Showing papers by "University of Hawaii at Manoa published in 1978"

Asteroid surface materials - Mineralogical characterizations from reflectance spectra

Abstract: Mineral assemblages analogous to most meteorite types, with the exception of ordinary chondritic assemblages, have been found as surface materials of Main Belt asteroids. C1- and C2-like assemblages (unleached, oxidized meteoritic clay minerals plus opaques such as carbon) dominate the population throughout the Belt, especially in the outer Belt. A smaller population of asteroids exhibit surface materials similar to C3 (CO, CV) meteoritic assemblages (olivine plus opaque, probably carbon) and are also distributed throughout the Belt. The majority of remaining studied asteroids (20) of 65 asteroids exhibit spectral reflectance curves dominated by the presence of metallic nickel-iron in their surface materials. The C2-like materials which dominate the main asteroid belt population appear to be relatively rare on earth-approaching asteroids.

How many neutrinos

Abstract: Measurement of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{ u}\overline{\ensuremath{ u}}$ at the new colliding-beam facilities can determine directly the total number of neutrino types (${\ensuremath{ u}}_{e}$, ${\ensuremath{ u}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, ${\ensuremath{ u}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$, etc.).

Triiodothyronine receptors in rat lung.

Abstract: Specific triiodothyronine receptor activity has been detected in rat lung nuclei isolated by Triton X-100, which was sensitive to pH and exhibited temperature-dependent association kinetics. This activity represented a single order of high affinity binding sites, with an apparent dissociation constant for 3,3′,5- triiodo-L-thyronine (L-T3) of 0.254 ± 0.027 nM and an apparent capacity of 249.4 ± 15.5 fmol 3,3′,5-triiodo-Lthyronine/mg DNA. Its specificity was such that triiodothyronine derivatives were bound at least 10 times more avidly than were the tetraiodothyronines. The presence of specific triiodothyronine receptors in lung nuclei suggests that the effect of thyroid hormones on pulmonary surfactant metabolism may be mediated through these binding sites. (Endocrinology 102: 1628, 1978)

Receptors for Androgen and Estrogen in the Rat Lung

Abstract: By the use of sucrose density gradient and protamine sulfate analyses, the cytosol fraction of rat lung has been found to contain binding activities for both androgenic and estrogenic steroids. These activities are present in lungs of rats of both sexes and at all ages examined. Both activities interacted stereospecifically with, and possessed high affinity for, the respective ligand, and sedimented in the 8-9S region of low salt sucrose density gradients. The androgen-binding activity appeared to bind 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone with similar affinities, but in vitro, whole lung incubation studies demonstrated that DHT is the predominant androgen found in lung nuclei. In the immature male rat, removal of endogenous androgen by castration-adrenalectomy had no effect on DHT-binding activity in lung cytosol. In the adult, however, this procedure led to a marked cycloheximidesensitive increase in binding activity. During postnatal development in male rats, relatively constant levels of both ...

A cytogenetic survey of an institution for the metnally retarded. III. Q-Band chromosome heteromorphisms.

Abstract: Heteromorphisms of chromosomes 3, 4, 13-15, 21-22, and Y were studied in a population of 374 mentally retarded patients from diverse ethnic groups. A significant variation in the size of the Y chromosome was found among different racial groups, those of the Orientals and Filipinos being larger than those of the Caucasians or Polynesians. No other significant variation was found among the different racial groups, although suggestive differences were seen in bands 3 cen, 13p3, and 14p3. Band 13 cen/pl was significantly larger in the category of socio-familial retardation than in the other two categories. However, as the significance was at the 0.05% level and as this was the only heteromorphism whose distribution was different among the three categories of mental retardation, we assign little importance to this observation.

Photosynthetic rates of marine algae as a function of inorganic carbon concentration

Abstract: The effect of inorganic carbon concentration on the rates of carbon fixation by mixed phytoplankton and by three algal species in culture was examined. The inorganic carbon concentrations resulting in half-maximal fixation rates ranged from 4.3–5.3 mg C · liter−1 for phytoplankton and from 0.8–3.0 for the axenic algal cultures. The applicability of the Michaelis-Menten equation to experimental systems of n species is demonstrated.

