Object-Oriented Software Development Basic Concepts Provided by Object-Oriented Programming Languages Enhancing Software Reusability by an Appropriate Combination of Object-Oriented Concepts 3. Survey Of Design Pattern Approaches The Role of Design Patterns Object-Oriented Patterns Coding Patterns Framework Adaptation Patterns-Cookbook Recipes Formal Contracts Design Pattern Catalog 4. Metapatterns Metapatterns and (Application) Frameworks Class/Objects Interfaces and Interaction Metapatterns Class/Object Composition Metapatterns Impact of Composition Metapatterns on Template Methods When to Choose a Certain Composition Metapattern Capturing Object-Oriented Design with Metapatterns 5. Sample Application Of The Metapattern Approach Overview of ER++'s Domain Capturing ER++'s Core Design with Metapatterns Resulting Sample Adaptation of ET++ Summarizing Remarks 6. Implications For Software Development > Framework-Centered Software Development Limits of State -of-Art OOAD Methodologies Vision of a Hot-Spot-Driven Approach
755 citations
04 Jul 1994
TL;DR: There is an undeniable demand to capture already proven and matured object-oriented design so that building reusable object- oriented software does not always have to start from scratch.
Abstract: There is an undeniable demand to capture already proven and matured object-oriented design so that building reusable object-oriented software does not always have to start from scratch. The term design pattern emerged as buzzword that is associated as a means to meet that goal. Already existing approaches such as the catalog of design patterns of Erich Gamma et al. [5, 6] and Peter Coad's object-oriented patterns [3] differ in the applied notation as well as the way of abstracting from specific application domains.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the stability of linearized two-dimensional disturbances of plane Poiseuille flow of a Bingham fluid is considered and the minimum Reynolds number for linear instability increases almost linearly with increasing Bingham number.
Abstract: The stability to linearized two-dimensional disturbances of plane Poiseuille flow of a Bingham fluid is considered. Bingham fluids exhibit a yield stress in addition to a plastic viscosity and this description is typically applied to drilling muds. A non-zero yield stress results in an additional parameter, a Bingham number, and it is found that the minimum Reynolds number for linear instability increases almost linearly with increasing Bingham number.
112 citations
TL;DR: The micellar electrokinetic chromatography method made it possible to resolve several carbohydrates which had not been resolved successfully by means of capillary zone electrophoresis, such as glucose and fructose, and determined the electrophoretic mobilities.
Abstract: Aldoses, ketoses and uronic acids were derivatized successfully within 15 min at a temperature of 90 degrees C by reductive amination with 4-aminobenzonitrile. Subsequently, the derivatives were separated as their borate complexes by capillary zone electrophoresis, using 175 mM borate buffer, pH 10.5, as carrier. The electrophoretic mobilities were determined by the complex stability, which was found to depend on the number of hydroxyl groups on any given carbohydrate derivative, the presence of substituents, and most strongly on the configuration of the vicinal hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-4 in aldoses and uronic acids, and with regard to ketoses on those at C-4 and C-5. Time of analysis could be reduced considerably by the use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography, which separated 4-aminobenzonitrile sugar derivatives on the basis of their differential partitioning into an electroendosmotically driven aqueous phase and into sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Optimum resolution was achieved with a Tris-phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, containing 100 mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The method made it possible to resolve several carbohydrates which had not been resolved successfully by means of capillary zone electrophoresis, such as glucose and fructose. Moreover, separation selectivity could be adjusted by varying the capillary temperature. Finally, on-column UV monitoring at 285 nm allowed the detection of glucose with a lower mass detection limit of 1 fmol and a concentration sensitivity of 0.3 microM.
100 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that hypericin is binding to the active site of the IIIA subdomain of the protein and that it exhibits a stacking pattern similar to the one observed for the crystalline material.
Abstract: Hypericin exhibits rather complicated homo- and heteroassociation behavior. Whereas in common polar solvents hypericin dissolves monomolecularly up to concentrations of 10−3 mol/l, the presence of water in these solvents leads to homoassociation. As derived by spectroscopic measurements, these homoassociates exhibit a stacking pattern similar to the one observed for the crystalline material. Tetrahydrofuran seems to be an exception, as it is the only solvent which results in 1,6-dioxo tautomer formation. Heteroassociation of hypericin involves two distinct types of behavior. In the majority of cases, hypericin forms homoassociates which then heteroassociate with the co-solvate to yield stabilized solutions of these homoassociates. Only with human serum albumin a specific heteroassociate is formed. By means of competition experiments it could be established that hypericin is binding to the active site of the IIIA subdomain of the protein.
