Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1980"
TL;DR: Cognitive Science has found that that system is fundamentally metaphorical in character, that is, it contains metaphorical as well as nonmetaphorical concepts, and the metaphorical structure is extremely rich and complex.
765 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the goals for curriculum development in environmental education were discussed and a framework was proposed to support the development of environmental education curriculum, which was later implemented in the UK.
Abstract: (1980). Goals for Curriculum Development in Environmental Education. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 42-47.
378 citations
TL;DR: A comparatively new method that uses case materials for the development and testing of hypotheses and the key role of the content analysis schedule is explained and an illustration centering on environmental volatility is provided.
Abstract: In this article, we introduce a comparatively new method that uses case materials for the development and testing of hypotheses. After comparing cases to questionnaires as a data source, we explain the key role of the content analysis schedule, and provide an illustration centering on environmental volatility.
249 citations
246 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of negative practice and habit reversal with 34 subjects randomly assigned to the two treatments and found that negative practice was about twice as effective as habit reversal in reducing hair pulling episodes.
217 citations
TL;DR: A series of experiments which employed a rule discovery task, the 2-4-6 problem first described by Wason, modified subjects confirmatory tendencies and introduced subjects to the possibility of disconfirmation only after they had developed a strongly held hypothesis through the use of confirmatory evidence.
Abstract: It has long been known that subjects in certain inference tasks will seek evidence which can confirm their present hypotheses, even in situations where disconfirmatory evidence could be more informative. We sought to alter this tendency in a series of experiments which employed a rule discovery task, the 2-4-6 problem first described by Wason. The first experiment instructionally modified subjects confirmatory tendencies. While a disconfirmatory strategy was easily induced, it did not lead to greater efficiency in discovering the rule. The second experiment introduced subjects to the possibility of disconfirmation only after they had developed a strongly held hypothesis through the use of confirmatory evidence. This manipulation also failed to alter the efficiency of rule discovery. In the third experiment, subjects were taught to use multiple hypotheses at each step, in the manner of Platt's “Strong Inference”. This operation actually worsened performance. Finally, in the fourth experiment, the ...
179 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Rotter Internal-External Scale and the Collins subscale were used to measure cheating behavior in college undergraduates, and it was found that cheating was situationally specific; subjects cheated more under the low risk condition than under the high risk condition.
Abstract: Under two conditions (high and low risk) college undergraduates (N = 153) were administered the Rotter Internal-External Scale and the circles test of Hartshorne and May. The I-E Scale was scored for the Collins subscales (1974). The only significant correlation between cheating, the I-E Scale, and the Collins subscales was on the difficult-easy world subscale under the high risk condition (r = .19). This finding was consistent with the findings of Houston. It was found that cheating was situationally specific; subjects cheated more under the low risk condition than under the high risk condition. The data were also analyzed with respect to the relationships between sex, academic ability, and cheating behavior. In the low risk condition women cheated significantly more than men. Sanction threats (high risk condition) were found to reduce the incidence of cheating only for women. Cheating behavior was not related to academic ability; however, under the high risk condition high ability students cheat...
168 citations
TL;DR: Activity in the flight muscles and jump muscles in Drosophila can be stimulated by excitation of a pair of giant fibres that enter the thoracic ganglion from the brain, which suggests that the interneuron may function to speed up activation of the motor axons by bypassing integration within the motor neurons' dendritic trees.
Abstract: Activity in the flight muscles and jump muscles inDrosophila can be stimulated by excitation of a pair of giant fibres that enter the thoracic ganglion from the brain. Contrary to previous descriptions, these giant fibres are not themselves motor axons. Each giant fibre contacts both a large motor axon and an interneuron. The motor axon innervates the ipsilateral tergotrochanteral (jump) muscle. The interneuron synapses in turn with the motor neurons that innervate the contralateral dorsal longitudinal flight muscle. The output synapses of this interneuron occur directly onto the motor axons within a peripheral nerve. The unusual peripheral location for these interneuron synapses suggests that the interneuron may function to speed up activation of the motor axons by bypassing integration within the motor neurons' dendritic trees. The synapses are typical dipteran chemical synapses, with occasional reciprocal contacts from the motor axons back onto the interneuron. The interneuron-motor axon synapses may be especially useful for morphological studies of identified synaptic contacts because their peripheral location makes them extremely easy to locate and identify.
