Showing papers by "University of Kansas published in 1988"
Harvard University1, Letterman Army Medical Center2, Indiana University3, University of Hawaii4, University of Kansas5, Erasmus University Rotterdam6, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai7, Duke University8, Memorial University of Newfoundland9, Rutgers University10, University of Massachusetts Medical School11, Wayne State University12, University of Colorado Denver13, University of Iowa14
TL;DR: The VHL gene is linked to the locus encoding the human homologoue of the RAF1 oncogene, which maps to chromosome 3p25 (ref. 4), which suggests that the defect responsible for the VHL phenotype is not a mutation in the RAF 1 gene itself.
Abstract: Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is an autosomal dominant disorder with inherited susceptibility to various forms of cancer, including hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system, phaeochromocytomas, pancreatic malignancies, and renal cell carcinomas. Renal cell carcinomas constitute a particularly frequent cause of death in this disorder, occurring as bilateral and multifocal tumours, and presenting at an earlier age than in sporadic, non-familial cases of this tumour type. We report here that the VHL gene is linked to the locus encoding the human homologoue of the RAF1 oncogene, which maps to chromosome 3p25 (ref. 4). Crossovers with the VHL locus suggest that the defect responsible for the VHL phenotype is not a mutation in the RAF1 gene itself. An alternative or prior event to oncogene activation in tumour formation may be the inactivation of a putative 'tumour suppressor' which can be associated with both the inherited and sporadic forms of the cancer. Sporadic renal cell carcinomas have previously been associated with the loss of regions on chromosome 3p (refs 5, 6). Consequently, sporadic and VHL-associated forms of renal cell carcinoma might both result from alterations causing loss of function of the same 'tumour suppressor' gene on this chromosome.
611 citations
TL;DR: Findings lead to a new concept about the structure of collagen IV, which is comprised of a third chain together with the two classical ones (alpha 1 and alpha 2) and the epitope to which the major reactivity of autoantibodies are targeted in glomerular basement membrane in patients with Goodpasture syndrome is localized to the NC1 domain of the alpha 3(IV) chain.
428 citations
01 Jan 1988
409 citations
TL;DR: Early diagnosis, aggressive treatment, and prophylaxis of complications should increase survival in patients with acute respiratory failure.
Abstract: Acute respiratory failure is frequently fatal. Attempts to decrease mortality must include attention to pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications. Pulmonary complications include pulmonary emboli, barotrauma, fibrosis, and pneumonia. Swan-Ganz catheters, tracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation can also result in pulmonary complications. Extra-pulmonary complications such as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, renal failure, infection, and thrombocytopenia may increase mortality. Early diagnosis, aggressive treatment, and prophylaxis of complications should increase survival.
338 citations
TL;DR: The empathy-specific reward hypothesis as discussed by the authors proposes that prosocial motivation associated with feeling empathy for a person in need is directed toward the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, not toward some subtle form of self-benefit.
Abstract: The empathy-altruism hypothesis claims that prosocial motivation associated with feeling empathy for a person in need is directed toward the ultimate goal of benefiting that person, not toward some subtle form of self-benefit. We explored two new egoistic alternatives to this hypothesis. The empathy-specific reward hypothesis proposes that the prosocial motivation associated with empathy is directed toward the goal of obtaining social or self-rewards (i.e., praise, honor, and pride). The empathy-specific punishment hypothesis proposes that this motivation is directed toward the goal of avoiding social or self-punishments (i.e., censure, guilt, and shame). Study 1 provided an initial test of the empathy-specific reward hypothesis. Studies 2 through 4 used three procedures to test the empathy-specific punishment hypothesis. In Study 5, a Stroop procedure was used to assess the role of reward-relevant, punishment-relevant, and victim-relevant cognitions in mediating the empathy-helping relationship. Results of these five studies did not support either the empathy-specific reward or the empathy-specific punishment hypothesis. Instead, results of each supported the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Evidence that empathic emotion evokes altruistic motivation continues to mount.
330 citations
TL;DR: Men's experience with unwanted sexual activity-including unwanted kissing, petting, or intercourse-engaged in because of physical or psychological pressure or from societal expectations about male sexuality is investigated.
