Showing papers by "University of Auckland published in 1968"
TL;DR: The definition of the communities and their correlation with sediments was consistent with those which would have been obtained by conventional subjective methods, but the former extended the range of the conclusions.
92 citations
TL;DR: There is evidence that the error behavior of the children was guided by the syntactic framework of the sentences read rather than by the phoneme-grapheme relationships in the words.
89 citations
TL;DR: Two pigeons were trained to peck a key under several multiple variable-interval variable-Interval schedules of reinforcement; different numbers of reinforcements were scheduled in two components of equal duration which were correlated with red and green illumination of the response key respectively.
Abstract: Two pigeons were trained to peck a key under several multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedules of reinforcement; different numbers of reinforcements were scheduled in two components of equal duration which were correlated with red and green illumination of the response key respectively. The results showed: (1) that the total number of responses in a session was proportional to the one-sixth power of the total number of reinforcements delivered in that session; and (2) that the ratio of responses between the two components was equal to the one-third power of the ratio of reinforcements between them. This latter exponent may be regarded as reflecting the sensitivity of the distribution of responses between the components to the distribution of reinforcements. It was suggested that the effects of a number of complex schedules of reinforcement could be summarized by different values of this exponent.
87 citations
01 Feb 1968
TL;DR: The most characteristic elements of the midden were marine shellfish valves and a much smaller quantity of vertebrate bones as discussed by the authors, and the effects of dehydration, size and sifting upon the shell samples and then compared the archaeological population with those of living shellfish.
Abstract: The importance of attempting to reconstruct diet from a study of biological data from archaeological sites has been stressed by earlier workers, both in Britain and the United States. The present study is based on materials recovered from the excavation of a midden deposit at Galatea Bay, on an offshore island of the North Island of New Zealand, by Mr J. E. Terrell, whose complete report (No. 1) is to appear in the Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. The site overlooks a sheltered area of sea from the mouth of a small and now dry valley (see pl. IX) and the excavation revealed an initial, specialized cooking area which was replaced by dumps of food waste and then abandoned. The most characteristic elements of the midden were marine shellfish valves and a much smaller quantity of vertebrate bones. However, the apparent frequency of the shellfish could not be taken as a sure guide to their importance over the vertebrate animals because the nature of the animals and their surviving evidence makes it impossible to directly compare them. Shellfish, though individually small, are found in large numbers and are thus best studied by means of estimating populations derived from samples. Vertebrate populations on the other hand can be measured by more direct means, though it must be recognized, as Mr Terrell points out, that such an excavation is itself only a sample. In his report Mr Terrell examined the effects of dehydration, size and sifting upon the shell samples and then compared the archaeological population with those of living shellfish, so enabling him to demonstrate the relative influence of natural and cultural causes on the archaeological population. These findings provide basic evidence which will be referred to during the course of the present paper.
72 citations
TL;DR: The view is put forward that larval behaviour must be interpreted in terms of the known ecological situation of the adult sponge.
Abstract: Summary The morphology, swimming behaviour, settlement preferences and behaviour of five species of Demospongiae are described. The sponges, Haliclona sp., Microciona coccinea, Ophlitaspongia seriata, Mycale macilenta, and Halichondria moorei, are all common in the intertidal region in the north of New Zealand. The view is put forward that larval behaviour must be interpreted in terms of the known ecological situation of the adult sponge.
61 citations
TL;DR: The electron content of the ionosphere was recorded continuously at latitudes of 34°S and 42°S for a period of 18 months and the results were combined with ionosonde measurements to determine the mean changes in the night-time ionosphere at Latitudes of 10 to 60°.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a linear perturbation analysis is applied to the problem of the onset of convection in a horizontal layer of fluid heated uniformly from below, when the fluid is bounded below by a rigid plate of infinite conductivity and above by a solid layer of finite conductivity, and the critical Rayleigh number and wave number are found for various thickness ratios and thermal conductivity ratios.
Abstract: Linear perturbation analysis is applied to the problem of the onset of convection in a horizontal layer of fluid heated uniformly from below, when the fluid is bounded below by a rigid plate of infinite conductivity and above by a solid layer of finite conductivity and finite thickness. The critical Rayleigh number and wave-number are found for various thickness ratios and thermal conductivity ratios. Both numbers are reduced by the presence of a boundary of finite (rather than infinite) conductivity in qualitative agreement with the observation of Koschmieder (1966).
