Showing papers by "Nokia published in 2008"

Weighted sum-rate maximization using weighted MMSE for MIMO-BC beamforming design

Abstract: This paper studies linear transmit filter design for Weighted Sum-Rate (WSR) maximization in the multiple input multiple output broadcast channel (MIMO-BC). The problem of finding the optimal transmit filter is non-convex and intractable to solve using low complexity methods. Motivated by recent results highlighting the relationship between mutual information and minimum mean square error (MMSE), this paper establishes a relationship between weighted sum-rate and weighted MMSE in the MIMO-BC. The relationship is used to propose two low complexity algorithms for finding a local weighted sum-rate optimum based on alternating optimization. Numerical results studying sum-rate show that the proposed algorithms achieve high performance with few iterations.

Practical Poissonian-Gaussian Noise Modeling and Fitting for Single-Image Raw-Data

Abstract: We present a simple and usable noise model for the raw-data of digital imaging sensors This signal-dependent noise model, which gives the pointwise standard-deviation of the noise as a function of the expectation of the pixel raw-data output, is composed of a Poissonian part, modeling the photon sensing, and Gaussian part, for the remaining stationary disturbances in the output data We further explicitly take into account the clipping of the data (over- and under-exposure), faithfully reproducing the nonlinear response of the sensor We propose an algorithm for the fully automatic estimation of the model parameters given a single noisy image Experiments with synthetic images and with real raw-data from various sensors prove the practical applicability of the method and the accuracy of the proposed model

Real-time wireless e-coupon (promotion) definition based on available segment

Abstract: Advertising messages are provided to mobile terminals of those users identified by user information as meeting certain criteria, such as users fitting particular user profiles and/or users located in a particular desired location. The content of the advertising messages is dynamically generated based on the number of mobile terminals to whom the advertising message is to be sent and the advertising message is sent to the identified mobile terminals over a mobile network or a short range communication signal. In the latter case, location information may be sent to the mobile terminal along with an advertising message. Where the content of an advertising message comprises an electronic coupon, the value of the coupon depends on the number of mobile terminals to whom the advertising message is to be sent. A mobile terminal user can redeem an electronic coupon by transmitting it from his mobile terminal to a coupon redemption terminal.

Efficient aggregation for graph summarization

Abstract: Graphs are widely used to model real world objects and their relationships, and large graph datasets are common in many application domains. To understand the underlying characteristics of large graphs, graph summarization techniques are critical. However, existing graph summarization methods are mostly statistical (studying statistics such as degree distributions, hop-plots and clustering coefficients). These statistical methods are very useful, but the resolutions of the summaries are hard to control.In this paper, we introduce two database-style operations to summarize graphs. Like the OLAP-style aggregation methods that allow users to drill-down or roll-up to control the resolution of summarization, our methods provide an analogous functionality for large graph datasets. The first operation, called SNAP, produces a summary graph by grouping nodes based on user-selected node attributes and relationships. The second operation, called k-SNAP, further allows users to control the resolutions of summaries and provides the "drill-down" and "roll-up" abilities to navigate through summaries with different resolutions. We propose an efficient algorithm to evaluate the SNAP operation. In addition, we prove that the k-SNAP computation is NP-complete. We propose two heuristic methods to approximate the k-SNAP results. Through extensive experiments on a variety of real and synthetic datasets, we demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methods.

Virtual trip lines for distributed privacy-preserving traffic monitoring

Abstract: Automotive traffic monitoring using probe vehicles with Global Positioning System receivers promises significant improvements in cost, coverage, and accuracy. Current approaches, however, raise privacy concerns because they require participants to reveal their positions to an external traffic monitoring server. To address this challenge, we propose a system based on virtual trip lines and an associated cloaking technique. Virtual trip lines are geographic markers that indicate where vehicles should provide location updates. These markers can be placed to avoid particularly privacy sensitive locations. They also allow aggregating and cloaking several location updates based on trip line identifiers, without knowing the actual geographic locations of these trip lines. Thus they facilitate the design of a distributed architecture, where no single entity has a complete knowledge of probe identities and fine-grained location information. We have implemented the system with GPS smartphone clients and conducted a controlled experiment with 20 phone-equipped drivers circling a highway segment. Results show that even with this low number of probe vehicles, travel time estimates can be provided with less than 15% error, and applying the cloaking techniques reduces travel time estimation accuracy by less than 5% compared to a standard periodic sampling approach.