Abstract: We investigated men's experience with unwanted sexual activity—including unwanted kissing, petting, or intercourse—engaged in because of physical or psychological pressure or from societal expectations about male sexuality. We developed a questionnaire asking if respondents had ever engaged in unwanted sexual activity for any of 51 reasons. This questionnaire was administered to 507 men and 486 women. More women (97.5%) than men (93.5%) had experienced unwanted sexual activity; more men (62.7%) than women (46.3%) had experienced unwanted intercourse. Using factor analysis, we grouped the 51 questionnaire items into 13 general reasons; we then compared percentages of men and women who had engaged in unwanted sexual activity for these 13 reasons. There were seven sex differences in reasons for unwanted sexual activity: Five were more frequent for women than men; two reasons were more frequent for men than women—peer pressure and desire for popularity. There were eight sex differences in reasons for unwanted...
297 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The FDI provided important and clinically useful current and predictive information regarding RA status, utilization of services, and mortality that was not available through conventional testing and the data suggest that such information can be easily and inexpensively obtained.
Abstract: We administered the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire functional disability questionnaire to a cohort of 400 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) every 6 months during a mean followup of 3.1 years. Simple classification into 3 groups based on Functional Disability Index (FDI) scores (0-1, 1.1-2, 2.1-3) identified patients with increasingly more severe scores for clinical, psychological, and demographic variables; and FDI scores at entry predicted increased inpatient and outpatient utilization of services, and mortality. The FDI provided important and clinically useful current and predictive information regarding RA status, utilization of services, and mortality that was not available through conventional testing. Our data suggest that such information can be easily and inexpensively obtained.
291 citations
TL;DR: The paper describes knowledge acquisition under uncertainty using rough set theory, a concept introduced by Z. Pawlak in 1981, and shows that some classifications are theoretically (and, therefore, in practice) forbidden.
Abstract: The paper describes knowledge acquisition under uncertainty using rough set theory, a concept introduced by Z. Pawlak in 1981. A collection of rules is acquired, on the basis of information stored in a data base-like system, called an information system. Uncertainty implies inconsistencies, which are taken into account, so that the produced rules are categorized into certain and possible with the help of rough set theory. The approach presented belongs to the class of methods of learning from examples. The taxonomy of all possible expert classifications, based on rough set theory, is also established. It is shown that some classifications are theoretically (and, therefore, in practice) forbidden.
286 citations
TL;DR: The study investigated if preschoolers can learn novel words when viewing television and if the learning is influenced by age or type of word, and how this affects studies of media effects and accounts of preschoolers' "fast mapping" of new words.
Abstract: The study investigated if preschoolers can learn novel words when viewing television and if the learning is influenced by age or type of word. 61 preschoolers, ages 3 and 5, were assigned to either an experimental or control group. They viewed a 15-min television program, featuring 20 different novel words, 5 each in the 4 categories of object, action, attribute, and affective-state words. Comprehension was tested before and after viewing. The experimental group performed better than the controls for object, action, and attribute words. 5-year-olds were more accurate than 3-year-olds and gained relatively more from the experimental condition. The easiest words to learn were object and attribute words. The results are relevant for studies of media effects and accounts of preschoolers' "fast mapping" of new words.
237 citations
TL;DR: An improved electronic structure for achieving a frequency offset between two or more YIG devices tuned by a single electro-magnet, which relies entirely upon the anisotropy variations of the single crystal structure of the YIG spheres when they are mounted on respective tuning rods on a specific axis.
Abstract: An improved electronic structure for achieving a frequency offset between two or more YIG devices tuned by a single electro-magnet. The structure does not require different sizes of YIG spheres, different magnet gap spacings, or modified coil windings on the electro-magnet, but relies entirely upon the anisotropy variations of the single crystal structure of the YIG spheres when they are mounted on respective tuning rods on a specific axis and rotated under a variable field for a fixed frequency input.
206 citations
TL;DR: Data indicate that neutrophils which infiltrate tissues in various inflammatory conditions may play an important role in regulating TIMP activity in vivo through the action of neutrophil elastase.
