Showing papers by "University of Delaware published in 2014"
TL;DR: The review as discussed by the authors summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 Japers, including the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons and baryons.
Abstract: The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,283 new measurements from 899 Japers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as heavy neutrinos, supersymmetric and technicolor particles, axions, dark photons, etc. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, Particle Detectors, Probability, and Statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on: Dark Energy, Higgs Boson Physics, Electroweak Model, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Neutrino Generators, Top Quark, Dark Matter, Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking, Accelerator Physics of Colliders, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, Astrophysical Constants and Cosmological Parameters.
7,337 citations
Alistair R. R. Forrest, Hideya Kawaji, Michael Rehli1, J Kenneth Baillie2 +277 more•Institutions (63)
TL;DR: For example, the authors mapped transcription start sites (TSSs) and their usage in human and mouse primary cells, cell lines and tissues to produce a comprehensive overview of mammalian gene expression across the human body.
Abstract: Regulated transcription controls the diversity, developmental pathways and spatial organization of the hundreds of cell types that make up a mammal Using single-molecule cDNA sequencing, we mapped transcription start sites (TSSs) and their usage in human and mouse primary cells, cell lines and tissues to produce a comprehensive overview of mammalian gene expression across the human body We find that few genes are truly 'housekeeping', whereas many mammalian promoters are composite entities composed of several closely separated TSSs, with independent cell-type-specific expression profiles TSSs specific to different cell types evolve at different rates, whereas promoters of broadly expressed genes are the most conserved Promoter-based expression analysis reveals key transcription factors defining cell states and links them to binding-site motifs The functions of identified novel transcripts can be predicted by coexpression and sample ontology enrichment analyses The functional annotation of the mammalian genome 5 (FANTOM5) project provides comprehensive expression profiles and functional annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes with wide applications in biomedical research
1,715 citations
TL;DR: Results from an analysis with a third year of data from the complete IceCube detector are consistent with the previously reported astrophysical flux in the 100 TeV-PeV range at the level of 10(-8) GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1 per flavor and reject a purely atmospheric explanation for the combined three-year data at 5.7σ.
Abstract: A search for high-energy neutrinos interacting within the IceCube detector between 2010 and 2012 provided the first evidence for a high-energy neutrino flux of extraterrestrial origin. Results from an analysis using the same methods with a third year (2012-2013) of data from the complete IceCube detector are consistent with the previously reported astrophysical flux in the 100 TeV-PeV range at the level of 10(-8) GeV cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1) per flavor and reject a purely atmospheric explanation for the combined three-year data at 5.7 sigma. The data are consistent with expectations for equal fluxes of all three neutrino flavors and with isotropic arrival directions, suggesting either numerous or spatially extended sources. The three-year data set, with a live time of 988 days, contains a total of 37 neutrino candidate events with deposited energies ranging from 30 to 2000 TeV. The 2000-TeV event is the highest-energy neutrino interaction ever observed.
1,183 citations
TL;DR: A nanoporous silver electrocatalyst is reported that is able to electrochemically reduce carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide with approximately 92% selectivity at a rate over 3,000 times higher than its polycrystalline counterpart under moderate overpotentials of <0.50 V.
Abstract: Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to more useful products is an industrially important process. Here, the authors report a nanoporous silver catalyst that efficiently and selectively reduces carbon dioxide due to its high surface area and intrinsically high activity.
1,137 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest the possibility for the development of effective and robust OER electrocatalysts by using cheap and easily prepared α-Ni(OH)2 to replace the expensive commercial catalysts such as RuO2 or IrO2.