The uses of seaweed as food in Hawaii

Abstract: Rapid and frequent air service to Hawaii has brought about a stronger westernization in food choices and food habits than was possible 30 or 40 years ago. The transport of more fresh foods from the Orient is also possible. Western fastfood establishments such as McDonald's and Kentucky Fried Chicken are patronized as heavily as similar places in California. They have nearly entirely replaced "saiinin stands" of pre-World War II where a bowl of noodles and a bamboo stick of barbecued meat could be had quickly. Chinese restaurants are the favorite choice of students in ethnobotany at the University of Hawaii (polls taken in 1976, 1977), but there is no question that a hamburger or hot dog is everyone's favorite food, regardless of ethnic background. Against this change in food availability and food habits, continued use of seaweeds in the diet is surprising. Those of Hawaiian, Japanese and Filipino ancestry, the principal ethnic groups historically having seaweeds in their diets, purchase enough seaweeds to keep several suppliers in business (personal observation). As used by these groups of people, seaweed food preparations appear to be unsuitable as additions to standard western meals. Their flavor is inherently "strong," i.e., very definite, unlike for example the relatively pallid string bean; they may look like tangled strings; their color (black, brown, purple, dark red) unlike most western foods. Where in a western menu would you place a dish containing seaweed dressed in soy sauce and sugar (all three items with a distinctive flavor); where cold rolls of rice wrapped in purple seaweed, and where chopped, salted fresh seaweed, intended to flavor something bland, but not used as a gravy or sauce? I suggest that two to three meals a week are probably traditional Hawaiian, Japanese or Filipino in the examples chosen above, the remainder being western, i.e., "meat and potatoes." Hawaiian preparation of seaweed or li,nu (edible seaweed) consists of chopping or mashing the fresh raw weed, adding salt and perhaps fresh chili pepper, and eating it as a relish in a fish and poi (or more recently, rice) meal. Poi is derived from taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, and is steamed then pounded with water into a sticky paste with a consistency like that of chocolate pudding. It is served cold and has a faintly acid flavor. The piquancy of a variety of seaweeds added to bland poi or rice has been one of the historical and current reasons for retaining seaweeds in the food choices of Hawaiians, used here to include only native Polynesian descendants. From a list compiled by Reed (1907) of 70 "economic" seaweeds used by Hawaiians for food, Abbott and Williamson (1974) were able to identify 29 species by both Hawaiian common name and Latin binomial. The discrepancy reflects in part, multiplicity of Hawaiian names for the same species, or a lack of knowledge of the meaning of Hawaiian common names, resulting in inapplicable or inappropriate names for certain species. It is at the native Hawaiian feast, a luau, that celebrates the first birthday of a child, or the 75th birthday of a parent or grandparent, or the 50th wedding anniversary that a variety of seaweeds is found on the festive board. At these times, those who know where certain species grow are charged with collection and preparation as their contribution to the feast. At least four species of algae commonly appear: limu kohu (Asparagopsis taxiformis, a red alga), limnu eleele

The Incorporation of the Hospital into Modern Technology

Abstract: This address traces the emergence of the hospital in the 18th century as a facility for combating disease and tending to the sick. Reference is made to the reports of Tenon and Howard on hospitals in several European countries, which instead of considering the hospital as a mere architectural object make recommendations based on the numbers of beds of an institution, its usable space, the dimensions of wards, mortaility rates, etc.; the result is a new functional concept of the medical and physical organization of the hospital. The author delves into the characteristics of the hospital and medical practice in the Middle Ages, the 17th and 18th centuries, and since the middle of the 18th. He brings out the direct relationship of hospital organization to the economic regulations that emerged with mercantilism. He stresses the importance of man for social and military development on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to the application of a technology that could be described as political: the discipline. He is of the view that the introduction of disciplinary mechanisms in the confused environment of the hospital permitted its "medicalization" and the development of the medical-therapeutic hospital.