160 citations
TL;DR: The interrelationships of environmental changes and strategic action variables with each other and with short term success, for 358 large business firms over a 45 year period are examined.
Abstract: This study examines the interrelationships of environmental changes and strategic action variables with each other and with short term success, for 358 large business firms over a 45 year period. Success (Fortune ratings and ROA) is found to be related to two strategic decision segments.
Several strategy-environment relationships are also found. Some methodological problems are noted in the attempt to move policy research from case analysis to statistical explanation.
150 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the implications of decision analysis for career decision making (CDM) that might be drawn from recent studies of human information processing and decision making, both in supplementing traditional guidance procedures and in defining criteria used to evaluate CDM.
133 citations
TL;DR: 1-azldopyrene, a hydrophobic nitrene precursor, is being used to map those regions of the rhodopsin sequence which are located in a Hydrophobic environment.
TL;DR: Results provide direct evidence for the existence of sperm plasma membrane receptors for the zona pellucida of the pig.
Abstract: Freshly ejaculated, noncapacitated boar sperm bind rapidly and in large numbers to pig egg zona pellucida in vitro. In the present study, the number of sperm bound decreased sharply when sperm motility was lowered by energy poisons or by reducing the temperature. Highly motile sperm from humans, guinea pigs, and rats, added at concentrations ten times higher than control sperm, did not bind to the porcine zona. At the same high concentration, a small number of hamster and bull sperm bound to the zona. Binding of boar sperm to the zona pellucida was blocked almost completely by diluted whole antiserum to sperm plasma membranes and by univalent (Fab) antibody to these membranes. When antibody to sperm plasma membrane was first absorbed with plasma membrane vesicles, sperm binding was not inhibited. These results provide direct evidence for the existence of sperm plasma membrane receptors for the zona pellucida of the pig.
TL;DR: Moderate and mildly retarded adults acquired new social skills as evidenced by performance on a situation role play assessment but did not result in significant group differences when assessed in a more natural setting (i.e., local grocery store).
Abstract: Sixteen moderately and mildly retarded adults were selected from a group residential facility and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received a 12-session interpersonal skills training program consisting of instruction in the following areas: (1) Introduction and Small Talk, (2) Asking for Help, (3) Differing with Others, and (4) Handling Criticism. The social skills instructional package included verbal instruction, modeling, role playing, feedback, contingent incentives, and homework. As a result of this training program, moderately and mildly retarded adults acquired new social skills as evidenced by performance on a situation role play assessment. These gains generalized to untrained role play situations but did not result in significant group differences when assessed in a more natural setting (i.e., local grocery store).
TL;DR: Strains of Escherichia coli were starved for asparagine or lysine in order to increase the in vivo level of mistranslation, and the pattern of isoelectric point changes in the altered protein produced is consistent with third position misreading in the AAN codon group.
Abstract: Strains of Escherichia coli were starved for asparagine or lysine in order to increase the in vivo level of mistranslation. In a relA strain, asparagine starvation increased the error frequency in elongation factor Tu to 0.12 mistake per asparagine codon, while with lysine starvation in the same strain the error frequency per lysine codon was 0.008. The pattern of isoelectric point changes in the altered protein produced is consistent with third position misreading in the AAN codon group. This high level of mistranslation is not seen in streptomycin resistant (rpsL) strains or in most relA
+strains.
TL;DR: In this article, subjects were asked to list as many choices as they could in response to typical problems of personal choice, and seven conditions were compared with respect to the number of choices generated.