89 citations
02 Mar 1994-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms
TL;DR: In this article, the response of a particle implanted and passivated silicon detector (PIPS) for electrons (200 to 1000 keV) is measured with thin radionuclide sources of conversion electrons from which an accurate value of the Fano factor is derived for light ions (protons, deuterons and helium ions).
Abstract: This work gives a review about the response of silicon detectors to electrons, protons, deuterons and alpha particles The detector nonlinearity (pulse height as a function of particle energy) and the shape of the response function (pulse height distribution for monoenergetic particles) are discussed in detail For electrons, the measured nonlinearity is found to be negligible within the experimental uncertainties The response function of a particle implanted and passivated silicon detector (PIPS) for electrons (200 to 1000 keV) is measured with thin radionuclide sources of conversion electrons From these measurements an accurate value of the Fano factor is derived For light ions (protons, deuterons and helium ions), measurements are compared to calculations using a detector model, which assumes a thin dead layer at the front contact, followed by a fully sensitive region This model takes into account electronic energy loss straggling in the dead layer, thickness variations of the dead layer, multiple scattering and nonelectronic losses in the sensitive region, electron-hole pair statistics, a particle dependence of the energy per electron-hole pair and electronic resolution For H and He ions, at low energies (40 to 700 keV) the nonlinearity is mainly due to the finite thickness of the dead layer, and in the MeV range the particle dependence of the energy per electron-hole pair contributes considerably, in accordance with the model of Lennard Measurements of the response function for monoenergetic He ions yield a detector resolution of 8 keV (FWHM) in the energy range 3 to 6 MeV The well known asymmetric shape of the response function is found for both, H and He ions, at all energies Using our detector model, calculated spectra agree quantitatively with the corresponding measurements both in the width and in the shape, without any adjustable parameter in the calculations Based on this detector model, the ultimate resolution which can be obtained with silicon detectors is discussed
83 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the migration behavior of anionic metal 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) and Arsenazo III complexes was investigated in capillary electrophoresis (CE) using micellar solutions of sodium dodecyl sulphate.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical and experimental study of intersubband transitions in modulation-doped p-type Si/SiGe quantum wells is presented for SiGe wells with widths between 26 and 65 \AA{} and Ge contents in the range from 19% to 50%.
Abstract: A theoretical and experimental study of intersubband transitions in modulation-doped p-type Si/SiGe quantum wells is presented for SiGe wells with widths between 26 and 65 \AA{} and Ge contents in the range from 19% to 50%. The SiGe multiple quantum wells are pseudomorphically strained with an in-plane lattice constant equal to the lattice constant of the Si substrate. Calculations of the in-plane dispersion of the quantum-well states are performed within the envelope-function approach, with full inclusion of the degeneracy and warping of the three topmost bulk valence bands described by the strain-dependent Luttinger-Kohn Hamiltonian. Many-body effects such as the Hartree potential and the exchange-correlation interaction are taken into account in a self-consistent manner. The transmission spectra are finally calculated with a dielectric simulation for the multilayer stack. Using the structural parameters determined by high-resolution triple-axis x-ray diffraction, the results of the calculation are in excellent agreement with the observed intersubband absorption that occurs between 480 and 1830 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for the different samples. As long as the excited states are confined to the SiGe wells, the full widths of the absorption lines are only 20 meV. This value represents the narrowest absorption line so far observed in p-type SiGe quantum wells.
74 citations
TL;DR: A very short proof is given of the first Rogers-Ramanujan identity that was missed by computers, and a new proof of the well-known quintuple product identity by creative telescoping is given.
Abstract: New short and easy computer proofs of finite versions of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities and of similar type are given. These include a very short proof of the first Rogers-Ramanujan identity that was missed by computers, and a new proof of the well-known quintuple product identity by creative telescoping.