Abstract: Electrochemical water splitting is a clean technology that can store the intermittent renewable wind and solar energy in H2 fuels. However, large-scale H2 production is greatly hindered by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics at the anode of a water electrolyzer. Although many OER electrocatalysts have been developed to negotiate this difficult reaction, substantial progresses in the design of cheap, robust, and efficient catalysts are still required and have been considered a huge challenge. Herein, we report the simple synthesis and use of α-Ni(OH)2 nanocrystals as a remarkably active and stable OER catalyst in alkaline media. We found the highly nanostructured α-Ni(OH)2 catalyst afforded a current density of 10 mA cm(-2) at a small overpotential of a mere 0.331 V and a small Tafel slope of ~42 mV/decade, comparing favorably with the state-of-the-art RuO2 catalyst. This α-Ni(OH)2 catalyst also presents outstanding durability under harsh OER cycling conditions, and its stability is much better than that of RuO2. Additionally, by comparing the performance of α-Ni(OH)2 with two kinds of β-Ni(OH)2, all synthesized in the same system, we experimentally demonstrate that α-Ni(OH)2 effects more efficient OER catalysis. These results suggest the possibility for the development of effective and robust OER electrocatalysts by using cheap and easily prepared α-Ni(OH)2 to replace the expensive commercial catalysts such as RuO2 or IrO2.
1,107 citations
TL;DR: Results of moderation analyses highlight the need for greater consensus in measurement approaches for both cyber and traditional bullying and suggest that polyaggression involvement should be a primary target for interventions and policy.
961 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a framework that delineates types of logic multiplicity within organizations, and link these types with different outcomes, and explain how field, organizational, and individual factors influence these two dimensions.
Abstract: Multiple institutional logics present a theoretical puzzle. While scholars recognize their increasing prevalence within organizations, research offers conflicting perspectives on their implications, causing confusion and inhibiting deeper understanding. In response, we propose a framework that delineates types of logic multiplicity within organizations, and we link these types with different outcomes. Our framework categorizes organizations in terms of logic compatibility and logic centrality and explains how field, organizational, and individual factors influence these two dimensions. We illustrate the value of our framework by showing how it helps explain the varied implications of logic multiplicity for internal conflict. By providing insight into the nature and implications of logic multiplicity within organizations, our framework and analysis synthesize the extant literature, offer conceptual clarity, and focus future research.
936 citations
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research1, University of British Columbia2, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute3, Stony Brook University4, University of California, San Diego5, Brown University6, Marine Biological Laboratory7, University of Washington8, Dalhousie University9, National Center for Genome Resources10, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research11, Rutgers University12, Texas A&M University13, University of Southern California14, University of Delaware15, Victoria University of Wellington16, University of Paris-Sud17, Columbia University18, University of Oslo19, University of Hawaii at Manoa20, University of Prince Edward Island21, University of Rhode Island22, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution23, Max Planck Society24, Jacobs University Bremen25, Smith College26, University of South Alabama27, University of Geneva28, Saint Petersburg State University29, University of Connecticut30, Laval University31, University of Guelph32, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill33, University of New Brunswick34, University of Camerino35, University of East Anglia36, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn37, University of Georgia38, University of Technology, Sydney39, University of Puerto Rico40, University of Pisa41, Centre national de la recherche scientifique42, Colorado School of Mines43, Lund University44, University of Western Ontario45, California State University46, University of Texas at Austin47, Los Alamos National Laboratory48, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University49, University of Oklahoma50, Plymouth Marine Laboratory51, Bigelow Laboratory For Ocean Sciences52, Princeton University53
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a resource of 700 transcriptomes from marine microbial eukaryotes to help understand their role in the world's oceans and their biology, evolution, and ecology.
Abstract: Current sampling of genomic sequence data from eukaryotes is relatively poor, biased, and inadequate to address important questions about their biology, evolution, and ecology; this Community Page describes a resource of 700 transcriptomes from marine microbial eukaryotes to help understand their role in the world's oceans.
852 citations
Western Kentucky University1, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences2, University of Nebraska–Lincoln3, Purdue University4, University of Queensland5, Pennsylvania State University6, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere7, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada8, John Deere9, Oak Ridge National Laboratory10, University of Alabama in Huntsville11, University of Delaware12, University of Georgia13, Chinese Academy of Sciences14, University of Colorado Boulder15, Texas A&M University16, Tuskegee University17
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview and synthesis of some of the most notable types of land cover changes and their impacts on climate, including agriculture, deforestation and afforestation, desertification, and urbanization.