TL;DR: Two eight-member equivalence classes of visual stimuli were established during three phases of a training program and these auditory-visual relations were found to be intact or, if not, were recovered without direct training.
Abstract: Two eight-member equivalence classes of visual stimuli were established during three phases of a training program. In Phase 1, two training arrangements were compared. In one, 3 subjects were taught on different trials to select from a single pair of comparison stimuli (A1, A2) in response to eight sample stimuli that were trained in pairs (B1, B2; C1, C2; D1, D2; E1, E2). In the second arrangement, subjects were taught to select from four pairs of comparisons (B1, B2; C1, C2; D3, D2; E2, E2) in response to two samples (A1, A2). Training with the single pair of comparison stimuli resulted in the development of equivalence relations (B1C1, B2C2, D1B1, D2B2, B1E1, B2E2, C1D1, C2D2, C1E1, C2E2, D1E1, D2E2, and their reciprocals) between the sample stimuli without direct training of these relations. In the other training arrangement, these relations among the comparison stimuli developed in the performance of 1 subject only. In Phase 2, three new pairs of stimuli (F1, F2; G1, G2; H1, H2) were substituted for three of the original pairs (B1, B2; C1, C2; D1, D2) and the training arrangements for the groups were reversed. Following training, the performances that showed equivalence relations on the probes in the first phase also showed equivalence relations in the second phase. If such relations did not develop in the first phase, they did not do so in the second phase. In Phase 3, relations between stimuli across the two previous phases (e.g., B1F1, B2F2, B1G1, B2H2, C1F1, etc.) were investigated. The 4 subjects whose performances showed the development of these relations were taught to select one stimulus from each class (E1 and E2) in response to a verbal label (I1 and I2) and then were tested to see if the verbal label controlled responding to the remaining members of the class (e.g., I1A1, I2A2, I1B1, I2B2, etc.). For 3 subjects, this generalized control occurred; for the 4th, generalization occurred only after verbal training with a second pair of visual stimuli (F1 and F2). In retests several months later, these auditory-visual relations were found to be intact or, if not, were recovered without direct training.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Psychological and clinical factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are investigated by studying 400 patients at 6 month intervals over a mean 3.1 (1.2 SD) years utilizing the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales psychological scales.
Abstract: We investigated psychological and clinical factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by studying 400 patients at 6 month intervals over a mean 3.1 (1.2 SD) years utilizing the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales psychological scales. Entry clinical and demographic variables explained 25% of the variance in psychological scores. Patients with RA had scores similar to those with other rheumatic disorders (n = 441), and scores remained stable over the study period. Development of depression was associated with socioeconomic not clinical factors, and disease activity appeared to have a limited effect on psychological status. Initial psychological scores were associated with subsequent pain levels and number of physician visits.
TL;DR: The complex interplay of immunological and parasite factors participating in the various lesions associated with acute and chronic Toxoplasma infections is discussed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Fractionation of LPS-photo-cross-linked, reduced, and solubilized splenocyte extracts on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels has allowed the identification of an 80-kDa LPS -binding protein, which appears to be indistinguishable when photolabeled extracts of splenocytes from the C3HeB/FeJ and L PS-nonresponder C3H/HeJ mice are compared.
Abstract: Experiments have been carried out using a unique radio-iodinated, disulfide-reducible, photoactivatable LPS derivative (ASD-LPS) to detect specific LPS-binding proteins on murine splenocytes Fractionation of LPS-photo-cross-linked, reduced, and solubilized splenocyte extracts on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels has allowed the identification of an 80-kDa LPS-binding protein with approximate pI of 65 This LPS-binding protein is present on partially purified populations of splenic B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and macrophages It is also the dominant LPS-binding protein on the murine 70Z/3 B cell line and the YAC-1 and EL4 T cell lines but is not detectable on the undifferentiated murine Sp2/0 myeloma cell line Of potential importance is the fact that the 80-kDa protein appears to be indistinguishable when photolabeled extracts of splenocytes from the C3HeB/FeJ (lpsn) and LPS-nonresponder C3H/HeJ (lpsd) mice are compared
TL;DR: Three experiments assessed the likelihood that subjects with histories of equivalence class development would respond conditionally on new discriminations in the absence of differential consequences for responses, finding that two groups of subjects with different experimental histories responded on trials without explicit reinforcement.
