Showing papers by "Michigan State University published in 1976"
TL;DR: Evidence suggests that some humoral agent or agents, operating through the Na+−K+ pump in cardiovascular muscle, participate in the genesis of the volume expanded hypertensions.
406 citations
TL;DR: This paper examines eight clustering programs which are representative of the various available techniques and compare their performances from several points of view to set some guidelines for a potential user of a clustering technique.
336 citations
TL;DR: Three species of sunfishes segregate ecologically when stocked together in small ponds, but when each species is stocked separately in replicate ponds, it exhibits competitive release through increases in growth rate and average food size.
Abstract: Three species of sunfishes segregate ecologically when stocked together in small ponds. When each species is stocked separately in replicate ponds, it exhibits competitive release through increases in growth rate and average food size. Niche shifts are indicated by convergence of these species to the same food habits in the absence of competitors. These shifts are due to phenotypic (behavioral) plasticity. The significance of niche flexibility is related to seasonal patterns in resource availability.
326 citations
323 citations
TL;DR: Pretreatment urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol levels may some day be useful in predicting to which of these two tricyclic antidepressants a patient will respond.
Abstract: • This article reviews all the prospective, double-blind controlled studies that have evaluated the prediction of response to imipramine hydrochloride and amitriptyline hydrochloride in depressed patients. Despite widely divergent methodologies, an attempt is made to extract clinically useful conclusions from these data. Critiques of each study and the criteria used in their evaluation are presented, with suggestions for future research included. The predictors of positive response to imipramine and amitriptyline are as follows: upper socioeconomic class, insidious onset, anorexia, weight loss, middle and late insomnia, and psychomotor disturbance. The predictors of poor response are the following: neurotic, hypochondriacal, and hysterical traits, multiple prior episodes, and delusions. Pretreatment urinary 3methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) levels may some day be useful in predicting to which of these two tricyclic antidepressants a patient will respond.
295 citations
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TL;DR: The fat cow syndrome refers to a combination of metabolic, digestive, infectious, and reproductive conditions which affects the obese periparturient cow which develops primarily due to faulty feed management which permits excessive consumption of unbalanced diets.
262 citations
TL;DR: The cross-tolerance of oxygen and paraquats and the induction by paraquat of pulmonary enzymes that supply reducing equivalents to combat oxidative damage support the proposal that paraqu at may initiate lipid peroxidation in vivo.
244 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the RESET test for specification error in a linear regression model is modified based on OLS residuals, and it is shown that the modified test is equivalent to a test based on BLUS residuals.
Abstract: This paper considers the test RESET, which is a test for specification error in a linear regression model. It makes a modification in the test based on OLS residuals, and shows that the modified test is equivalent to a test based on BLUS residuals.
180 citations
TL;DR: The survival time of zooplankton under conditions of total starvation is expressed as a function of weight-specific respiration rate and the fraction of initial (pre-starvation) body weight which may be lost prior to death.
Abstract: Summary
The survival time of zooplankton under conditions of total starvation is expressed as a function of weight-specific respiration rate and the fraction of initial (pre-starvation) body weight which may be lost prior to death. Data from the literature on these two components of survival time are used to formulate a general expression of survivorship of zooplankton at 20°C as a function of body weight: t=2·95 w0·25, where t is in days and w is μg dry weight. Survival time data from the literature on 25 marine and freshwater species are compared to this prediction as are new data on Daphnia pulex Leydig, D. magna Straus and Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch). The effects of age-specific (non-starvation) mortality are considered; in particular, older individuals of each of these species survive for shorter periods of time than predicted and an interaction between age-specific and starvation-induced mortality is proposed. The effects of total and partial starvation on the size structure of zooplankton communities are discussed.
178 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated unequivocally that N2-derived nitrogen fixed by this organism is metabolized initially by the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway.
177 citations
TL;DR: A quantitative animal model which has proved useful in assessing the potential therapeutic value of drugs in the treatment of parkinsonism is used and rats, in which the nigrostriatal pathway has been destroyed unilaterally by 6-hydroxydopamine, were shown to rotate towards the lesioned side when injected with drugs.
Abstract: AT least some of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are believed to result from the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurones which normally innervate the striatum. Parkinsonian patients have an abnormally low concentration of dopamine in this region of the basal ganglia1,2, and parkinsonian symptoms can be alleviated by the dopamine precursor L-dopa3. A quantitative animal model which has proved useful in assessing the potential therapeutic value of drugs in the treatment of parkinsonism was described some years ago by Ungerstedt and Arbuthnott4. Rats, in which the nigrostriatal pathway has been destroyed unilaterally by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), were shown to rotate towards the lesioned side when injected with drugs, such as amphetamine, which release dopamine from neurones in the brain, and towards the unlesioned side when injected with L-dopa and dopamine agonists5,6. This contralateral rotation has been attributed to supersensitivity of the denervated striatal dopamine receptors5,6.