Outdoors augmented reality on mobile phone using loxel-based visual feature organization

Abstract: We have built an outdoors augmented reality system for mobile phones that matches camera-phone images against a large database of location-tagged images using a robust image retrieval algorithm. We avoid network latency by implementing the algorithm on the phone and deliver excellent performance by adapting a state-of-the-art image retrieval algorithm based on robust local descriptors. Matching is performed against a database of highly relevant features, which is continuously updated to reflect changes in the environment. We achieve fast updates and scalability by pruning of irrelevant features based on proximity to the user. By compressing and incrementally updating the features stored on the phone we make the system amenable to low-bandwidth wireless connections. We demonstrate system robustness on a dataset of location-tagged images and show a smart-phone implementation that achieves a high image matching rate while operating in near real-time.

Method, Device, Mobile Terminal, and Computer Program Product for a Point of Interest Based Scheme for Improving Mobile Visual Searching Functionalities

Abstract: Systems, methods, devices and computer program products which relate to utilizing a camera of a mobile terminal as a user interface for search applications and online services to perform visual searching are provided. The system consists of an apparatus that includes a processor that is configured to capture an image of one or more objects and analyze data of the image to identify an object(s) of the image. The processor is further configured to receive information that is associated with at least one object of the images and display the information that is associated with the image. In this regard, the apparatus is able to simplify access to location based services and improve a user's experience. The processor of the apparatus is configured to combine results of robust visual searches with online information resources to enhance location based services.

An ensemble Kalman filtering approach to highway traffic estimation using GPS enabled mobile devices

Abstract: Traffic state estimation is a challenging problem for the transportation community due to the limited deployment of sensing infrastructure. However, recent trends in the mobile phone industry suggest that GPS equipped devices will become standard in the next few years. Leveraging these GPS equipped devices as traffic sensors will fundamentally change the type and the quality of traffic data collected on large scales in the near future. New traffic models and data assimilation algorithms must be developed to efficiently transform this data into usable traffic information. In this work, we introduce a new partial differential equation (PDE) based on the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards PDE, which serves as a flow model for velocity. We formulate a Godunov discretization scheme to cast the PDE into a Velocity Cell Transmission Model (CTM-v), which is a nonlinear dynamical system with a time varying observation matrix. The Ensemble Kalman Filtering (EnKF) technique is applied to the CTM- v to estimate the velocity field on the highway using data obtained from GPS devices, and the method is illustrated in microsimulation on a fully calibrated model of I880 in California. Experimental validation is performed through the unprecedented 100-vehicle Mobile Century experiment, which used a novel privacy-preserving traffic monitoring system to collect GPS cell phone data specifically for this research.

The Discrete Basis Problem

Abstract: Matrix decomposition methods represent a data matrix as a product of two factor matrices: one containing basis vectors that represent meaningful concepts in the data, and another describing how the observed data can be expressed as combinations of the basis vectors. Decomposition methods have been studied extensively, but many methods return real-valued matrices. Interpreting real-valued factor matrices is hard if the original data is Boolean. In this paper, we describe a matrix decomposition formulation for Boolean data, the Discrete Basis Problem. The problem seeks for a Boolean decomposition of a binary matrix, thus allowing the user to easily interpret the basis vectors. We also describe a variation of the problem, the Discrete Basis Partitioning Problem. We show that both problems are NP-hard. For the Discrete Basis Problem, we give a simple greedy algorithm for solving it; for the Discrete Basis Partitioning Problem we show how it can be solved using existing methods. We present experimental results for the greedy algorithm and compare it against other, well known methods. Our algorithm gives intuitive basis vectors, but its reconstruction error is usually larger than with the real-valued methods. We discuss about the reasons for this behavior.

Setup of device to device connection

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus, methods and computer programs to establish device-to-device communications in a wireless network. A method includes sending an initiation message from a first device to initiate device-to-device communication with a second device; receiving a message indicating a request for setting up radio resources for device-to-device communication; sending a message to the second device, the message including a request to set up resources for device-to-device communication and, in response to establishing device-to-device communication with the second device using the resources, sending an acknowledgment that device-to-device communication is established.

System and method for self-optimization of interference coordination in communication systems

Abstract: In accordance with aspects of the present invention, a method, apparatus and system are provided for self-optimization of interference coordination in communication systems. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a measurement and reporting subsystem (850) configured to perform measurements regarding a status of the apparatus and to provide a reliability report to a base station as a function thereof. The apparatus is configured to notify a strongest interferer about the status via the reliability report. In another embodiment, the apparatus includes a measurement report handler (815) configured to process a reliability report received from a user equipment and an interference coordination subsystem (825) configured to adjust interference coordination parameters based on the reliability report received from the user equipment.