Abstract: Land cover changes (LCCs) play an important role in the climate system. Research over recent decades highlights the impacts of these changes on atmospheric temperature, humidity, cloud cover, circulation, and precipitation. These impacts range from the local- and regional-scale to sub-continental and global-scale. It has been found that the impacts of regional-scale LCC in one area may also be manifested in other parts of the world as a climatic teleconnection. In light of these findings, this article provides an overview and synthesis of some of the most notable types of LCC and their impacts on climate. These LCC types include agriculture, deforestation and afforestation, desertification, and urbanization. In addition, this article provides a discussion on challenges to, and future research directions in, assessing the climatic impacts of LCC.
560 citations
TL;DR: Porous functionalized 3D COFs could be a promising new class of shape-selective catalysts in base-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reactions, according to their remarkable conversion and high size selectivity.
Abstract: The design and synthesis of 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been considered a challenge, and the demonstrated applications of 3D COFs have so far been limited to gas adsorption. Herein we describe the design and synthesis of two new 3D microporous base-functionalized COFs, termed BF-COF-1 and BF-COF-2, by the use of a tetrahedral alkyl amine, 1,3,5,7-tetraaminoadamantane (TAA), combined with 1,3,5-triformylbenzene (TFB) or triformylphloroglucinol (TFP). As catalysts, both BF-COFs showed remarkable conversion (96% for BF-COF-1 and 98% for BF-COF-2), high size selectivity, and good recyclability in base-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reactions. This study suggests that porous functionalized 3D COFs could be a promising new class of shape-selective catalysts.
529 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared in-depth qualitative data from six top management teams exploring and exploiting paradoxes simultaneously, and the results informed a model of dynamic decision-making in which strategic paradoxes can be effectively engaged.
Abstract: Senior leaders increasingly embed paradoxes into their organization's strategy, but struggle to manage them effectively. To better understand how they do so, I compared in-depth qualitative data from six top management teams exploring and exploiting simultaneously. The results informed a model of dynamic decision making in which strategic paradoxes can be effectively engaged. The details of this dynamic decision-making model extend and complicate our understanding of managing paradoxes by depicting dilemmas and paradoxes as interwoven, explicating a consistently inconsistent pattern of addressing tensions, and framing both differentiating and integrating practices as necessary for engaging paradox.
TL;DR: Conceptual and mathematical models of NSC dynamics, recent observations and experiments at the organismal scale, and advances in plant physiology that have provided a better understanding of the dynamics of woody plant NSC are reviewed.
Abstract: Nonstructural carbon (NSC) provides the carbon and energy for plant growth and survival. In woody plants, fundamental questions about NSC remain unresolved: Is NSC storage an active or passive process? Do older NSC reserves remain accessible to the plant? How is NSC depletion related to mortality risk? Herein we review conceptual and mathematical models of NSC dynamics, recent observations and experiments at the organismal scale, and advances in plant physiology that have provided a better understanding of the dynamics of woody plant NSC. Plants preferentially use new carbon but can access decade-old carbon when the plant is stressed or physically damaged. In addition to serving as a carbon and energy source, NSC plays important roles in phloem transport, osmoregulation, and cold tolerance, but how plants regulate these competing roles and NSC depletion remains elusive. Moving forward requires greater synthesis of models and data and integration across scales from -omics to ecology.
TL;DR: Click chemistry has become one of the most powerful paradigms in materials science, synthesis, and modification as discussed by the authors, and has seen broad implementation in polymer functionalization, surface modification, block copolymer and dendrimer synthesis, biomaterials fabrication, biofunctionalization, and many other areas of materials science.
Abstract: Despite originating only a little more than a decade ago, click chemistry has become one of the most powerful paradigms in materials science, synthesis, and modification. By developing and implementing simple, robust chemistries that do not require difficult separations or harsh conditions, the ability to form, modify, and control the structure of materials on various length scales has become more broadly available to those in the materials science community. As such, click chemistry has seen broad implementation in polymer functionalization, surface modification, block copolymer and dendrimer synthesis, biomaterials fabrication, biofunctionalization, and in many other areas of materials science. Here, the basic reactions, approaches, and applications of click chemistry in materials science are highlighted, and a brief look is taken into the future enabling developments in this field.
TL;DR: The remarkable advantage of CASSI is that the entire data cube is sensed with just a few FPA measurements and, in some cases, with as little as a single FPA shot.