TL;DR: Tubulobulbar complexes (TBCs) were found in nine mammalian species primarily originating from the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome of late spermatids and their structural configuration was similar to that shown in the rat, although minor differences were noted.
Abstract: Tubulobulbar complexes (TBCs) were found in nine mammalian species (opossum, vole, guinea-pig, mouse, hamster, rabbit, dog, monkey and human) primarily originating from the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome of late spermatids. Fewer complexes (4--10) were noted in these species than has been previously reported for the rat (up to 24). TBCs were not seen emanating from round spermatids or those elongated spermatids located within the deep recesses of the Sertoli cell, but they appeared as the spermatids came to reside much closer to the tubular lumen in preparation for release. TBCs developed in areas deficient or lacking in Sertoli filaments and endoplasmic reticulum (ectoplasmic specialization). In general their structural configuration was similar to that shown in the rat, although minor differences were noted. Fine fibrils were observed connecting the distal portion of the spermatid tube with the Sertoli plasma membrane forming a bristle-coated pit. The length of TBCs from most species studied was 1--2 micrometers, whereas those of the opossum extended 6--8 micrometers into an apical Sertoli process. TBCs were degraded within the Sertoli cell by its lysosomes prior to sperm release, and for most species there was evidence indicating that formation of more than one generation of TBCs occurred. As sperm release approached, TBCs formed preferentially from the leading edge of spermatids with spatulate heads. The Sertoli cell gradually withdrew from around the spermatid head until only the tip of the head was embedded within the Sertoli cell. This region of contact frequently demonstrated TBCs. The proposed functions of TBCs are reviewed and discussed in light of these findings from other species.
TL;DR: Quantitative electron microscopy is used to provide new information regarding the purity and the amounts of plasma membrane originating from various regions of the surface of the boar spermatozoon when such membranes are prepared by nitrogen cavitation and sucrose density centrifugation.
Abstract: Quantitative electron microscopy is used to provide new information regarding the purity and the amounts of plasma membrane originating from various regions of the surface of the boar spermatozoon when such membranes are prepared by nitrogen cavitation and sucrose density centrifugation. These data show that the plasma membranes originate primarily from the head of the spermatozoon; they also show that contamination of these plasma membranes by acrosomal and mitochondrial membranes is negligible. Immunolocalization, using plasma membrane vesicles and divalent IgG directed against plasma membrane antigens, shows that plasma membrane vesicles bind extensively to intact sperm plasma membranes but rarely bind to the outer acrosomal membrane. These new data, taken together with that which has been previously reported, indicate that means for obtaining undamaged, highly purified
TL;DR: A path-analytic social influence process model of intent to leave was formulated using five social power variables, two leader behavior dimensions, group cohesiveness, and job satisfaction.
Abstract: A path-analytic social influence process model of intent to leave was formulated using five social power variables, two leader behavior dimensions, group cohesiveness, and job satisfaction. It was tested in Design and Construction bureaus in a large midwestern state highway department. Three significant process relationships were found to occur in both bureaus: (1) social power affected leader behavior; (2) group cohesiveness affected job satisfaction; and (3) job satisfaction affected intent to leave. Two important non-significant findings also emerged in both bureaus: (1) leader behavior did not affect intent; and (2) group cohesiveness did not affect intent. In addition to these general findings there were a number of process differences between bureaus. Limitations and implications of this social influence process model are discussed.
TL;DR: Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that the results obtained by Ramanaiah et al. (1977) may be attributed to method variance caused by the keying direction in the MC-SD attribution and denial subscales, and the results strongly supported the tested hypothesis.
Abstract: Ramanaiah, Schill, and Leung (1977) reported empirical evidence supporting Millham's (1974) hypothesis that attribution and denial are two separate components of the MC-SD scale. This paper presents the results of two studies conducted to test the hypothesis that the results obtained by Ramanaiah et al. (1977) may be attributed to method variance caused by the keying direction in the MC-SD attribution and denial subscales. The first study was concerned with the development of balanced attribution and denial scales, while the second study investigated whether the results from Ramanaiah et al., which used the original unbalanced attribution and denial scales, could be replicated with the balanced scales developed in Study I. The results strongly supported the tested hypothesis, indicating that the two subscales are measuring essentially the same construct.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that legitimacy exists when citizens comply with governmental edicts despite substantive disapproval, and that the attribution of legitimacy may proceed from at least three antecedents: subscription to a "judicial m...