Method providing positioning and navigation inside large buildings

Abstract: Positioning and/or navigation of an electronic device within a building when GPS signals are unavailable is provided. The electronic device scans for available Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Access Points (APs) upon, e.g., entering a building. The electronic device detects a signal (e.g., beacon) from at least one available WLAN AP, whereupon the electronic device retrieves the indoor location of the available WLAN AP. The location information can be directly downloaded from the WLAN AP while in state-1 via, e.g., a Native Query Protocol which includes an extension to currently defined Native Query info elements that returns location information. Alternatively, the Media Access Control (MAC) address of the WLAN AP can be read from the beacon signal, which is then used to retrieve the location of the WLAN AP from an associated database. Additionally, various embodiments may be implemented with or via a mapping application or service, where the mapping application is able to display any floor's floor plan of a building and determine/obtain the position of the electronic device inside the building relative to the floor plan.

How people use the web on mobile devices

Abstract: This paper describes a series of user studies on how people use the Web via mobile devices. The data primarily comes from contextual inquiries with 47 participants between 2004 and 2007, and is complemented with a phone log analysis of 577 panelists in 2007. We report four key contextual factors in using the Web on mobile devices and propose mobile Web activity taxonomy. The framework contains three user activity categories identical to previous stationary Web studies: information seeking, communication, and transaction, and a new category: personal space extension. The new category refers to the practice that people put their content on the Web for personal access, therefore extending their personal information space.

Towards a shared definition of user experience

Abstract: User experience (UX) is still an elusive notion with many different definitions, despite some recent attempts to develop a unified view on UX. The lack of a shared definition of UX not only confuses or even misleads customers of a product/service but also undermines the effectiveness of researching, managing and teaching UX. Diverse ideas have been generated in scientific activities that aim to develop a common understanding about the meaning and scope of UX. It is plausible, with sound methodologies, to converge these divergences, driving the UX community closer to a common definition and integrated views of UX. This SIG tackles this challenge by systematically assembling a set of existing definitions and viewpoints of UX and collecting opinions on them from known UX experts/researchers and general CHI'08 attendees.

Wireless energy transfer

Abstract: An apparatus (200) comprising monitoring circuitry (230) configured to monitor a resonant frequency of a supply source (100), a receiving component (211a), and a control unit (220) configured to vary a resonant frequency of said receiving component (211a), wherein the apparatus (200) is configured to vary the resonant frequency of said receiving component (211a) in dependence upon the resonant frequency of said supply source (100).

Smart Home Mobile RFID-Based Internet-of-Things Systems and Services

Abstract: Smart homes can apply new Internet-Of-Things concepts along with RFID technologies for creating ubiquitous services. This paper introduces a novel read-out method for a hierarchical wireless master-slave RFID reader architecture of multi standard NFC (Near Field Communication) and UHF (Ultra High Frequency) technologies to build a smart home service system that benefits in terms of cost, energy consumption and complexity. Various smart home service use cases such as washing programs, cooking, shopping and elderly health care are described as examples that make use of this system.

Visual cognition aware display and visual data transmission architecture

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and computer program products reduce bandwidth requirements in mobile video and gaming applications by tracking a gaze fixation point of a user on a video image at a remote location; generating information identifying the gaze fixation point at the remote location; transmitting the gaze fixation point information to a source of video information over a network; determining a portion of a video image to transmit at a high resolution and a remaining portion to transmit at a low resolution using the transmitted gaze fixation point information; and transmitting the portion of the video image selected for transmission at a high resolution at the high resolution and the portion of the video image selected for transmission at a low resolution at the low resolution. Further methods, apparatus and computer program product also reduce bandwidth requirements by receiving gaze fixation point information from a remote location, wherein the gaze fixation point information indicates where in a video image a user is currently looking; selecting a portion of video images to transmit at a high resolution and a portion of video images to transmit at a low resolution using the transmitted gaze fixation point information; and transmitting the portions of the video images at the determined resolutions.