Abstract: Imaging spectroscopy involves the sensing of a large amount of spatial information across a multitude of wavelengths. Conventional approaches to hyperspectral sensing scan adjacent zones of the underlying spectral scene and merge the results to construct a spectral data cube. Push broom spectral imaging sensors, for instance, capture a spectral cube with one focal plane array (FPA) measurement per spatial line of the scene [1], [2]. Spectrometers based on optical bandpass filters sequentially scan the scene by tuning the bandpass filters in steps. The disadvantage of these techniques is that they require scanning a number of zones linearly in proportion to the desired spatial and spectral resolution. This article surveys compressive coded aperture spectral imagers, also known as coded aperture snapshot spectral imagers (CASSI) [1], [3], [4], which naturally embody the principles of compressive sensing (CS) [5], [6]. The remarkable advantage of CASSI is that the entire data cube is sensed with just a few FPA measurements and, in some cases, with as little as a single FPA shot.
TL;DR: It is reported that the imidization reaction can be used to prepare a series of polyimide (PI) COFs with pore size as large as 42 × 53 Å(2), which is among the largest reported to date, and surface area as high as 2,346 m(2) g(-1), which exceeds that of all amorphous porous PIs and isamong the highest reported for two-dimensional COFs.
Abstract: Covalent organic frameworks are a potentially useful class of materials, although they are currently synthesized using relatively few reactions. Here, the authors show that the imidization reaction can be used to prepare a series of large pore polyimide frameworks with high surface area and thermal stability.
TL;DR: The properties of HA from a matrix biology perspective are illustrated by first introducing the principles underlying the biosynthesis and biodegradation of HA, as well as the interactions of HA with various proteins and proteoglycans, and highlighting the roles of HA in physiological and pathological states.
TL;DR: The electrochemical study shows that the Au@Co 3 O 4 NCs have an OER activity 7 times as high as a mixture of Au and Co 3 O4 NCs or Co3 O 4NCs alone, and 55 times ashigh as Au NCs, most likely due to a strong synergistic effect between the core and the shell, and this effect does not exist between the physically mixed NCs.
Abstract: DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400336 substrate, which makes the Co 3 O 4 more easily oxidized. [ 6b ] Our electrochemical study shows that our Au@Co 3 O 4 NCs have an OER activity 7 times as high as a mixture of Au and Co 3 O 4 NCs or Co 3 O 4 NCs alone, and 55 times as high as Au NCs, most likely due to a strong synergistic effect between the core and the shell, and this effect does not exist between the physically mixed NCs. Some Au and Co 3 O 4 hybrid NCs have been reported, [ 10 ] however, none of them have well-defi ned core–shell structures and uniform sizes. High-quality Au@Co 3 O 4 core–shell NCs are still desired. In our experiment, a three-step approach ( Figure 1 a) was adopted to synthesize Au@Co 3 O 4 NCs, comprising synthesis of the Au NC, growth of the Co shell, and oxidation of Co to Co 3 O 4 . First, Au NCs were prepared by reducing HAuCl 4 with tertbutylamine borane (TBAB) in the presence of oleylamine (OAm) as the ligand, following the procedure described in a previous study by Peng et al. [ 11 ] Second, Co shells were grown on the Au NC cores to prepare Au@Co NCs by using Co(acac) 2 , where acac is acetylacetonate, as the cobalt source and TBAB as the reducing agent. OAm and oleic acid (OA) were introduced to control the shape and uniformity. Third, the Au@Co NCs were loaded on carbon and then the Co shells were oxidized to Co 3 O 4 by calcination in air. The experimental details are described in the Supporting Information. Figure 1 b shows the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the as-obtained Au NCs. They have a narrow size distribution with a diameter of 3.6 ± 0.5 nm. Five-fold symmetry is found in the high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image (Figure S1, Supporting Information), which is in agreement with the literature, indicating the multiple-twinned structure of the Au NCs. [ 11 ] Figure 1 c shows a TEM image of Au@Co core–shell NCs that were synthesized by growing Co shells on the pre-synthesized Au cores with 0.5 mmol OA. A dark core corresponding to Au can clearly be seen located at the center of the NC, and a uniform lighter Co shell caps around it. The Au@Co NCs are nearly monodisperse with an overall diameter of 8.1 ± 0.7 nm. The