Identification de stérols à chaînes latérales courtes dans l′éponge Damiriana hawaiiana†

Abstract: Identification of short side chain sterols in the sponge Damiriana hawaiiana The steroidal composition of the sponge Damiriana hawaiiana is examined Twenty-seven components are identified In addition to the C26-C29, Δ5-mono and diunsaturated sterols, the sponge contains sterols without side-chain: androsta-5, 16-dien-3β-ol(1), androst-5-en-3β-ol(2); sterols with a non-functionalized side-chain consisting of two, three, four, five and six carbon atoms: pregna-5, 20-dien-3β-ol(5), pregn-5-en-3β-ol(6), 23, 24-bisnor-chola-5, 20-dien-3β-ol(7), 23, 24-bisnor-chol-5-en-3β-ol(8), 24-nor-chol-5-en-3β-ol(10), chol-5-en-3β-ol(11), 26, 27-bisnor-cholest-5-en-3β-ol(12), and sterols possessing a short oxygenated side-chain such as 3β-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one(3), androst-5-en-3β, 17β-diol(4) and 3β-hydroxy-26, 27-bisnor-22-trans-cholesta-5, 22-dien-24-one(14) The probable biological or dietary origin rather than artifact production of these hitherto undescribed components from marine sources is supported by their relatively high concentration and their relative proportions, both very different from those expected for autoxidation

Child Custody Decision Making: The Search for Improvement

Abstract: There is currently a great demand for child psychiatrist to be involved in child custody decision making. Lack of adequate training and limited criteria which deal with measurable psychological tailors have made this a difficult problem for out field to meet. This paper describes a new assessment method, called the Patent-Child Interaction Test, for use by the child psychiatrist involved in child custody decisions. Experiences in its use by a family court are described. The historical development of custody criteria and an analysis of the working philosophy of a typical family court in custody cases is described, including criteria customarily considered and problems encountered in the decision-making process.

Modified quantum chromodynamics: Exact global color symmetry and asymptotic freedom

Abstract: A theory of modified quantum chromodynamics is presented in which color is realized as a global rather than local SU(3) symmetry. Quarks and gluons are then free to exist, but below a certain energy threshold they are still effectively confined by the same dynamics as in quantum chromodynamics. In addition to the massive vector-gluon octet, the theory also contains an octet and two singlets of Higgs particles, or scalar gluons. Asymptotic freedom is maintained by the imposition of eigenvalue conditions on all coupling constants such that only one of them, say the gauge coupling $g$, is an independent parameter. This is shown to imply the existence of extraordinary quarks which are not triplets under color SU(3).

Idiopathic Urinary Bladder Stone Disease

Abstract: There is ample evidence that bladder stones occurred in antiquity with the earliest known human bladder stone found in a predynastic grave at El Amrah in Upper Egypt dated about B.C. 4,800.

The relationship between depression and self-concept discrepancy among different generations of Japanese-American women.

Abstract: Investigated the relationship between real-ideal self-concept discrepancy and depression among different generations and age groups of Japanese-American women in Hawaii. In contrast to the numerous results with Caucasian Ss, the present findings revealed that self-concept discrepancy and depression are related positively for certain generations (i. e., Nisei, young Sansei), but not others (i. e., old Sansei, Yonsei). It was speculated that the differences were due to acculturative and historical experiences that mediated personality pattern development. The findings also point out the ethnocentricity of one of the most supported notions in Western psychology (i. e., the relationship between self-concept discrepancy and maladjustment).

Pharmacokinetics of Cefaclor in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease and During Hemodialysis

Abstract: A single 1.0-g dose of cefaclor administered to patients with stable end stage renal disease whose creatinine clearances were <5 ml/min produced a mean peak serum concentration of 48.3 +/- 19.8 mug/ml. The half-life was 2.3 +/- 0.3 h. Hemodialysis shortened the half-life of a similar dose to 1.6 +/- 0.3 h. Approximately one-third (340 mg) of the administered drug was recovered in the dialysate. Multiple doses of 500 mg every 6 h between hemodialysis sessions produced effective serum concentrations and no bioassay evidence of drug accumulation.

