Showing papers by "University of Texas at Austin published in 1980"
Book•
01 Jan 1980TL;DR: This acclaimed revision of a classic database systems text provides the latest information combined with real-world examples to help readers master concepts in a technically complete yet easy-to-understand style.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
This acclaimed revision of a classic database systems text offers a complete background in the basics of database design, languages, and system implementation It provides the latest information combined with real-world examples to help readers master concepts All concepts are presented in a technically complete yet easy-to-understand style with notations kept to a minimum A running example of a bank enterprise illustrates concepts at work To further optimize comprehension, figures and examples, rather than proofs, portray concepts and anticipate results
1,674 citations
TL;DR: There were no differences among these groups in terms of missing data or internal consistency reliabilty (as measured by Cronbach's alpha and Spearman-Brown split halves); factor-analytic results demonstrate the same general structure of responses among the three groups.
Abstract: Reliability of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, a 20-item symptom checklist, is examined using data from a sample of community respondents containing Anglos (254), Blacks (270), and Mexican Americans (181). Although the survey response rate was lower for Mexican Americans, quality of the data provided by this group was not significantly different from that for Anglos or Blacks. That is, there were no differences among these groups in terms of missing data or internal consistency reliabilty (as measured by Cronbach's alpha and Spearman-Brown split halves). Factor-analytic results also demonstrate the same general structure of responses among the three groups.
763 citations
TL;DR: A conceptual framework employing the distinction between stimulus-centered and subject-centered scales is presented as a basis for reviewing 80 years of literature on the optimal number of response scales.
Abstract: A conceptual framework employing the distinction between stimulus-centered and subject-centered scales is presented as a basis for reviewing 80 years of literature on the optimal number of response...
591 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory about psychological freedom is reviewed in terms of its broad applicability to consumer behavior, and a theory of psychological reactance details the consumer's reply to reductions in freedom.
Abstract: A theory about psychological freedom is reviewed in terms of its broad applicability to consumer behavior. Promotional influence, manipulative advertisements, product unavailability, and government regulations are all cast as potentially freedom-threatening events, and a theory of psychological reactance details the consumer's reply to reductions in freedom.
559 citations
TL;DR: A model is developed to consider the interplay between dispersibility and delayed germination in desert annuals and finds that optimal germination fraction is found to be very sensitive to changes in despersibility especially at the limited dispersibilities that are realistic for annual plants.
Abstract: A model is developed to consider the interplay between dispersibility and delayed germination in desert annuals. The model explores the effect of low levels of dispersal, considered realistic for annual plants, on optimal germination fraction. The model also demonstrates the effect of the amount and accuracy of "predictive" (responsive to the environment) dormancy on the optimal innate germination fraction (not responsive to environmental conditions).Optimal germination fraction is found to be very sensitive to changes in despersibility especially at the limited dispersibilities that are realistic for annual plants. As dispersibility increases, optimal germination fraction increases. If plants make two kinds of seeds with differing despersibility, reproduction is maximized if the low dispersal seeds have delayed germination and the high dispersal seeds have quick germination. If dormancy mechanisms permit seeds to germinate when environmental conditions allow successful maturation, and remain dormant when environmental conditions do not permit successful maturation, what fraction of seeds should remain dormant under predicted good conditions as a hedge against inaccurate prediction of the environment? If environmental cues that break dormancy are uncorrelated with environmental conditions that permit successful maturation, predictive dormancy has little or no effect on the optimal innate germination fraction. When predictive dormancy lowers the probability of germinating when environmental conditions preclude successful maturation, the optimal innate germination fraction increases with increasing germination control by predictive dormancy. With a moderate degree of germination control by predictive dormancy, the optimal innate dormancy is still sensitive to changes in dispersal in the low dispersal ranges characteristic of annual plants.Evidence is presented from plant species that have both dispersal and germination dimorphisms to support the predicted correlation of high germination fractions with high dispersal.