Abstract: Three experiments assessed the likelihood that subjects with histories of equivalence class development would respond conditionally on new discriminations in the absence of differential consequences for responses. In the first two experiments, two groups of subjects with different experimental histories, but whose performances showed four equivalence classes, responded on trials without explicit reinforcement involving samples from two of the classes and comparisons from the other two classes, in a two-choice matching-to-sample format. Subjects consistently selected a particular comparison in the presence of a particular sample. Subsequent tests showed the emergence of equivalence relations between stimuli from classes linked by the unreinforced conditional selections. Subsequently, in Experiment II, the subjects' responses in the conditional selection trials were reinforced if the selection was reversed from that made previously. Although reversed selection was maintained, 2 of the 3 subjects continued to perform on equivalence relation trials according to their original unreinforced selections. In the third experiment, these 2 subjects responded on a series of conditional discriminations involving three new pairs of sample stimuli and one new pair of comparison stimuli. No explicit reinforcement followed responses on any trial in this experiment. Subsequent tests for equivalence between sample stimuli revealed the development of two equivalence classes.
TL;DR: It is shown that the urokinase strands present on human foreskin fibroblasts are colocalized with strands of vinculin, an intracellular actin-binding protein that is deposited at cell-to-substratum focal adhesion sites, which indicates linkage of the plasminogen/plasmin system both to sites of cell adhesion and to the cytoskeleton.
Abstract: Several cell types display binding sites for [125I]urokinase (Vassalli, J.-D., D. Baccino, D. Belin. 1985. J. Cell Biol. 100:86-92) which in certain cases are occupied with endogenous urokinase. These sites appear to focus urokinase at cell surfaces and hence may participate in tissue matrix destruction and cell invasion. Recently Pollanen et al. (1987) demonstrated that the cell surface urokinase of human fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells is deposited underneath the cells in strands, apparently at sites of cell-to-substratum contact. Here, using immunofluorescence double labeling, we show that the urokinase strands present on human foreskin fibroblasts are colocalized with strands of vinculin, an intracellular actin-binding protein that is deposited at cell-to-substratum focal adhesion sites. Thus, this indicates linkage of the plasminogen/plasmin system both to sites of cell adhesion and to the cytoskeleton. The urokinase strands on HT 1080 fibrosarcoma cells are more numerous and have shapes that are more tortuous than those on normal fibroblasts. In intact HT 1080 cells, colocalized vinculin strands are obscured by an intense background of soluble vinculin but are apparent on isolated ventral plasma membranes. Certain properties of the urokinase strands suggest that they are related to the [125I]urokinase-binding sites that have been described by several groups: (a) incubating fibroblasts with dexamethasone for 48 h or at pH 3 at 5 degrees C for 10 min greatly decreases the number and intensity of the urokinase strands; (b) strands reappear when glucocorticoid-treated cells are incubated with exogenous 54-kD (but not 35-kD) urokinase, and this process is inhibited by a previously described 16-amino acid peptide that blocks [125I]urokinase binding to the cells.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the nuclear transport of AdPol is facilitated, irrespective of the presence of its nuclear localization signal, by interaction with pTP, and the sequence RLPV(R)6VP, which is present in both pTPs, is identified as theirnuclear localization signal.
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of adult males at risk for violent behavior admitted as inpatients at a community mental health center was followed for six months after their release and data collected at admission (which included demographics, family back-ground, criminal justice and mental health systems contacts, past violent behavior, life stress, family, friendship, and work environment measures, psychiatric diagnosis, and alcohol and drug use) were used to predict subsequent violent arrests or readmissions using stepwise discriminant analysis.