64 citations
TL;DR: For a sample of guest-workers in Austria it is shown that the simple distinction of economic and non-economic motives does not yield convincing results for the explanation of wages.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the frequency dependence of the absorption constant and the enhancement of the refractive index in the region of interband transitions between confined quasi-two-dimensional states of the valence and conduction bands of PbTe/PbTe/${\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-]--}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathm{Eu}}_{\math it{x}$Te multiple-quantum-well (MQW) structures is studied experimentally as well as theoretically.
Abstract: The frequency dependence of the absorption constant \ensuremath{\alpha}(\ensuremath{\omega}) and the enhancement of the refractive index n(\ensuremath{\omega}) in the region of interband transitions between confined quasi-two-dimensional states of the valence and conduction bands of PbTe/${\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Eu}}_{\mathit{x}}$Te multiple-quantum-well (MQW) structures is studied experimentally as well as theoretically. Transmission, reflectivity, and photoconductivity spectra of several MQW's with PbTe well widths from 62 to 118 \AA{} and ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Eu}}_{\mathit{x}}$Te barrier widths from 486 to 621 \AA{} (x\ensuremath{\approxeq}3%) are compared with calculated spectra. The experimental data are compared to calculations of the transmission and reflectivity of the multilayer structures based on frequency-dependent dielectric functions \ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega}) of the buffer and MQW layers. For the buffer layer experimentally determined values for \ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega}) are used, whereas for the MQW system the sum of a background dielectric function and an additional term, which takes into account the electronic contribution due to interband transitions between electric subbands in the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB), are used.For calculating the second term two approaches were followed. The conventional approach is based on treating these interband transitions as originating from confined states within the PbTe wells only. The second, more realistic, approach is based on a complete calculation of the band structure of the MQW systems using a k\ensuremath{\cdot}p envelope function approximation which yields proper energy eigenstates, eigenfunctions, and oscillator strengths. The absorption constant \ensuremath{\alpha}(\ensuremath{\omega}) is then obtained from an integration in k space. The electronic contribution \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}}^{\mathrm{VB}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{CB}}$(\ensuremath{\omega}) to the total dielectric function is independent of the position z along the growth direction in the MQW structure, i.e., in this respect the MQW is treated as being optically homogeneous. The calculated transmission and reflectivity data fit the experimental data very well. The steplike changes in \ensuremath{\alpha}(\ensuremath{\omega}) result in cusplike changes of the refractive index n(\ensuremath{\omega}). From a comparison of the experimentally determined interband transition energies with the calculated values on several samples, the conduction-band offset is determined to be \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{c}}$/\ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$=0.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2.
TL;DR: In this paper, a digital expansion with respect to linear recurring sequences is considered and a quantitative refinement is established using a general result due to Frougny and Solomyak.
TL;DR: Structure formation upon 500 fs 248 nm KrF-laser irradiation of PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET) and PolyImide (PI) has been investigated in this paper.
Abstract: Structure formation upon 500 fs 248 nm KrF-laser irradiation of PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET) and PolyImide (PI) has been investigated. The results obtained with fs pulses have been compared to those with ns pulses.
22 Jan 1994-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used Monte Carlo simulations to determine the response of silicon detectors to alpha particles, particularly the energy dependence of the line shape, and the statistical distribution of Es,e has been calculated by Monte Carlo simulation and shown to be asymmetric.
Abstract: The spectra of monoenergetic alpha particles exhibit a well known asymmetric shape when measured with silicon detectors. The processes are described which determine the response of silicon detectors to alpha particles, particularly the energy dependence of the line shape. In this work particle implanted and passivated silicon (PIPS) detectors are assumed to have a thin dead layer at the front contact and an infinite sensitive volume. The incoming monoenergetic alpha particles lose energy in the dead layer where they develop a Gaussian energy distribution due to electronic energy-loss straggling. In the sensitive volume the alpha particles transfer most of their energy to electronic excitation and ionization (Es,e) and the remaining fraction to the production of lattice vibrations and crystal damage. The statistical distribution of Es,e has been calculated by Monte Carlo simulation and shown to be asymmetric. The energy Es,e is subsequently used for the creation of electron-hole pairs, which are measured by an amplifier system with a Gaussian contribution to the energy resolution due to electronic noise. This model permits a quantitative calculation of the detector response function to alpha particles, and the result is in excellent agreement with measured spectra. On the basis of this model the energy dependence of the alpha particle line shape is also discussed.