thickness of the Co shell is ca. 2 nm. The Au@Co NCs are highly uniform so that they can assemble into an ordered structure (Figure 1 d). The energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) spectra (Figure S2a, Supporting Information) show the signals of Au and Co (atomic ratio 1:4), which confi rms the hybrid Au@Co composition. The Co shell seems to be amorphous because no clear lattice fringe can be seen in the HRTEM image (Figure 1 e). This may be due to the lattice mismatch between Au (face-centered cubic, fcc) and Co (hexagonal close packed, hcp). The multiple twinned nature of the Au core may also infl uence the crystallinity of the Co shell. It is noted that Co NCs cannot be synthesized under the same condition The hydrogen economy can provide an effi cient energy system that is free from environmental issues related to the combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas. [ 1 ] However, such a system requires a clean and sustainable source of hydrogen, which can be provided by splitting of water either electrochemically or photoelectrochemically. [ 2 ] One of the key problems in splitting water is the kinetically sluggish anode reaction, i.e., oxygen evolution reaction (OER, 4OH − → 2H 2 O + 4e − + O 2 in base). An overpotential of several hundred millivolts is often required to achieve a current density of 10 A g catalyst −1 . [ 3 ] Recent studies have shown that spinel-type Co 3 O 4 has relatively good OER activities. [ 2e , 3c , 4 ] Hybrid materials have been proposed to further promote the OER activity of Co 3 O 4 , such as doping Co 3 O 4 with other metals to make substituted cobaltites [ 5 ] or growing Co 3 O 4 on a special substrate. [ 6 ]
Proceedings Article•
30 Jul 2014
TL;DR: The main challenges arising from the use of FBGs in composite materials are reviewed, with a focus on issues related to temperature-strain discrimination, demodulation of the amplitude spectrum during and after the curing process as well as connection between the embedded optical fibers and the surroundings.
Abstract: Nowadays, smart composite materials embed miniaturized sensors for structural health monitoring (SHM) in order to mitigate the risk of failure due to an overload or to unwanted inhomogeneity resulting from the fabrication process. Optical fiber sensors, and more particularly fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, outperform traditional sensor technologies, as they are lightweight, small in size and offer convenient multiplexing capabilities with remote operation. They have thus been extensively associated to composite materials to study their behavior for further SHM purposes. This paper reviews the main challenges arising from the use of FBGs in composite materials. The focus will be made on issues related to temperature-strain discrimination, demodulation of the amplitude spectrum during and after the curing process as well as connection between the embedded optical fibers and the surroundings. The main strategies developed in each of these three topics will be summarized and compared, demonstrating the large progress that has been made in this field in the past few years.
TL;DR: An accumulation zone is defined in the North Pacific subtropical gyre that closely corresponds to centers of accumulation resulting from the convergence of ocean surface currents predicted by several oceanographic numerical models.
Abstract: We present an extensive survey of floating plastic debris in the eastern North and South Pacific Oceans from more than 2500 plankton net tows conducted between 2001 and 2012. From these data we defined an accumulation zone (25 to 41°N, 130 to 180°W) in the North Pacific subtropical gyre that closely corresponds to centers of accumulation resulting from the convergence of ocean surface currents predicted by several oceanographic numerical models. Maximum plastic concentrations from individual surface net tows exceeded 106 pieces km–2, with concentrations decreasing with increasing distance from the predicted center of accumulation. Outside the North Pacific subtropical gyre the median plastic concentration was 0 pieces km–2. We were unable to detect a robust temporal trend in the data set, perhaps because of confounded spatial and temporal variability. Large spatiotemporal variability in plastic concentration causes order of magnitude differences in summary statistics calculated over short time periods or ...
23 Jun 2014
TL;DR: Experiments show that the saliency detection scheme can robustly handle challenging scenarios such as similar foreground and background, cluttered background, complex occlusions, etc, and achieve high accuracy and robustness.