522 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: The average American six-year-old can produce and understand literally thousands of different words, and he can comprehend virtually any sentence that one can form with those words as mentioned in this paper. But for all his cognitive and linguistic talents, the child has one peculiar linguistic shortcoming: he cannot read a word.
Abstract: The six-year-old's sight is as good as the adult's (Amigo 1972), and his hearing is nearly so (Elliott and Katz 1980). The child has an excellent memory (Mandler, in press), and his learning ability is remarkable. Even a conservative estimate of the size of his vocabulary will show that he must have learned, on average, more than four new words every day since his first birthday (Carey 1978). He has already learned to speak and understand his native language with remarkable fluency. The average American six-year-old can already produce and recognize more than a dozen vowels and nearly 30 consonants of English. He can produce and understand literally thousands of different words, and he can comprehend virtually any sentence that one can form with those words. To be sure, his language acquisition is not complete. Over the next decade he may have to smoothe out some rough spots in his phonology (Templin 1953), his vocabulary will grow by many more thousands of words (Oldfield 1963), and he must capture a few syntactic niceties which still escape him (Chomsky 1969). But his mastery of English would be the envy of any college graduate learning English as a second language. Yet for all his cognitive and linguistic talents, the child has one peculiar linguistic shortcoming: he cannot read a word. Indeed, that is one of the primary reasons why we now send him to elementary school. His teacher
506 citations
01 Jan 1980
492 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine how community structure generates these circumstances and apply Amos Hawley's human ecological theory in treating criminal acts as routine activities which feed upon other routine activities.
Abstract: Prior explanations of the distributions of crime have tended to emphasize the criminal intentions of people without considering adequately the circumstances in which criminal acts occur. This paper examines how community structure generates these circumstances and applies Amos Hawley's human ecological theory in treating criminal acts as routine activities which feed upon other routine activities. For example, we consider how married women in the labor force, persons living alone, and lightweight durable goods provide offenders with circumstances favorable for carrying out certain illegal acts. We examine in particular how directcontact predatory violations require the convergence in space and time of offenders, suitable targets,and the absence of effective guardians.Various trends in the social structure can alter crime rates by affecting the likelihood of this convergence, without necessarily requiring changes in the criminal inclinations of individuals.
489 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted to generate a model of power strategies used in intimate relationships and information regarding the associations between gender, sexual orientation, egalitarianism, and power strategy use.
Abstract: A study was conducted to generate (a) a model of power strategies used in intimate relationships and (b) information regarding the associations between gender, sexual orientation, egalitarianism, and power strategy use. Participants in this study were 200 university students (100 homosexuals and 100 heterosexuals) evenly divided by gender. A two-dimensional model was devised based on the strategies written in open-ended essays. These two dimensions concerned the extent to which the strategies were (a) direct (ranging from direct to indirect) and (b) interactive (ranging from bilateral to unilateral). Gender differences were found only among heterosexuals, with men more likely than women to report using bilateral and direct strategies. The effects of gender among heterosexuals paralleled findings concerning the balance of power in the relationship. That is, people who preferred and perceived themselves as having more power than their partner, such as heterosexual men, were also more likely to use bilateral and direct strategies. No differences in power strategy use were found between homosexuals and heterosexuals. These and other results are interpreted in terms of the two-dimensional model and general gender differences in power.
464 citations
TL;DR: A factor analysis of the Self-Monitoring Scale yielded three replicated factors: Acting, Extraversion, and Other-Directedness as discussed by the authors, and the three distinct factors help to explain certain discrepancies found in previous research with the self-monitoring scale.