TL;DR: A quantitative ultrastructural investigation was undertaken to compare the nucleus circularis (NC) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat both under normal and water-deprived conditions, and NC was found to have dramatically more of its cells and membrane surface involved in direct soma-somatic contact than the SON.
TL;DR: The polypeptide contained in the cyanophycin granule, a characteristic cyanobacterial subcellular inclusion, is shown to be a highly branched structure consisting of a polyaspartic acid core to which arginyl residues are attached at each free carboxyl group of the polyas partic acid.
TL;DR: Of four forecasting methods, degree day and developmental unit summations, starting from first catch, for the preoviposition and incubation period were most reliable in predicting the beginning of spring brood egg hatch.
Abstract: The relationship of pheromone trap catch to emergence and oviposition of the codling moth was defined for the two-generation climate of Michigan. Catch anticipated emergence and oviposition during spring flight when the trap displayed greatest efficiency, but lagged behind emergence and closely followed oviposition during the second generation. Trapping efficiency declined towards the end of the first generation and was generally lower during summer flight. Factors which possibly relate to this efficiency loss are discussed. First catch and the catch peaks in both generations were evaluated as reference points for the prediction of phenological events (particularly egg hatch) in both generations Of four forecasting methods, degree day and developmental unit summations, starting from first catch, for the preoviposition and incubation period were most reliable in predicting the beginning of spring brood egg hatch.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define three mutually incompatible ethical positions in regard to the fair and unbiased use of psychological tests for different groups such as blacks and whites, and review five statistical definitions of test bias.
Abstract: This article defines three mutually incompatible ethical positions in regard to the fair and unbiased use of psychological tests for different groups such as blacks and whites. Five statistical definitions of test bias are also reviewed and are related to the three ethical positions. Each definition is critically examined for its weaknesses on either technical or social grounds. We ultimately argue that the attempt to define fair use without recourse to substantive and causal analysis is doomed to failure.
TL;DR: The fossil record of the Ketones family can be traced back to the 6th Century AD, although the precise date is still poorly known.
Abstract: e-Cleavage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A. Aeyelic Al iphat ie Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 B. Aldehydes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 C. Cyclic Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D. Phenyl Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
TL;DR: A review of experimental results on multiparticle production, as studied in the bubble chamber, are summarized and comparisons are made among the different incident projectile and target reactions as discussed by the authors, and preliminary results are available from interactions of K± with protons, π+ and protons with deuterium, and π− with neon.
TL;DR: For example, Atkin et al. as discussed by the authors found that highly exposed voters were somewhat more likely to attach higher agenda priorities to issues and candidate attributes emphasized in the commercials and that personal affect toward each candidate was mildly associated with advertising exposure frequency.
Abstract: Relationships between broadcast advertising exposure and various cognitive and affective orientations were assessed in a survey of voters during a congressional election campaign. Exposure was moderately correlated with political knowledge and interest. Highly exposed voters were somewhat more likely to attach higher agenda priorities to issues and candidate attributes emphasized in the commercials. Personal affect toward each candidate was mildly associated with advertising exposure frequency. Charles Atkin is an Associate Professor in the Department of Communication at Michigan State University. Gary Heald is an Assistant Professor of Mass Communication at Florida State University. POQ 40 (1976) 216-228 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.181 on Thu, 29 Sep 2016 06:13:19 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms EFFECTS OF POLITICAL ADVERTISING 217 Recent research evidence indicates that television advertising contributes to voters' knowledge levels. McClure and Patterson report that about three-fourths of the voters who recalled seeing a political advertisment in the 1972 presidential campaign could correctly identify the ad's message.2 Furthermore, voters heavily exposed to television were more likely to show increased accuracy of perception of candidates' positions on 10 issues presented frequently in campaign advertising: on the average, there was a net 32 percent change in the correct direction among heavy viewers and a net 24 percent change among light viewers.3 Atkin, Bowen, Nayman, and Sheinkopf found that voters felt they learned substantive information about candidates' qualifications and issue positions from TV ads in two gubernatorial campaigns.4 The message and receiver conditions facilitating political knowledge acquisition have been identified in several advertising studies. Patterson and McClure discovered that political advertising had its strongest impact on issue awareness for voters with low exposure to newspapers and television news.5 Atkin et al. showed that perceived knowledge gain was greatest for voters who paid close attention to advertising messages and for those who cited an information-seeking motivation for watching ads.6 The role of message repetition in political knowledge gain has been studied by Rothschild and Ray, who experimentally manipulated the frequency of presentation of brief slide advertisments for several candidates. They discovered that unaided recall increased monotonically from treatments showing one to two to four to six repetitions; for instance, there was 20 percent recall of the congressional candidates with a single presentation and 55 percent recall with six presentations.7 2 Robert McClure and Thomas Patterson, "Television News and Political Advertising: The Impact of Exposure on Voter Beliefs," Communication Research, Vol. 1, 1974, pp. 3-31. I Thomas Patterson and Robert McClure, "Television News and Televised Political Advertising: Their Impact on the Voter," Congress and Mass Communications, appendix to hearings before the Joint Committee on Congressional Operations, Ninety-third Congress, Second Session, 1974, pp. 571-618. 