Abstract: Existing saliency detection approaches use images as inputs and are sensitive to foreground/background similarities, complex background textures, and occlusions We explore the problem of using light fields as input for saliency detection Our technique is enabled by the availability of commercial plenoptic cameras that capture the light field of a scene in a single shot We show that the unique refocusing capability of light fields provides useful focusness, depths, and objectness cues We further develop a new saliency detection algorithm tailored for light fields To validate our approach, we acquire a light field database of a range of indoor and outdoor scenes and generate the ground truth saliency map Experiments show that our saliency detection scheme can robustly handle challenging scenarios such as similar foreground and background, cluttered background, complex occlusions, etc, and achieve high accuracy and robustness
TL;DR: HIV-1 may exploit the stem cell characteristics of cellular immune memory to promote long-term viral persistence of viral quasispecies in CD4+ TSCM cells.
Abstract: Cellular HIV-1 reservoirs that persist despite antiretroviral treatment are incompletely defined. We show that during suppressive antiretroviral therapy, CD4 + T memory stem cells (TSCM) harbor high per-cell levels of HIV-1 DNA, and make increasing contributions to the total viral CD4 + T cell reservoir over time. Moreover, phylogenetic studies suggested long-term persistence of viral quasispecies in CD4 + TSCM cells. Thus, HIV-1 may exploit stem cell characteristics of cellular immune memory to promote long-term viral persistence.
TL;DR: This review provides a brief summary of research development on the stretchable ESCDs in the past decade, from structural design strategies to novel materials synthesis.
Abstract: Stretchable energy storage and conversion devices (ESCDs) are attracting intensive attention due to their promising and potential applications in realistic consumer products, ranging from portable electronics, bio-integrated devices, space satellites, and electric vehicles to buildings with arbitrarily shaped surfaces. Material synthesis and structural design are core in the development of highly stretchable supercapacitors, batteries, and solar cells for practical applications. This review provides a brief summary of research development on the stretchable ESCDs in the past decade, from structural design strategies to novel materials synthesis. The focuses are on the fundamental insights of mechanical characteristics of materials and structures on the performance of the stretchable ESCDs, as well as challenges for their practical applications. Finally, some of the important directions in the areas of material synthesis and structural design facing the stretchable ESCDs are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-theory of paradox has been used to argue that paradox can be viewed as a metatheory, which can be used to guide the practice of paradox research.
Abstract: Organizations are rife with tensions—flexibility versus control, exploration versus exploitation, autocracy versus democracy, social versus financial, global versus local. Researchers have long responded using contingency theory, asking “Under what conditions should managers emphasize either A or B?” Yet increasingly studies apply a paradox perspective, shifting the question to “How can we engage both A and B simultaneously?” Despite accumulating exemplars, commonalities across paradox studies remain unclear, and ties unifying this research community weak. To energize further uses of a paradox perspective, we build from past reviews to explicate its role as a metatheory. Contrasting this lens to contingency theory, we illustrate its metatheoretical nature. We then dive deeper to sharpen the focus and widen the scope of a paradox perspective. Identifying core elements viewed from a paradox perspective—underlying assumptions, central concepts, nature of interrelationships and boundary conditions—offers a guide, informing the practice of paradox research. Next, we illustrate diverse uses of this lens. We conclude by exploring implications and next steps, stressing the rising need for paradox research, as complexity, change, and ambiguity intensify demands for both/and approaches in theory and practice.
TL;DR: Results from a survey of 539 employee users suggest that SRS engenders an emotion-focused coping response in the form of moral disengagement from ISP violations, which in turn increases one's susceptibility to this behavior.
Abstract: We use coping theory to explore an underlying relationship between employee stress caused by burdensome, complex, and ambiguous information security requirements (termed "security-related stress" or SRS) and deliberate information security policy (ISP) violations. Results from a survey of 539 employee users suggest that SRS engenders an emotion-focused coping response in the form of moral disengagement from ISP violations, which in turn increases one's susceptibility to this behavior. Our multidimensional view of SRS—comprised of security-related overload, complexity, and uncertainty—offers a new perspective on the workplace environment factors that foster noncompliant user behavior and inspire cognitive rationalizations of such behavior. The study extends technostress research to the information systems security domain and provides a theoretical framework for the influence of SRS on user behavior. For practitioners, the results highlight the incidence of SRS in organizations and suggest potential mechani...
TL;DR: A review of 3D tumor models employing tissue engineering principles can be found in this article, where the authors highlight the profound differences in responses from 3D in vitro tumors and conventional monolayer cultures.