Abstract: Studies of violence prediction have typically involved long-range follow-up of institutionalized persons and have shown poor predictive accuracy. In the present study a sample of adult males at risk for violent behavior admitted as inpatients at a community mental health center was followed for six months after their release. Data collected at admission (which included demographics, family back-ground, criminal justice and mental health systems contacts, past violent behavior, life stress, family, friendship, and work environment measures, psychiatric diagnosis, and alcohol and drug use) were used to predict subsequent violent arrests or readmissions using stepwise discriminant analysis. Results yielded 85% of the total sample correctly classified. Of those predicted to be nonviolent 94% were actually nonviolent and of those predicted to be violen 59% were actually violent. Seventy-six percent of the violent subjects were identified. Implications of the findings for clinical predictions of violence are discussed.
TL;DR: It is concluded that CM and RM cells share many common features; however, RM cells are concerned primarily with the dynamics of muscle contraction.
TL;DR: In this paper, the S-matrix version of the Kohn variational principle is used to obtain a very effective method for quantum scattering calculations, especially useful for the nonlocal (i.e., exchange) interactions that arise in chemically reactive scattering (and also in electron-atom/molecule scattering).
Abstract: The S‐matrix version of the Kohn variational principle is used to obtain a very effective method for quantum scattering calculations. The approach is especially useful for the nonlocal (i.e., exchange) interactions that arise in chemically reactive scattering (and also in electron–atom/molecule scattering). The particular version developed in this paper has a more general structure than an earlier one by Miller and Jansen op de Haar [J. Chem. Phys. 86, 6213 (1987)], and applications to an elastic scattering problem, and also to three‐dimensional H+H2 reactive scattering, show that it is also more useful in practice.
TL;DR: Singh and Rothschild as mentioned in this paper reported the second in a series of experiments on recognition as a dependent variable in the study of the learning and forgetting of television commercials and compared recognition with the more popular measure of recall.
Abstract: Measuring the effectiveness of advertising is a central research interest of both academic and industry researchers (Leckenby and Plununer 1983; Ostlund 1978; Stewart, Furse, and Kozak 1983). When effectiveness is measured in terms of leaming and memory, recall and recognition are common dependent variables (Stewart et al. 1985). We report the second in a series of experiments on recognition as a dependent variable in the study of the learning and forgetting of television commercials. The first experiment (Singh and Rothschild 1983a) studied learning curves as a function of repetition levels, commercial length, and number of distractors; the second experiment examined forgetting curves as a function of repetition, message length, and the passage of time. Both studies considered the virtues of recognition as a measure of memory, and its sensitivity and discriminability. The studies also compared recognition with the more popular measure of recall. The two experiments were undertaken in response to the ever-increasing disen
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used historical and current compositional data from old-growth stands in the spruce-hardwood zone to construct a 180-year trend in forest composition for central New Hampshire.
Abstract: Within the scientific as well as the popular press there is a growing interest in the declining growth rates and increased mortality of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in the eastern United States1,2, and the possibility of a causal relationship with anthropogenic pollutants, particularly acidic deposition3–7. To evaluate this relationship we need to consider the long-term (200 year) population trend of this species (which has not been done to date). Potentially long-term changes are being viewed with a short-term perspective, possibly leading to the identification of spurious causal relationships. Using historical and current compositional data from old-growth stands in the spruce–hardwood zone we constructed a 180-year trend in forest composition for central New Hampshire. These data indicate a major decrease in the size of red spruce populations from 1800 to the present. It is proposed that the major driving force of this decline has been a warming trend in both mean annual and mean summer temperatures.
TL;DR: Under defined conditions, EGF, Sm-C, and TGFb act synergistically to promote DNA synthesis in primary cultures of porcine granulosa cells.
Abstract: Recent studies have suggested that the mammalian ovary synthesizes epidermal growth factor (EGF), somatomedin- C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C), and transforming growth factor-β (TGFb) and that these growth factors may in part form a basis for intraovarian regulation of granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation. The studies described herein were initiated to determine to what extent EGF, Sm-C, and TGFb function to regulate DNA synthesis and granulosa cell proliferation during primary monolayer culture. EGF, but neither Sm-C nor TGFb, alone consistently stimulated, in a dose-dependent manner, [3H]thymidine incorporation by porcine granulosa cells under defined conditions (P < 0.01). Sm-C (10 ng/ml) and TGFb (1 ng/ml) both enhanced EGFstimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation (56% and 300%, respectively; P < 0.05). The levels of incorporation obtained with EGF plus TGFb were equal to or greater than those obtained using fetal bovine serum alone. When EGF, Sm-C, and TGFb were combined, [3H]thymidine...
