Texas A&M University

About: Texas A&M University is a education organization based out in College Station, Texas, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Gene. The organization has 72169 authors who have published 164372 publications receiving 5764236 citations.

An integration of theories to explain judicial discretion.

Abstract: Based on an integration of work on uncertainty avoidance in decision making with research on causal attribution in punishment, the author hypothesizes that judges attempt to manage uncertainty by developing “patterned responses” that are the product of an attribution process involving assessments of the offender's likelihood of committing future crime. Washington, D. C, felony sentencing data generated by the Prosecutor's Management and Information System (PROMIS) were used to test this integrated theoretical model. Support for the theoretical integration is provided by the evidence of the effects of prior record, defendant's race, use of a weapon, pretrial release, and the interaction between defendant's race and bail outcome on sentence severity. Contrary to common suppositions, information on defendant-victim relationship and victim provocation was unrelated to sentence severity. Further research should examine judges' attempt to reduce uncertainty by relying on stereotypes and attributions linked to the likelihood of recidivism.

Insect herbivore nutrient regulation.

Abstract: The primary reason animals, including insect herbivores, eat is to acquire a mix of nutrients needed to fuel the processes of growth, development, and reproduction. Most insect herbivores strongly regulate their nutrient intake when given the opportunity. When they are restricted to imbalanced diets, they employ regulatory rules that govern the extent to which nutrients occurring in excess or deficit are eaten. Insect herbivores also regularly encounter allelochemicals as they eat, and recent work indicates the effect an allelochemical has on nutrient regulation, and insect herbivore performance, is modified depending on a food's nutrient composition. Comparative studies of nutrient regulation suggest coexisting generalist herbivores occupy unique nutritional feeding niches, and work with pathogens and parasitoids has revealed the manner in which top-down pressures influence patterns of nutrient intake. Insect herbivores regulate their nutrient intake using pre- and postingestive mechanisms, plus learning, and there is evidence that some of these mechanisms are shaped by natural selection.

Digital libraries

Abstract: ing Education-support Object-oriented Accessibility Electronic publishing OCR Agents Ethnographic study OODB support Annotation Filtering Personalization Archive Geographic information system Preservation Billing, charging Hypermedia Privacy Browsing Hypertext Publisher library Catalog Image processing Repository Classification Indexing Scalability Clustering Information retrieval Searching Commercial service Intellectual property rights Security Content conversion Interactive Sociological study Copyright clearance Knowledge base Storage Courseware Knowbot Standard Database Library science Subscription Diagrams (e.g., CAD) Mediator Sustainability Digital video Multilingual Training support Discipline-level library Multimedia stream playback Usability Distributed processing Multimedia systems Virtual (integration) Document analysis Multimodal Visualization Document model National library World-Wide Web Economic study Navigation its characterization of digital libraries. Many important projects and perspectives have been omitted. Here we give some pointers to aid further exploration, and of course we encourage interested readers to attend the numerous conferences and workshops scheduled in this field, many sponsored by or in cooperation with ACM and its SIGs. One early journal special issue is introduced in [6]. It includes articles on copyright and intellectual property rights, a subscription model for handling funds transfer related to digital libraries, a description of the evolution of the WAIS search system in general and its interfaces in particular, an overview of the Right Pages system and its use of OCR and document analysis algorithms, and an early overview of the Envision system [7]. We note that to many, intellectual property rights issues and ways to obtain revenue streams to sustain digital libraries are the most important open problems. The largest digital library conference makes its proceedings available over the WWW [9]. These contain many insightful discussions, proposals of new research ideas, descriptions of base technologies, and explanations of how the broad concept of a digital library fits in with the needs of specific user communities and the information they require. Readers can find a variety of works on agents, architectures, catalogs, collaboration, compression, document analysis from OCR and page images, document structure, electronic journals, heterogeneous sources, knowledge-based approaches, library science, numerical data collections, object stores, and organizational usability. For more details on the origins of the Digital Library Initiative, and for a variety of perspectives on open research problems, we refer the reader to [5]. This work also has numerous pointers to people, projects, institutions, and other reference works in the area. For a perspective on the role the computer industry should have in this field, see [10]. This report outlines IBM’s perspective on key supporting technologies and on the unique challenges highlighted by the emergence of digital libraries. We expect considerable interest from the corporate sector as well as from government agencies in this important area of information technology. For lack of space, we have had to omit many publications on networking and storage technologies, sociological and ethnographic studies, library and information science, OCR and document analysis or conversion, and rights management. These and other works are needed to round out the discussion of digital libraries. However, we encourage you to read the rest of this issue as a good starting point for your future studies of this important field. We invite you to not only use but also help in the creation of a future World Digital Library System!

A Systematic Literature Review of Servant Leadership Theory in Organizational Contexts

Abstract: A new research area linked to ethics, virtues, and morality is servant leadership. Scholars are currently seeking publication outlets as critics debate whether this new leadership theory is significantly distinct, viable, and valuable for organizational success. The aim of this study was to identify empirical studies that explored servant leadership theory by engaging a sample population in order to assess and synthesize the mechanisms, outcomes, and impacts of servant leadership. Thus, we sought to provide an evidence-informed answer to how does servant leadership work, and how can we apply it? We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR), a methodology adopted from the medical sciences to synthesize research in a systematic, transparent, and reproducible manner. A disciplined screening process resulted in a final sample population of 39 appropriate studies. The synthesis of these empirical studies revealed: (a) there is no consensus on the definition of servant leadership; (b) servant leadership theory is being investigated across a variety of contexts, cultures, and themes; (c) researchers are using multiple measures to explore servant leadership; and (d) servant leadership is a viable leadership theory that helps organizations and improves the well-being of followers. This study contributes to the development of servant leadership theory and practice. In addition, this study contributes to the methodology for conducting SLRs in the field of management, highlighting an effective method for mapping out thematically, and viewing holistically, new research topics. We conclude by offering suggestions for future research.