Axonal Adaptations to Osmotic and Ionic Stress in an Invertebrate Osmoconformer (Mercierella Enigmatica Fauvel): II. Effects of Ionic Dilution on the Resting and Action Potentials

Abstract: The giant axon of this extreme euryhaline osmoconformer possess an unusual ability to produce action potentials of large amplitude over a wide range of ionic dilution when constant osmotic concentration is maintained by the addition of mannitol to the bathing medium. Ionic dilution under these circumstances causes a decline in the overshoot of the action potential (resulting largely from reduction in [Na+]o) and an appreciable axonal hyperpolarization (primarily as a result of decrease in [K+]O). This hyperpolarization tends to compensate for the reduction in the extent of the overshoot and so maintains the amplitude of the sodium-mediated action potentials during isosmotic dilution of the bathing medium. The axonal hyperpolarization also appears to reduce sodium inactivation so as to maintain a rapid rate of rise of the action potential despite drastic reduction in the ionic concentration of the bathing medium. Prolonged exposure to reduced ionic concentrations appears to induce a ouabain sensitive reduction in intracellular sodium concentration which increases the sodium gradient across the axon membrane during isosmotic dilution of the external medium.

Hartree‐like methods in electronic structure theory

Abstract: We consider the “Hartree Problem,” here defined as the problem of finding the orthogonal one-electron states which in a single determinant minimize the electronic energy, excluding exchange contributions. These states may provide a useful basis for correlation-energy studies. It is shown how the “Hartree Problem,” although superficially not of pseudoeigenvalue form, can nevertheless be cast in such a form and solved by an iterative diagonalization process.

Axonal Adaptations to Osmotic and Ionic Stress in an Invertebrate Osmoconformer ( Mercierella Enigmatica Fauvel): III. Adaptations to Hyposmotic Dilution

Abstract: The giant axons of this extreme osmoconformer were adapted, in vitro, to progressive hyposmotic dilution of the bathing medium (from 1024 m-Osmol to concentrations as low as 76.8 m-Osmol). Hyposmotic adaptation is associated with reductions in the intracellular concentrations of both sodium and potassium ions. These reductions do not appear to result from appreciable axonal swelling. The different electrical responses to isosmotic and hyposmotic dilution suggest that reduction in [Na+]1 results from ouabain-dependent sodium extrusion, in response to ionic dilution, and that reduction in [K+]1 is induced by a combination of ionic and osmotic dilution. The reduced level of intracellular potassium achieved during hyposmotic adaptation represents a balance between the necessity to contribute to osmotic equilibration and to maintain a potassium gradient across the axon membrane sufficient to produce appreciable axonal hyperpolarization during dilution of the bathing medium. This hyperpolarization tends to maintain the amplitude of the action potential, by compensating for reduction in overshoot (with decline in E(Na), and by reducing sodium inactivation. This, together with the reduction in [Na+]1, enables overshooting action potentials of relatively large amplitude and rapid rise time to be maintained during more than tenfold dilution of the ionic and osmotic concentration of the bathing medium.

Similarity of tuna N-acetylhistidine deacetylase and cod fish anserinase.

Abstract: 1. 1. The brain and ocular fluid of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) contained high levels of N-acetylhistidine deacetylase. 2. 2. This enzyme had a molecular weight of about 120,000 and was activated by zinc or cobaltous ions. 3. 3. Cod (Gadus callarias) brain, ocular fluid and muscle contained a similar metal-activated thiol hydrolase, the muscle enzyme being known as anserinase. 4. 4. The purified enzymes hydrolyzed N-acetylhistidine, carnosine, homocarnosine, anserine and certain other dipeptides. 5. 5. Their specificity resembled that of hog kidney homocarnosinase. 6. 6. In both fish, brain and ocular fluid were rich sources of this hydrolase, whereas muscle contained only trace amounts.