Abstract: Legitimacy exists when citizens comply with governmental edicts despite substantive disapproval. Attribution of legitimacy may proceed from at least three antecedents: subscription to a "judicial m...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the role of young children and their writing in the development of language and their ability to learn to write, and the importance of language as an expression of language.
Abstract: (1980). Young children and their writing. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 19, Learning to Write: an Expression of Language, pp. 157-162.
TL;DR: Patients' perception of two aspects of physician behavior during patient-physician interaction, namely, explanation given to the patient and concern for the patient, showed a statistically significant relationship between these two aspects and patient compliance.
TL;DR: In this article, women who had completed a career/life survey 13 to 21 years after enrolling as freshmen in college were classified as career or homemaker oriented on the basis of their actual work experiences.
TL;DR: Negative practice and habit reversal reduced nailbiting episodes by about 60% and 99% throughout the 5-month follow-up, respectively, in a study of the habit reversal treatment of nailsbiting.
TL;DR: The coat protein of the bacteriophage MS2 was found to show an increased level of charge heterogeneity when synthesized in Escherichia coli starved for Asn or Lys, and direct measurements of the relative incorporation of Lys demonstrate that the observed charge heterogeneity is the result of mistranslation.
Abstract: The coat protein of the bacteriophage MS2 was found to show an increased level of charge heterogeneity when synthesized in Escherichia coli starved for Asn or Lys. No such increase was found when the host was starved for Arg, His Ile or Pro. This is the pattern predicted by "two-out-of-three" codon misreading in the coat protein gene. In the case of Asn starvation, direct measurements of the relative incorporation of Lys demonstrate that the observed charge heterogeneity is the result of mistranslation. Asn starvation increased the error frequency in coat protein to over 0.3 mistake per asparagine codon. The small amount of charge heterogeneity seen in unstarved cells seems also to be the result of misreading Asn codons.
TL;DR: In this article, the variables associated with student satisfaction on a commuter campus were examined and a causal model was built and tested in order to determine the direct and indirect effects of these variables upon student satisfaction.
Abstract: This study examined the variables associated with student satisfaction on a commuter campus. A sample of 38 classes was used and resulted in 782 undergraduates responding to questionnaires. The variables included were: age, student level, student's grade, perception of educational benefits, and satisfaction with college experience. A causal model was built and tested in order to determine the direct and indirect effects of these variables upon student satisfaction. While the student level had a negative influence upon satisfaction, both age and grade had a moderate effect upon student satisfaction. The perception of educational benefits seemed to be the most critical variable in predicting student satisfaction.
TL;DR: In this paper, about 1000 welfare clients were selected in five cities: Harlem, New Brunswick, Milwaukee, Wichita, and Tacoma, and half were randomly assigned to the Job Club program.
TL;DR: This article examined the differential effects of instructions, modeling, and feedback in the training of tutors in a remedial education program and found that instructions alone had little effect (2% to 12% correct), modeling produced a marked and rapid improvement (42% to 100% correct).
Abstract: This study examined the differential effects of instructions, modeling, and feedback in the training of tutors in a remedial education program. The training program was designed to teach the correct use of descriptive social reinforcers to tutors of grade school and high school students. A multiple baseline design was employed to determine the experimental effects. Modeling and feedback occurred either immediately following the completion of a tutorial session or immediately prior to the next session. Instructions alone had little effect (2% to 12% correct), modeling produced a marked and rapid improvement (42% to 100% correct), and feedback produced a slight additional improvement (72% to 100%). The use of modeling as a methodological control for the instructional effect of feedback is discussed.