'Charles Atkin, Lawrence Bowen, Oguz Nayman, and Kenneth Sheinkopf, "Quality Versus Quantity in Televised Political Ads," The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 37, 1973, pp. 209-224. In contrast, an unpublished survey of voters in nonpresidential campaigns shows that those seeing the largest number of broadcast ads were the least capable of correctly identifying the political candidates. This finding may be attributed to viewer selectivity or a "clutter effect" that leaves the voter confused by excessive exposure to similar campaign messages promoting minimally distinguishable candidates; see Timothy Meyer and Thomas Donohue, "The New Student Voter and the 'Selling' of Politicians," Phi Kappa Phi Journal, Vol. 54, 1974, pp. 8-13. Patterson and McClure, op. cit. 6 Atkin et al., op. cit. To the extent that the political candidate's name and positions are well known, exposure to campaign messages should not result in marked information gain. In the 1960 presidential campaign, for example, there were increases in knowledge concerning the relatively unknown Senator Kennedy but little changes in knowledge about the more familiar Vice-President Nixon. See Ben-Zeev and 1. S. White, "Effects and Implications," in Kraus, ed., op. cit. 7 Michael Rothschild and Michael Ray, "Involvement and Political Advertising Effect: An Exploratory Experiment," Communication Research, Vol. 1, 1974, pp. 264-284. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.181 on Thu, 29 Sep 2016 06:13:19 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
TL;DR: Cibacron Blue F3GA, the chromophore of Blue Dextran, interacted with all eight nucleotide-requiring enzymes that were examined, and it is suggested that neither yeast nor rat brain hexokinase contains the dinucleotide fold as a structural feature.
TL;DR: Observations indicate that rate of glucose utilization in the chicken is rapid and that substantial recycling of glucose carbon occurs in fasted chickens.
Abstract: The effect of fasting on blood metabolites and glucose metabolism in the chicken was studied. Parameters of glucose metabolism were estimated in vivo using a single injection of [2-3H]-glucose or [6-3H]-glucose in combination with [U-14C]-glucose. Plasma glucose, blood lactate and blood acetoacetate levels were not significantly changed in chickens fasted for 72 hours. Pyruvate levels in chickens fasted for 24 hours were higher than those observed in blood from birds fasted 0 to 72 hours. Further, the lactate to pyruvate ratio was lower in chickens fasted for 24 to 72 hours than in fed chickens. Fasting chickens for 24 or 72 hours resulted in three- to fivefold increase in blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels and a significant increase in beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate ratio. Plasma levels of alanine and serine were increased after a 24 hour fast but were not further changed when fasting was extended to 72 hours. Plasma aspartate and glutamate levels were not significantly changed in chickens fasted for 24 hours but were markedly decreased in chickens fasted for 72 hours. Plasma levels of glycine were significantly lower in chickens fasted 24 or 72 hours than in fed birds. Glucose replacement rates estimated with [2-3H]-glucose in chickens fasted 0,24 and 72 hours were 14.3, 9.1 and 9.4 mg glucose/minute/kg body weight, respectively. Fasting up to 72 hours did not influence the total body glucose mass in the chickens. The degree of glucose-carbon recycling in 24-hour fasted chickens estimated by using [2-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose or [6-3H]- and [U-14C]-glucose averaged 42% to 52% and 27% to 30%, respectively. These observations indicate that rate of glucose utilization in the chicken is rapid and that substantial recycling of glucose carbon occurs in fasted chickens.
TL;DR: A time-series cohort analysis of eleven surveys conducted by the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan between 1952 and 1974 strongly suggests that the low level of partisan identification among young adults results largely from fundamental differences between their socialization and that of their elders as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A large and growing proportion of Americans claims to be neither Republican nor Democratic, and partisan independence is most wide-spread among young adults. A time-series cohort analysis of eleven surveys conducted by the Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan between 1952 and 1974 strongly suggests that the low level of partisan identification among young adults results largely from fundamental differences between their socialization and that of their elders. The overall decline in party identification results largely from generational change. High levels of partisan identification persist among persons who entered the electorate before World War II, but among those who entered the electorate more recently levels of identification are low. The analysis strongly suggests that overall levels of party identification will continue to decline, and permits examination of one process by which party loyalties among mass electorates gradually are transformed.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the protons produced by electron transport may be used directly for phosphorylation without even entering the bulk of the inner aqueous phase of the lamellar system and could proceed long before the internal pH reflected the proton activity gradients within the membrane.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the material stored in C4 bundle sheath cells is at least partially unavailable to herbivores, and that this may contribute to the observed nutritional inferiority of C4 vegetation.