TL;DR: This article developed an endogenous growth model which is based on lexicographical consumer preferences, and the central variable determining the long-run rate of growth is personal income distribution, whose role in the process of growth depends crucially on the assumption about productivity growth.
TL;DR: The dielectric function of cubic and hexagonal CdSe has been measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the 2\char21{}25-eV range and the results are compared with similar data for CdS and other II-VI compounds and also with band-structure calculations.
Abstract: The dielectric function of cubic and hexagonal CdSe has been measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the 2--25-eV range. The results are compared with similar data for CdS and other II-VI compounds and also with band-structure calculations. Relevant critical points are listed. Transitions originating in the Cd 4d levels are identified and an estimate of the corresponding exciton binding energies is made.
Book•
01 Feb 1994TL;DR: The Object-Oriented Programming Reader's Guide, 2.12.1 Everything Is an Object.
Abstract: 1 Reader's Guide.- 1.1 Learning Object-Oriented Programming.- 1.2 Conventions Used in this Book.- 1.3 Survey.- 2 Principles of Object-Oriented Programming.- 2.1 What Is an Object?.- 2.2 Object-Oriented Terminology.- 2.2.1 Classes.- 2.2.2 Types.- 2.2.3 Object References.- 2.2.4 Instance Variables and Class Variables.- 2.2.5 Messages.- 2.2.6 Methods.- 2.2.7 Prototypes.- 2.2.8 Subclasses and Superclasses.- 2.2.9 Abstract Methods and Abstract Classes.- 2.2.10 Metaclasses.- 2.2.11 Related Terms in Conventional Programming.- 2.3 Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding.- 2.4 Inheritance.- 2.5 The Magic Word "Self".- 2.6 Information Hiding.- 2.7 Static and Dynamic Typing.- 2.8 Genericity.- 2.9 Types, Classes, and Prototypes.- 2.10 Object Hierarchies.- 2.10.1 Single-Rooted and Multi-Rooted Class Hierarchies.- 2.10.2 Single and Multiple Inheritance.- 2.10.3 Is-a and Has-a Relations.- 2.10.4 Dependencies Among Objects.- 2.10.5 Delegation.- 2.10.6 Copy Chains.- 2.11 Values and References.- 2.12 Hybrid and Pure Object-Oriented Languages.- 2.12.1 Everything Is an Object.- 2.12.2 Uniformity Versus Efficiency.- 2.12.3 Object-Oriented Thinking.- 2.12.4 The Wider the Choice, the Greater the Trouble.- 3 Prototypes.- 3.1 Constructing Objects Straight Away.- 3.2 Kinds of Prototypes.- 3.2.1 Delegation - The Self Model.- 3.2.2 Module Operations - The Kevo Model.- 3.2.3 Inheritance and Propagation - The Omega Model.- 3.2.4 Comparison of Prototype Models.- 3.3 One-of-a-Kind Prototypes.- 3.4 Persistent Prototypes.- 3.5 The Prototype Corruption Problem.- 3.6 Prototypes and Prototyping.- 3.7 Prototypes in Class-Based Languages.- 4 The Programming Language Omega.- 4.1 Concepts and Conventions.- 4.2 Lexical Elements.- 4.2.1 Character Set.- 4.2.2 Symbols.- 4.3 Types and Prototypes.- 4.3.1 Standard and System Types.- 4.3.2 Monomorphic Types.- 4.3.3 Generic Prototypes.- 4.3.4 Pseudo Types.- 4.4 Compatibility Rules.- 4.4.1 Static Compatibility.- 4.4.2 Dynamic Compatibility.- 4.4.3 Type and Prototype Identifiers.- 4.5 Variables.- 4.6 Methods.- 4.7 Expressions.- 4.7.1 Elementary Expressions.- 4.7.2 Message Expressions.- 4.7.3 Precedence of Operations.- 4.8 Blocks and Actions.- 4.9 Flow Control.- 4.9.1 Predefined Flow Control Elements.- 4.9.2 Short-Circuit Evaluation of Boolean Operations.- 4.9.3 Iteration over Elements of Data Structures.- 4.9.4 Exception Handling.- 4.10 Memory Management.- 4.11 The Programming Environment.- 4.11.1 The Hierarchy Browser.- 4.11.2 The Object Editor.- 4.11.3 The Method Editor.- 4.11.4 The Log Window.