TL;DR: Results indicated that although task-to-task reliability was extremely variable and typically low, most measures of infants' attention averaged across multiple tasks were reliable from 1 week to the next as well as relatively stable over the longer longitudinal period.
Abstract: The visual behavior of infants in the paired-comparison paradigm was assessed with multiple discrimination tasks week-to-week at 4 and 7 months and longitudinally from 4 to 7 months. Results indicated that although task-to-task reliability was extremely variable and typically low, most measures of infants' attention averaged across multiple tasks were reliable from 1 week to the next as well as relatively stable over the longer longitudinal period. Across all groups, infants who had shorter fixations (i.e., more fixations per fixed-exposure period) during the familiarization phase showed higher novelty preferences. While infants' shift rate during test phases was a reliable individual characteristic at 7 months, it was not at 4 months; rather, data suggested that the difficulty of the stimulus discrimination may be related to young infants' shift rate.
TL;DR: In this article, the allocation of attention during the recognition of ambiguous and unambiguous words was investigated and the results were consistent with those from Experiment 1 and showed that word recognition is an attention-demanding process and that the demands are inversely related to the number of meanings of the stimulus.
Abstract: In two experiments the allocation of attention during the recognition of ambiguous and unambiguous words was investigated. In Experiment 1, separate groups performed either lexical decision, auditory probe detection, or their combination. In the combined condition probes occurred 90, 180, or 270 ms following the onset of the lexical-decision target. Lexical decisions and probe responses were fastest for ambiguous words, followed by unambiguous words and pseudowords, respectively, which indicated that processing ambiguous words was less attention demanding than unambiguous words or pseudowords. Attention demands decreased across the timecourse of word recognition for all stimulus types. In Experiment 2, one group performed the lexical-decision task alone, whereas another group performed the lexical-decision task during the retention interval of a short-term memory task. The results were consistent with those from Experiment 1 and showed that word recognition is an attention-demanding process and that the demands are inversely related to the number of meanings of the stimulus. These results are discussed with regard to the structure of the mental lexicon (i.e., single vs. multiple lexical entries) and the effect of such a structure on attentional mechanisms.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that behavior analysis is contextualistic in world view, in contrast to its traditional characterization as being mechanistic, and the importance of context in contextualism is examined and organized according to current behavior-analytic practices.
TL;DR: One-gram 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas are safe and effective in maintaining remission in patients with left-sided ulcerative colitis.
TL;DR: Using the fluorescence properties of the commonly used fluorophore 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), the use of fluorescence to study the phase transition from the noninterdigitated to the interdigitated phase is demonstrated and it is shown that the induction of interdigitation by ethanol is temperature dependent, with higher temperature favoringInterdigitation.
Abstract: It is now well established that a number of amphiphilic molecules such as ethanol can induce the formation of the fully interdigitated gel phase in phosphatidylcholines. We have shown earlier that alcohols such as ethanol induce biphasic melting behavior in phosphatidylcholines [Rowe, E. S. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 3299-3305] but not in phosphatidylethanolamines [Rowe, E. S. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 813, 321-330]. Simon and McIntosh [(1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 773, 169-172] showed that the alcohol-induced biphasic melting behavior in phosphatidylcholines is a consequence of acyl chain interdigitation. In the present study we demonstrate the detection of the transition of DPPC and DSPC to the interdigitated phase in the presence of ethanol using the fluorescence properties of the commonly used fluorophore 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). By correlating fluorescence and X-ray diffraction results, we have demonstrated the use of fluorescence to study the phase transition from the noninterdigitated to the interdigitated phase. Using this method, we have investigated the temperature and ethanol concentration dependence of the induction of the interdigitated phase in DSPC and DPPC and shown that the induction of interdigitation by ethanol is temperature dependent, with higher temperature favoring interdigitation. The temperature-ethanol phase diagrams have been determined for DPPC and DSPC.