Abstract: Plants with the C4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthetic CO2 fixation are generally nutritionally inferior to C3 (Calvin cycle) plants as foodstuff for herbivores. A possible contributing factor to this nutritional inferiority is the concentration, in C4 plants, of large quantities of nutritional material in very tough, thick-walled vascular bundle sheath cells which herbivores may not be able to break down. Experiments with 10 species of grass-hoppers from different areas in the United States revealed large numbers of unbroken bundle sheath cells, contents intact, in fecal pellets produced when the grasshoppers were fed C4 vegetation. We conclude that the material stored in C4 bundle sheath cells is at least partially unavailable to herbivores, and that this may contribute to the observed nutritional inferiority of C4 vegetation.
TL;DR: Findings indicate that enhanced rates of serotonin turnover produced by L-tryptophan and physical restraint are associated with inhibition of TSH and stimulation of PRL release from the anterior pituitary.
TL;DR: The overall results of this study indicate that DA agonists inhibit PRL and TSH, stimulate GH but do not stimulate LH release in male rats.
Abstract: The dose-response effects of apomorphine and ET-495 (piribedil), 2 specific dopamine (DA) receptor stimulators, and haloperidol, a DA receptor blocker, were tested on the secretion of prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in male rats. Both apomorphine and piribedil reduced serum PRL and TSH levels, stimulated GH release at low but not at high doses and either had no effect or tended to reduce serum LH levels. The minimal effective dose of apomorphine for reducing PRL by 30 min was 0.01 mg/kg; TSH inhibition was observed with a dose of 0.1-0.3 mg/kg. The inhibitory effects of apomorphine (1.0 mg/kg) on PRL and TSH levels were maximal by 15 min and diminished by 120 min; plasma GH was highest 120 min after injection. Thyroidectomy (10 days) markedLH elevated serum TSH, had no effect on serum PRL and inhibited the ability of apomorphine (0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) to reduce TSH but not PRL levels. These observations may indicate that separate dopaminergic control mechanisms exist for TSH and PRL secretion. Administration of haloperidol elevated serum PRL, tended to lower TSH, dramatically reduced GH and had no effect on LH levels. Haloperidol pre-treatment blocked the effects of apomorphine on PRL, TSH, and GH secretion. The overall results of this study indicate that DA agonists inhibit PRL and TSH, stimulate GH but do not stimulate LH release in male rats.
TL;DR: In this paper, the relation between measured finite strain and those physical behaviour characteristics of rocks that are dependent upon the anisotropy resulting from deformation is established by establishing the relation of measured finite deformation to those physical behavior characteristics.
Abstract: The evaluation of finite strain in naturally deformed rocks is restricted by the limited occurrence of good natural strain indicators which are also homogeneous with respect to the matrix. This problem is overcome by establishing the relation between measured finite strain and those physical behaviour characteristics of rocks that are dependent upon the anisotropy resulting from deformation. Accordingly, the strain measured from natural indicators is calibrated against ( degree of preferred orientation, (b) magnetic susceptibility anisotropy, and (r) seismic anisotropy. This _ will permit three approaches to be used independently for the evaluation of strain, provided that a minimal number of actual strains are available. The relation between measured strain and the degree of preferred orientation of layer silicates as revealed by X-ray transmission goniometry is established for a group of fine grained tectonites of dominantly planar fabric which have an average deformation ellipsoid of form 1.6:1 :,0.26. The strains measured from the degree of preferred orientation are in remarkable agreement with those measured from natural strain indicators. The measured deformation ellipsoids for a wide range of strains are also compared to the correlative ellipsoids of magnetic susceptibility anisotropy. The axes of both sets of ellipsoids are coincidental and the shape relationship between deformation and magnetic susceptibility ellipsoids is established by linear regression. Finally, the anisotropy of seismic velocities is determined by measuring the pseudocompressional velocity and two orthogonally polarized pseudo shear wave velocities for each of a minimum of nine non-coplanar directions. The velocity surfaces thus obtained define an elastic or seismic velocity anisotropy ellipsoid, the axes of which are also precisely coincidental with those of the finite deformation ellipsoid. The influence of rock fabric upon seismic velocities is such that for a rock which has undergone a principal finite extension of 135 % and a finite shortening of 65 %, the difference of compressional and shear wave velocities between these two directions is in the ratio 1.26:1 for P waves and 1.33:1 for S waves.