TL;DR: This study highlights the importance of social contingency in interactions for language learning and informs the literature on learning through screen media as the first study to examine word learning through video chat technology.
Abstract: Language learning takes place in the context of social interactions, yet the mechanisms that render social interactions useful for learning language remain unclear. This study focuses on whether social contingency might support word learning. Toddlers aged 24–30 months (N = 36) were exposed to novel verbs in one of three conditions: live interaction training, socially contingent video training over video chat, and noncontingent video training (yoked video). Results suggest that children only learned novel verbs in socially contingent interactions (live interactions and video chat). This study highlights the importance of social contingency in interactions for language learning and informs the literature on learning through screen media as the first study to examine word learning through video chat technology.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present results from experimental studies and techno-economic analysis of a catalytic process for the conversion of whole biomass into drop-in aviation fuels with maximal carbon yields.
Abstract: This article presents results from experimental studies and techno-economic analysis of a catalytic process for the conversion of whole biomass into drop-in aviation fuels with maximal carbon yields. The combined research areas highlighted include biomass pretreatment, carbohydrate hydrolysis and dehydration, and catalytic upgrading of platform chemicals. The technology centers on first producing furfural and levulinic acid from five- and six-carbon sugars present in hardwoods and subsequently upgrading these two platforms into a mixture of branched, linear, and cyclic alkanes of molecular weight ranges appropriate for use in the aviation sector. Maximum selectivities observed in laboratory studies suggest that, with efficient interstage separations and product recovery, hemicellulose sugars can be incorporated into aviation fuels at roughly 80% carbon yield, while carbon yields to aviation fuels from cellulose-based sugars are on the order of 50%. The use of lignocellulose-derived feedstocks rather than commercially sourced model compounds in process integration provided important insights into the effects of impurity carryover and additionally highlights the need for stable catalytic materials for aqueous phase processing, efficient interstage separations, and intensified processing strategies. In its current state, the proposed technology is expected to deliver jet fuel-range liquid hydrocarbons for a minimum selling price of $4.75 per gallon assuming nth commercial plant that produces 38 million gallons liquid fuels per year with a net present value of the 20 year biorefinery set to zero. Future improvements in this technology, including replacing precious metal catalysts by base metal catalysts and improving the recyclability of water streams, can reduce this cost to $2.88 per gallon.
TL;DR: Results from the current study demonstrate the feasibility of using the non-precious metal material molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) as an active and selective catalyst for CO2 conversion by H2.
Abstract: Rising atmospheric CO2 is expected to have negative effects on the global environment from its role in climate change and ocean acidification. Utilizing CO2 as a feedstock to make valuable chemicals is potentially more desirable than sequestration. A substantial reduction of CO2 levels requires a large-scale CO2 catalytic conversion process, which in turn requires the discovery of low-cost catalysts. Results from the current study demonstrate the feasibility of using the non-precious metal material molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) as an active and selective catalyst for CO2 conversion by H2.
23 Jun 2014
TL;DR: This work explores the use of 3D die stacking to move memory-intensive computations closer to memory and introduces a methodology for rapid design space exploration by analytically predicting performance and energy of in-memory processors based on metrics obtained from execution on today's GPU hardware.
Abstract: As computation becomes increasingly limited by data movement and energy consumption, exploiting locality throughout the memory hierarchy becomes critical to continued performance scaling. Moving computation closer to memory presents an opportunity to reduce both energy and data movement overheads. We explore the use of 3D die stacking to move memory-intensive computations closer to memory. This approach to processing in memory addresses some drawbacks of prior research on in-memory computing and is commercially viable in the foreseeable future.Because 3D stacking provides increased bandwidth, we study throughput-oriented computing using programmable GPU compute units across a broad range of benchmarks, including graph and HPC applications. We also introduce a methodology for rapid design space exploration by analytically predicting performance and energy of in-memory processors based on metrics obtained from execution on today's GPU hardware. Our results show that, on average, viable PIM configurations show moderate performance losses (27%) in return for significant energy efficiency improvements (76\% reduction in EDP) relative to a representative mainstream GPU at 22nm technology. At 16nm technology, on average, viable PIM configurations are performance competitive with a representative mainstream GPU (7% speedup) and provide even greater energy efficiency improvements (85\% reduction in EDP).