- 4.11.5 The Profiler.- 5 Libraries and Frameworks.- 5.1 Conventional and Object-Oriented Libraries.- 5.2 Kinds of Classes.- 5.3 Object Protocols.- 5.4 Prototype Libraries.- 5.5 Frameworks.- 5.6 Cookbooks and Examples.- 6 The Omega Library.- 6.1 Concepts.- 6.2 Object Protocol.- 6.2.1 Variables of Object.- 6.2.2 Copying and Cloning.- 6.2.3 Comparison.- 6.2.4 Meta-Information.- 6.2.5 External Representation.- 6.2.6 Input.- 6.2.7 Exceptions.- 6.2.8 Workspace Activation and Passivation.- 6.2.9 Attributes.- 6.2.10 Change Propagation.- 6.2.11 Miscellaneous Methods.- 6.3 Basic Types.- 6.3.1 Integer.- 6.3.2 Real.- 6.3.3 Boolean.- 6.3.4 Char.- 6.3.5 Nil.- 6.3.6 Wrapper.- 6.4 Containers.- 6.4.1 Container.- 6.4.2 ByteArray.- 6.4.3 String.- 6.4.4 StringConstant.- 6.4.5 Collection.- 6.4.6 Array.- 6.4.7 IdSet.- 6.4.8 IdDictionary.- 6.5 Graphical Objects.- 6.5.1 Point.- 6.5.2 Box.- 6.5.3 Image.- 6.5.4 Area.- 6.5.5 Elementary Images.- 6.5.6 Pictures.- 6.6 User Interaction.- 6.6.1 Events.- 6.6.2 Event Handlers.- 6.7 Views, Windows and Panes.- 6.7.1 View.- 6.7.2 Windows.- 6.7.3 Panes.- 6.8 One-of-a-Kind Prototypes.- 6.8.1 Mouse.- 6.8.2 Keyboard.- 6.8.3 Workspace.- 6.9 Applications.- 7 Object-Oriented Design.- 7.1 The Goals of Object-Oriented Design.- 7.2 Design Techniques.- 7.2.1 The Vocabulary Approach.- 7.2.2 CRC Cards.- 7.3 Design Guidelines.- 7.3.1 Reusability.- 7.3.2 Safety.- 7.3.3 Inheritance.- 7.3.4 Libraries.- 7.3.5 Incremental Design.- 7.4 Designing with Prototypes.- 8 Final Words of Advice.- 8.1 Object-Oriented Programming - When and How?.- 8.2 Efficiency Considerations.- 8.3 The Influence of the Programming Language.- 8.4 Possible Pitfalls.- 8.5 The Spirit of Object-Oriented Programming.- References.- Figures.- Appendix A: The Syntax of Omega.- Appendix B: The Omega Type Hierarchy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relaxation of the ZnS buffer and pseudomorphic growth of CdS QWs were investigated by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, and the SL structures were ascertained by the observation of satellites in X-ray diffraction spectra.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a DC plasma cell for nitrogen doping of ZnTe layers grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), achieving a hole concentration of 1×10 20 cm -3 with mobilities up to 30 cm 2 /V·s at room temperature.
02 Jul 1994-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase effect of the electronic stopping cross section (SCS) of hydrogen projectiles in H2O at energies near the stopping maximum was investigated, and it was shown that at low ion velocities the SCS of the gas is considerably higher than that of the solid (up to 15%).
Abstract: The gas-solid difference (phase effect) of the electronic stopping cross section (SCS) is investigated for hydrogen projectiles in H2O at energies near the stopping maximum. We find experimentally, that at low ion velocities the SCS of the gas is considerably higher than that of the solid (up to 15%). This result is discussed in terms of differences between the valence states of H2O vapor and of ice and in terms of the projectile inelastic processes.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of various alkyltrimethylammonium ions added to the running electrolyte on the migration behaviour of cationic chelate complexes was examined.
TL;DR: Applications to the determination of cations relevant in clinical chemistry are demonstrated for serum samples and the advantage of capillary zone electrophoresis over ion chromatography can be seen in the fact that proteins need not be removed from the sample and do not interfere with the separation of low-molecular-mass ions.