Dynamic packet scheduling performance in UTRA Long Term Evolution downlink

Abstract: In this paper we evaluate the performance of dynamic Packet Scheduling (PS) of 3GPP UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE) Downlink. Packet scheduling is of utmost importance in 3G LTE, because all traffic types with different Quality of Service requirements are competing of the resources. We present a decoupled time and frequency domain packet scheduling framework for LTE downlink. Simulation results with three basic packet scheduler combinations with different amount of fairness are presented in four different 3GPP macro simulation cases to show the both extremes in tradeoff between fairness and spectral efficiency. In addition, the effect of multiuser diversity on packet scheduling performance is studied. It is shown that by dividing the packet scheduler into a time domain and a frequency domain and utilizing different algorithms in both domains, the throughput fairness between users can be effectively controlled.

Multiword text correction

Abstract: A method including detecting a selection of a plurality of erroneous words in text presented on a display of a device, in an automatic speech recognition system, receiving sequentially dictated corrections for the selected erroneous words in a single, continuous operation where each dictated correction corresponds to at least one of the selected erroneous words, and replacing the plurality of erroneous words with one or more corresponding words of the dictated corrections where each erroneous word is matched with the one or more corresponding words of the dictated corrections in an order the erroneous words appear according to a reading direction of the text.

Methods, apparatuses and computer program products for providing coordination of device to device communication

Abstract: An apparatus for providing coordination of device to device communication may include a processor. The processor is configured to communicate a request for a resource allocation to a network communication node (300). The resource allocation is related to resources usable for device to device communication between a first terminal communicating the request and a second terminal. The processor is further configured to receive a resource allocation including an amount and duration of resources to be used for the device to device communication in response to the request (310), and utilize the resource allocation for device to device communication with the second terminal (320).

Mobile Diary for Wellness Management—Results on Usage and Usability in Two User Studies

Abstract: The prevalence of lifestyle-related health problems is increasing rapidly. Many of the diseases and health risks could be prevented or alleviated by making changes toward healthier lifestyles. We have developed the Wellness Diary (WD), a concept for personal and mobile wellness management based on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Two implementations of the concept were made for the Symbian Series 60 (S60) mobile phone platform, and their usability, usage, and acceptance were studied in two 3-month user studies. Study I was related to weight management and study II to general wellness management. In both the studies, the concept and its implementations were well accepted and considered as easy to use and useful in wellness management. The usage rate of the WD was high and sustained at a high level throughout the study. The average number of entries made per day was 5.32 (SD = 2.59, range = 0-14) in study I, and 5.48 (SD = 2.60, range = 0-17) in study II. The results indicate that the WD is well suited for supporting CBT-based wellness management.

Relaying in a communication system

Abstract: A communication link is provided between a station of an access system and a relay node. The relay node is a node capable of wirelessly communicating with at least one communication device within the coverage thereof. A set up procedure for the communication link is initiated such that the relay node acts as a communication device towards the station, the set up procedure being initiated according to a set up procedure between the station and communication devices accessing the station directly. Communication between the relay node and at least one communication device within the coverage area thereof are handled such that the relay nodes acts as a station of an access system towards said at least one communication device.

Method, device and computer program product for integrating code-based and optical character recognition technologies into a mobile visual search

Abstract: A device for switching between code-based searching, optical character recognition (OCR) searching and visual searching is provided. The device includes a media content input for receiving media content from a camera or other element of the device and transferring this media content to a switch. Additionally, the device includes a meta-information input capable of receiving meta- information from an element of the device and transferring the meta-information to the switch. The switch is able to utilize the received media content and the meta- information to select and/or switch between a visual search algorithm, an OCR algorithm and a code-based algorithm.

Towards a RESTful Plug and Play Experience in the Web of Things

Abstract: The vision of Ambient Intelligence cannot be realized without integrating heterogeneous sensor and actuator networks in a framework of global scale that makes them available via unified service interfaces. Integration of these things into the Web has not been done on such a large scale and the effects on finding and interacting with physical resources are not known. This paper presents a scalable discovery mechanism, augmented with semantic web elements, based on RESTful principles that enables a plug and play experience for heterogeneous sensor and actuator networks in the "Web of Things".

Trust Modeling and Management: From Social Trust to Digital Trust

Abstract: This chapter introduces trust modeling and trust management as a means of managing trust in digital systems. Transforming from a social concept of trust to a digital concept, trust modeling and management help in designing and implementing a trustworthy digital system, especially in emerging distributed systems. Furthermore, the authors hope that understanding the current challenges, solutions and their limitations of trust modeling and management will not only inform researchers of a better design for establishing a trustworthy system, but also assist in the understanding of the intricate concept of trust in a digital environment.