57 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that pigeons, trained with one eye open to peck at a key displaying a stimulus pattern, tend to peak most often to the lateral mirror-image of that stimulus when tested with the other eye open, based on the premise that a bird viewing monocularly responds on the basis of cues on one side of the key only—the side ofThe seeing eye.
Abstract: MELLO1 has reported that pigeons, trained with one eye open to peck at a key displaying a stimulus pattern, tend to peck most often to the lateral mirror-image of that stimulus when tested with the other eye open. We propose here an explanation for this phenomenon based on the premise that a bird viewing monocularly responds on the basis of cues on one side of the key only—the side of the seeing eye. On the right half of a key, for example, a 45° line would occupy the upper portion of the key, while its mirror-image, a 135° line, would occupy the lower portion. A bird trained with its right eye open therefore might, if it attended only to the right half of the key, learn to discriminate the lines on the basis of up–down cues rather than of orientation per se. Furthermore, the up–down cues are reversed on the left half of the key, so that the 135° line now occupies the upper portion and the 45° line the lower portion. If the bird is now tested with its left eye open and attends to the left half of the key, it should therefore favour the mirror-image of the stimulus it preferred with its right eye open.
37 citations
TL;DR: Electrophoretic method for carrying out rapid and semiquantitative assays of ribonuclease (RNase) isozyme activity in crude extracts of Chinese cabbage leaves used to study the nature of increases which have been observed in the level of RNase activity in leaves systemically infected with turnip yellow mosaic virus.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an unusual variety of tandem accelerator built within the structure of a single-ended electrostatic generator is described, where two acceleration tubes are placed side by side rather than end-to-end as in the conventional tandem, and a 180° magnet inside the high voltage terminal cover guides the beam between the tubes.
22 citations
TL;DR: Irregularity distribution mapping of sunspot minimums in Antarctic ionosphere from satellite transit scaling is presented in this article, where the authors consider the case of a single sunspot. But they do not consider the other sunspores.
TL;DR: In this paper, a strong field ionizer which employs electron impact ionization is described and a high efficiency is obtained using a hollow electron beam coaxial with the atomic beam and confined by a strong magnetic field.
TL;DR: In this article, the period of the Faraday fading of 20 Mc/s satellite signals was plotted throughout 521 transits of three different satellites, at heights of 200-1600 km.
TL;DR: The occurrence of sexual polymorphism of zooids has been reviewed by Hyman1 and it is shown that only a few families are known to contain species whose zooids are modified according to their sexual condition.
Abstract: THE phenomenon of sexual polymorphism of zooids in cheilostomatous polyzoa is well known but not widespread, and so far only a few families are known to contain species whose zooids are modified according to their sexual condition. The occurrence of sexual polymorphism of zooids has been reviewed by Hyman1.
TL;DR: In this article, a technique is developed which greatly reduces the numerical labor involved in the Fourier Transform solution for cylindrical antennas of exbitrary length, which is then applied to solid antennas with two commonly used excitation geometries.
Abstract: A technique is developed in this paper which greatly reduces the numerical labor involved in the Fourier Transform solution for cylindrical antennas of exbitrary length. This method is then applied to solid antennas with two commonly used excitation geometries. It is also applied to the case of an antenna in a homogeneous conducting media. In all cases it is shown that the numerical results compare very well with the available experimental results.
TL;DR: In this article, a discepancy in the literature concerning the synthesis of homocamphor and homoepicamphor is rectified, and a new route to epicamphor has been proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper, an integral equation method is developed for the analysis of thin elastic plates based on a Green's formula and adapted for the solution of the biharmonic problem of plate analysis.
Abstract: An integral equation method is developed for the analysis of thin elastic plates. The integral equations are based on a Green's formula and are adapted for the solution of the biharmonic problem of plate analysis. By means of this method, a numerical solution is obtained for a simply-supported, uniformly loaded corner plate. Deflections and bending moments along the diagonal and shear forces along the edges are found. Values of these quantities previously calculated by means of a finite difference technique for a right-angled plate are confirmed by this new method and the analysis is extended to corner plates with different angles at the corner. Furthermore, for a right-angled corner plate, detailed contour plots of bending and twisting moments inside the plate are presented. With a digital computer these results are obtained without undue difficulty, and it appears that the integral equation method is well suited to this type of problem.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the loudness of a 1000-Hz tone at weak sound pressures and its softness at intense ones by the method of magnitude estimation and found that the softness function was almost three times as steep as the strongness function.
