University of Delaware

About: University of Delaware is a education organization based out in Newark, Delaware, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Catalysis. The organization has 22223 authors who have published 54810 publications receiving 2049136 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Delaware Emergency Care Unit & UD.

Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory of intermolecular forces

Abstract: Basic concepts and most recent developments of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) are described. In particular, the methods that combine SAPT with density-functional theory are discussed. It is explained how SAPT allows one to predict and understand the structure and properties of clusters and condensed phase. The broadest range of such predictions can be achieved by constructing potential energy surfaces from a set of SAPT interaction energies and using these surfaces in nuclear dynamics calculations. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Vulnerability to Psychopathology: A Biosocial Model

Abstract: Vulnerability to Psychopathology: A Biosocial Model Marvin Zuckerman. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 1999, 535 pp., (hardcover). A great deal has been learned about psychopathology, but still many questions remain. One of the most important questions remaining to be answered is why people are vulnerable to the different variants of psychopathology ? Zuckerman has made this broad question the focus of his new book. It is a book that is remarkable by its scholarship. It provides a compendium of information on the history of mental disorders, and research findings on their course, diagnosis and prevalence, comorbidity, demographic features, genetic and biological characteristics, and social factors, and is punctuated by a strong biological orientation. Zuckerman indicates that his new book was written as a "logical sequel" to his previous book on the Psychobiology of Personality (Zuckerman, 1991). His book, which is divided into eight chapters, provides a review of the wealth of findings on psychopathology. The first cluster of chapters of the book deals with general considerations including diathesis-stress models (chapter 1), and diagnosis (chapter 2); the second cluster, and main body of the book (chapters 3 to 7), describes theory and research on a selected number of specific disorders, and the final concluding chapter is concerned with the prognosis of the future science of psychopathology. In the first chapter we learn that diathesis-stress theories are not monolithic but exhibit great variety. His model extends Paul Meehl's orientation to schizoprhenia to other disorders, and thus focuses on a biological diathesis and social stress (e.g., parenting) that increases risk of disorders. Zuckerman's book largely restricts the term diathesis to genetic and biological factors. As it happens, then, he questions the basis for the notion of cognitive vulnerability. His grounds for this are that the concept of a cognitive predisposition to psychopathology is not empirically well supported, and that it could simply be a "typical expression of a biological disposition" (p. 7), or other "interpersonal" and "developmental" factors (p. 197). For example, he suggests that research has not adequately demonstrated that cognitive factors predict subsequent levels of depression or other disorders, and are not simply state-manifestations of the disorders. These views are challenged by recent research of the Temple-Wisconsin depression project (e.g., Alloy, Abramson, Hogan et al., 2000). Although Zuckerman's book clearly reflects a monumental undertaking of scholarship, its review of the rapidly advancing cognitive literature on psychopathology is dated. Readers who are interested in a cognitively oriented approach to vulnerability to psychopathology will thus need to look for other references (e.g., Alloy & Riskind, in press). Along with his restriction of the concept of vulnerability to biological diathesis, Zuckerman's book pays little attention to methodological issues, and particularly to issues important for cognitively oriented researchers. Readers who are interested in such issues will have to turn to other sources, such as the excellent chapter by Alloy, Abramson, Raniere, & Dyller, (1999). …

Social Value Orientations and Impressions of Partner's Honesty and Intelligence: A Test of the Might Versus Morality Effect

Abstract: This research evaluates the might vs. morality effect (Liebrand, Jansen, Rijken, & Suhre, 1986) by examining whether the manipulation of the perception of partner's honesty and intelligence interacts with the observer's own social value orientation to influence the latter's expectations regarding partner cooperation and own cooperation in a social dilemma. Results reveal that greater cooperation was expected from an honest partner than from a dishonest partner and that this effect was stronger for prosocial Ss than for individualists and competitors. Conversely, individualists and competitors expected greater cooperation from an unintelligent partner than from an intelligent partner, whereas prosocial Ss did not expect differences between these partners. Similar findings were obtained for own cooperation, although social value orientations did not interact with partner intelligence. Considerable research has been focused on how individuals form, maintain, and organize personality impressions, revealing that people readily form impressions of others, that such impressions are fairly stable, and that such impressions frequently are organized along dimensions of social meaning, such as honesty and intelligence (e.g., for theoretical analyses, see Reeder & Brewer, 1979; Rosenberg SSkowronski

Highly Viscoelastic Wormlike Micellar Solutions Formed by Cationic Surfactants with Long Unsaturated Tails

Abstract: Cationic surfactants having long (C22) mono-unsaturated tails were studied in aqueous solutions containing salt using steady and dynamic rheology. The surfactant erucyl bis(hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride self-assembles into giant wormlike micelles, giving rise to unusually strong viscoelasticity. Under ambient conditions, the viscosity enhancement due to surfactant exceeds a factor of 107. Some samples behave as gel-like solids at low temperatures and revert to the viscoelastic (Maxwellian) response only at higher temperatures. These samples display appreciable viscosities (>10 Pa·s) up to very high temperatures (ca. 90 °C). Salts with counterions that penetrate into the hydrophobic interior of the micelles, such as sodium salicylate, are much more efficient at promoting self-assembly than salts with nonbinding counterions, such as sodium chloride. Changing the surfactant headgroup to the more conventional trimethylammonium group reduces the viscosity at high temperatures.

Predicting Evacuation in Two Major Disasters: Risk Perception, Social Influence, and Access to Resources

Abstract: The complex and somewhat bewildering phenomenon of why people sometimes decide not to evacuate from a dangerous situation is influenced by a combination of individual characteristics and 3 basic social psychological processes: (a) risk perception, (b) social influence, and (c) access to resources. This study used a combined sample of 777 adults interviewed after Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew. Although numerous variables significantly predicted evacuation, much variance in this behavior still remained unexplained. Different population subgroups gave different reasons for not evacuating (e.g., severeness of storm, territoriality). A multifaceted and tailored approach to both individuals and communities is needed; a simple warning is often not enough.