TL;DR: In this article, the precolumn derivatization of carbohydrates with p-aminobenzoic acid and their efficient separation as borate complexes by means of capillary zone electrophoresis, using a capillary tube of fused silica containing 150 mmol/L borate buffer, pH 10.0, as carrier.
Abstract: This study describes the precolumn derivatization of carbohydrates with p-aminobenzoic acid and their efficient separation as borate complexes by means of capillary zone electrophoresis, using a capillary tube of fused silica containing 150 mmol/L borate buffer, pH 10.0, as carrier. On-column UV-monitoring at 285 nm allowed the detection of aldoses and uronic acids in the lower femtomole range. Reproducible quantification of carbohydrates was achieved at least in the concentration range of 0.1–10 mmol/L by the relative peak area method, using cinnamic acid as internal standard. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the monosaccharide composition of both commercially obtained xylans as well as of hemicelluloses obtained by hydrothermal degradation of biomass.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered the stable determination of the death rate λ in the fundamental equation of age structured population dynamics ρt + ρa + λρ = 0 and formulated the inverse problem as an operator equation and then, use a method of least squares for its solution.
TL;DR: It is shown that the pinning potential at low temperatures is of the order of the core contribution of a small number of pancake vortices and therefore intrinsically limited to small values, while at higher temperatures the correlation length along the field direction increases, which naturally leads to higher potentials.
Abstract: Voltage-current curves obtained from transport measurements on c-axis-oriented thin films of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ allow us to determine the temperature, field, and field-orientation dependence of the pinning potential on the basis of the simple Kim-Anderson model for the thermal activation of flux lines. A strong increase of the pinning potential is found at low temperatures, followed by a field-dependent maximum between 60 and 70 K and a decrease towards the transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The results are compared to literature data of the pinning potential ${\mathit{U}}_{0}$(T) obtained from relaxation measurements and discussed in terms of thermal activation theory and related models for the current dependence of ${\mathit{U}}_{0}$. The analysis of the E-J curves, results on the angular dependence of ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}^{\mathit{a}\mathit{b}}$, calculations of the pinning potential based on the core contribution, and due consideration of the different nature of the flux lines at low and high temperatures lead to a consistent picture, in which all results are explained in a qualitative way, without the need of invoking recent models on complex pinning interactions and on new phases of the flux-line lattice. It is shown that the pinning potential at low temperatures is of the order of the core contribution of a small number of pancake vortices and therefore intrinsically limited to small values, while at higher temperatures the correlation length along the field direction increases, which naturally leads to higher potentials.
TL;DR: In this article, highly cross-linked styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer particles were chemically modified by direct nitration, followed by reduction with tin metal and quaternization with iodomethane to produce a superficial layer of quaternized amino functions.
TL;DR: In this article, the shape and position of the p-n junction created by ion beam milling was studied using a scanning electron microscope, and a model for the explanation of the conversion based on the assumption of an extremely low Hg interstitial migration energy was proposed.
TL;DR: It is shown that the detergent solubilization and partial purification of the receptor from rat erythrocytes can be successfully incorporated into planar lipid bilayers, greatly decreasing the concentration of aerolysin required to form channels.
Abstract: The cytolytic toxin aerolysin binds to a receptor on the surface of eukaryotic cells. Murine erythrocytes are among the most sensitive to the toxin. Here we describe the detergent solubilization and partial purification of the receptor from rat erythrocytes. We show that it can be successfully incorporated into planar lipid bilayers, greatly decreasing the concentration of aerolysin required to form channels. Exploiting the ability of the receptor to bind aerolysin after SDS electrophoresis and blotting, we obtain evidence that it is a 47 kDa glycoprotein that is sensitive to proteases and N-glycosidase. It may correspond to CHIP28, the water channel of the human erythrocyte.
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TL;DR: This chapter discusses the most important aspects of the Omega library and an idea of what the library contains and how its parts can be reused is given.
Abstract: This chapter discusses the most important aspects of the Omega library. It does not explain all elements, but just those that are most frequently used in the solution of a problem. The intention of this chapter is to give the reader an idea of what the library contains and how its parts can be reused. As the Omega library closely follows the design principles of other object-oriented libraries, this chapter should also give the reader some insight into object-oriented libraries in general.