Abstract: The loudness of a 1000-Hz tone at weak sound pressures and its softness at intense ones were scaled by the method of magnitude estimation. Estimates of loudness plotted as a function of sound pressure on double logarithmic coordinates showed the well-documented steepening near threshold. A similar steepening occurred in the softness function at high intensities. Stevens’ law, which is linear on these coordinates, could be recovered either by translating the pressure scale to a new origin, or by translating the response scale. Translations of the response scale were preferred because they produced functions in which loudness and softness were reciprocally related, whereas transformations of the stimulus made the softness function almost three times as steep as the loudness function.
TL;DR: The activity level of the experimental animals was high immediately after acquisition but declined markedly over the delay period, which suggests that resistance to extinction after intracranial reinforcement is primarily a function of activity level.
Abstract: Rats trained to press a bar for intracranial reinforcement gave as many responses during extinction as did water-reinforced controls, when extinction came immediately after an acquisition session. However, the experimental animals gave fewer responses in extinction than water-reinforced animals when extinction was delayed for 1 hour after acquisition. The activity level of the experimental animals was high immediately after acquisition but declined markedly over the delay period, which suggests that resistance to extinction after intracranial reinforcement is primarily a function of activity level.
TL;DR: Explorer 22 measurements of the electron density and temperature at a height of 1,000 km at night, are used to calculate the total electron content of the tubes of force at different latitudes.
TL;DR: In this article, the equilibrium mixture of 3-formylbornan-2-one and hydrogen bonding in this molecule are discussed in terms of its NMR spectrum, and the variation in H-O-C-CH coupling in hydroxymethylene ketones is explained and discussed.
TL;DR: The specular component of an ionospherically reflected radio wave giving highly correlated signals between elements of an array of antennas is measured and found to vary in a way suggesting that it is Rayleigh distributed as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The specular component of an ionospherically reflected radio wave giving highly correlated signals between elements of an array of antennas is measured and found to vary in a way suggesting that it is Rayleigh distributed. Examples illustrating the rate at which variations occur are given and it becomes clear why averages over different periods may give quite dissimilar results. It is inferred that there is, strictly speaking, no specular component but a group of rays all coming from very similar directions.
TL;DR: In this paper, a three-band pattern due to PtCl stretching in which centro-symmetric modes (revealed by laser Raman spectroscopy) appear as shoulders was observed and assigned.
TL;DR: It was found that age and psychophysical method are related significantly to the TFF score; binocular viewing requires a shorter inter-flash interval for fusion than monocular viewing; handedness has no significant relation to monocular score; sex and instructions are not significant variables, but results suggest the importance of strict experimental control.
Abstract: In a series of studies with normals concerned with the time interval required for two successive light flashes to be perceived as one flash (TFF threshold) it was found that: age and psychophysical method are related significantly to the TFF score; binocular viewing requires a shorter inter-flash interval for fusion than monocular viewing; handedness has no significant relation to monocular score; sex and instructions are not significant variables, but results suggest the importance of strict experimental control. Age is also related to vacillation around the fusion point. The data indicate that theoretical excursions with the psychopathology of TFF could be premature.
TL;DR: In this paper, a solution for the flow induced by a two-dimensional line sink in a saturated, density-stratified porous medium is proposed, where fluid is selectively withdrawn from a thin layer at the elevation of the line sink and not from the entire medium.
Abstract: A solution is offered for the flow induced by a two-dimensional line sink in a saturated, density-stratified porous medium. It is found that fluid is selectively withdrawn from a thin layer at the elevation of the line sink and not from the entire medium. The velocity distributions predicted by the theory are checked by experiments in a Hele–Shaw cell and good agreement found.
TL;DR: In this article, phase difference measurements between pairs of antennas separated by up to 150 yards in three directions (N, E, and SW) were made with an accuracy of 5° between antennas.
Abstract: Phase difference measurements made with an accuracy of 5° between pairs of antennas separated by up to 150 yards in three directions (N, E, and SW) show that radio waves reflected from the ionosphere are generally not sufficiently stable in direction for any particular component to be regarded as being specular in the usual sense. It is concluded that the coherence ratio should be regarded as equal to zero except in very special one-hop cases. The equipment used for the measurements is described in general form.
TL;DR: In this paper, the conversion of the diterpenoid resin acid, podocarpic acid, into a tetracyclic system possessing a 5-membered ring D is described.