FiD: a software for ab initio structural identification of product ions from tandem mass spectrometric data.

Abstract: We present FiD (Fragment iDentificator), a software tool for the structural identification of product ions produced with tandem mass spectrometric measurement of low molecular weight organic compounds. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has proven to be an indispensable tool in modern, cell-wide metabolomics and fluxomics studies. In such studies, the structural information of the MS(n) product ions is usually needed in the downstream analysis of the measurement data. The manual identification of the structures of MS(n) product ions is, however, a nontrivial task requiring expertise, and calls for computer assistance. Commercial software tools, such as Mass Frontier and ACD/MS Fragmenter, rely on fragmentation rule databases for the identification of MS(n) product ions. FiD, on the other hand, conducts a combinatorial search over all possible fragmentation paths and outputs a ranked list of alternative structures. This gives the user an advantage in situations where the MS/MS data of compounds with less well-known fragmentation mechanisms are processed. FiD software implements two fragmentation models, the single-step model that ignores intermediate fragmentation states and the multi-step model, which allows for complex fragmentation pathways. The software works for MS/MS data produced both in positive- and negative-ion modes. The software has an easy-to-use graphical interface with built-in visualization capabilities for structures of product ions and fragmentation pathways. In our experiments involving amino acids and sugar-phosphates, often found, e.g., in the central carbon metabolism of yeasts, FiD software correctly predicted the structures of product ions on average in 85% of the cases. The FiD software is free for academic use and is available for download from www.cs.helsinki.fi/group/sysfys/software/fragid.

Pointing device detection

Abstract: A method of controlling a user interface of an apparatus including sensing a first angular position of a pointing device relative to the user interface of the apparatus; and performing an operation based, at least partially, upon the sensed first angular position of the pointing device An apparatus including a first section including a user interface comprising a touch sensor; and a sensor system for determining an angular position of a pointing device relative to a portion of the first section

Device and method for determining gaze direction

Abstract: An eye tracker device (200) comprises a diffractive beam expander (207) to provide two substantially collimated illuminating light beams (B11, B12). The collimated light beams (B11, B12) provide two reflection spots (G1, G2) appearing in the image of the eye. The gaze direction (GZD) is calculated from the positions of the reflection spots (G1, G2) with respect to the pupil (P) of the eye (E1). The two illuminating beams (B11, B12) are provided by splitting an infrared laser beam (B4) into two in-coupled beams (B5, B6), which propagate in different directions in the substrate (7) of the beams expander. The in-coupled beams (B5, B6) are expanded and their light is subsequently coupled out of the substrate (7) by an out-coupling grating (230) to illuminate the eye (E1). The same substrate (7) may also be used to implement a virtual display device (100) for displaying virtual images to said eye (E1).

Feel-good touch: finding the most pleasant tactile feedback for a mobile touch screen button

Abstract: Earlier research has shown the benefits of tactile feedback for touch screen widgets in all metrics: performance, usability and user experience. In our current research the goal was to go deeper in understanding the characteristics of a tactile click for virtual buttons. More specifically we wanted to find a tactile click which is the most pleasant to use with a finger. We used two actuator solutions in a small mobile touch screen: piezo actuators or a standard vibration motor. We conducted three experiments: The first and second experiments aimed to find the most pleasant tactile feedback done with the piezo actuators or a vibration motor, respectively, and the third one combined and compared the results from the first two experiments. The results from the first two experiments showed significant differences for the perceived pleasantness of the tactile clicks, and we used these most pleasant clicks in the comparison experiment in addition to the condition with no tactile feedback. Our findings confirmed results from earlier studies showing that tactile feedback is superior to a nontactile condition when virtual buttons are used with the finger regardless of the technology behind the tactile feedback. Another finding suggests that the users perceived the feedback done with piezo actuators slightly more pleasant than the vibration motor based feedback, although not statistically significantly. These results indicate that it is possible to modify the characteristics of the virtual button tactile clicks towards the most pleasant ones, and on the other hand this knowledge can help designers to create better touch screen virtual buttons and keyboards.

Discovering peer-to-peer content using metadata streams

Abstract: Discovering peer-to-peer content using metadata streams involves capturing, for each of a plurality of devices, a content and metadata stream that describes a context of the content. The metadata streams are sent to a metadata repository contemporaneously with the capture of the content by the respective devices. Network queries of the streaming metadata are enable via the metadata repository, and, in response to the network queries, peer-to-peer access of the content is facilitated from one or more of the devices.