University of Greenwich

About: University of Greenwich is a education organization based out in London, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 3749 authors who have published 9958 publications receiving 234340 citations.

Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence.

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly prevalent condition with complications including blindness and kidney failure. Evidence suggests that type 2 diabetes is associated with a sedentary lifestyle, with physical activity demonstrated to increase glucose uptake and improve glycaemic control. Proposed mechanisms for these effects include the maintenance and improvement of insulin sensitivity via increased glucose transporter type four production. The optimal mode, frequency, intensity and duration of exercise for the improvement of insulin sensitivity are however yet to be identified. We review the evidence from 34 published studies addressing the effects on glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity of aerobic exercise, resistance training and both combined. Effect sizes and confidence intervals are reported for each intervention and meta-analysis presented. The quality of the evidence is tentatively graded, and recommendations for best practice proposed.

A framework to integrate design knowledge reuse and requirements management in engineering design

Abstract: This paper presents a framework to integrate requirements management and design knowledge reuse The research approach begins with a literature review in design reuse and requirements management to identify appropriate methods within each domain A framework is proposed based on the identified requirements The framework is then demonstrated using a case study example: vacuum pump design Requirements are presented as a component of the integrated design knowledge framework The proposed framework enables the application of requirements management as a dynamic process, including capture, analysis and recording of requirements It takes account of the evolving requirements and the dynamic nature of the interaction between requirements and product structure through the various stages of product development

What Works to Prevent Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults? Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract: Background Preventing falls is an International priority. There is a need to synthesise the highest quality falls prevention evidence in one place for clinicians. Purpose To conduct an umbrella review of meta-analyses (MA) of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of falls prevention interventions in community dwelling older adults. Data Sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, BNI, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, PubMed and the PEDro database. Study Selection MA with one pooled analysis containing ≥ 3 RCTs investigating any intervention to prevent falls in community dwelling older adults aged ≥ 60 years of age were eligible. 16 MA representing 47 pooled analyses were included. Data Extraction Two authors independently extracted data. Data Synthesis Data was narratively synthesised. The methodological quality of the MA was moderate. 3 MA defined a fall and 3 reported adverse events (although minor). There is consistent evidence that exercise reduces falls (including the rate, risk and odds of falling) with 13/14 pooled analyses (93%) from 7 MA demonstrating a significant reduction. The methodological quality of meta-analyses investigating exercise were medium/ high and effect sizes ranged from 0.87 (relative risk (RR) 95% CI 0.81–0.94, N=18, n=3568) to 0.39 (rate ratio (RaR) 95% CI 0.23 – 0.66, N=6). There is consistent evidence that multifactorial interventions reduce falls (5/6, 83% reported significant reduction). There is conflicting evidence regarding the influence of vitamin d supplementation (7/12, 58.3% reported significant reduction). Limitations MA often used different analysis and reporting of key characteristics was often lacking (e.g. participants, heterogeneity, publication bias). There may be some overlap between included MA. Conclusions There is consistent evidence that exercise and individually tailored multifactorial interventions are effective in reducing falls in the community.