Abstract: A factor analysis of the Self-Monitoring Scale yielded three replicated factors: Acting, Extraversion, and Other-Directedness. Acting includes being good at and liking to speak and entertain. Other-Directedness is a willingness to change one's behavior to suit other people, and Extraversion is self-explanat ory. OtherDirectedness correlates positively with Shyness and Neuroticism and negatively with Self-Esteem. Extraversion correlates negatively with Shyness and positively with Self-Esteem and Sociability. Two of the scale's three factors, therefore, have opposite patterns of correlations with other personality dimensions. The three distinct factors help to explain certain discrepancies found in previous research with the Self-Monitoring Scale. For future research, we suggest that scores for each of the factors are more appropriate than full scale scores. We conclude that there may be a gap between the construct of Self-Monitori ng and how it is operationalized in the scale. Stage actors make gestures, speak dialogue, and respond to cues—all in the service of portraying a particular character or role written by the author. Several decades ago, Erving Goffman (1956) used the stage metaphor to characterize the way each of us acts in social contexts. He suggested that we behave the way others expect us to, that we are alert to subtle cues in our social environment, and that in general we engage in self-presentation. A sociologist, Goffman ignored individual differences, but surely people vary in the extent to which they stage-manage their social behavior. To assess such individual differences, Mark Snyder developed the Self-Monitoring Scale (1974). A description of the high selfmonitor is also a definition of the concept: The prototypic high selt-monitoring individual is one who, out of concern for the situational and interpersonal appropriateness of his or her social behavior, is particularly sensitive to the expression and self-presentation of relevant others in social situations and uses these cues as guidelines for selfmonitoring (that is, regulating and controlling) his
463 citations
TL;DR: The development and preliminary construct validation of a Binge Scale intended to provide more descriptive, quantifiable information about the behavioral and attitudinal parameters of bulimia is reported.
TL;DR: Fermi level pinning as mentioned in this paper describes the case where the band bending in a semiconductor contacting a metal is essentially independent of the metal even for large variation in the work function of a metal.
Abstract: Fermi level pinning refers to a situation where the band bending in a semiconductor contacting a metal is essentially independent of the metal even for large variation in the work function of the metal. It was found that a similar situation sometimes results for a semiconductor contacting liquid electrolyte solutions containing redox couples having very different electrochemical potentials. Recently, workers in the field of semiconductor photoelectrochemistry have emphasized a limiting case of the model of the semiconductor/liquid interface where the drop across the semiconductor depends on applied potential; at equilibrium with the solution, the band bending is generally regarded as varying with changes in the solution potential by virtue of changes in the redox couple or simply changing the ratio of oxidized and reduced material. Fermi level pinning results in semiconductor/liquid interfaces which can be viewed as analogous to a Schottky barrier photocell in series with an electrochemical cell in that the extent to which a given redox process can be driven uphill is independent of the potential of the redox couple.n-GaAs, p-GaAs, p-GaAs, and p-Si are semiconductors that exhibit Fermi level pinning in liquid electrolyte solutions (CH/sub 3/CN/(n-Bu/sub 4/N)ClO/sub 4/) of redox reagents. Fermi level pinning has the disadvantagemore » in practical terms of limiting photovoltage in optical energy conversion applications, but such a phenomenon allows the use of a very wide range of solution couples. Since Fermi level pinning results from surface states, changes in the surface brought about by deliberate surface chemistry may change the surface states and hence the photovoltage in solid-state and liquid-junction solar devices.« less
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that the decomposition of water is catalytic at 23°C when a platinized, powdered titanium dioxide catalyst, illuminated with band-gap radiation, is used.
TL;DR: Peterson investigates the basic structure of several such existing programs and their approaches to solving the problems which arise when this type of program is created.
Abstract: With the increase in word and text processing computer systems, programs which check and correct spelling will become more and more common. Peterson investigates the basic structure of several such existing programs and their approaches to solving the problems which arise when this type of program is created. The basic framework and background necessary to write a spelling checker or corrector are provided.
TL;DR: For example, data from the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) scales have led to the hypothesis that androgynous individuals are more "behavioural".
Abstract: Data from the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) Masculinity and Femininity scales have led to the hypothesis that androgynous individuals are more “behav...
TL;DR: Individual variation in sexual characteristics of adult female mice may be traceable to differential exposure to testosterone during prenatal development because of intrauterine proximity to male fetuses.
Abstract: Mice produce litters containing many pups, and the female fetuses that develop between male fetuses have significantly higher concentrations of the male sex steroid testosterone in both their blood and amniotic fluid than do females that develop between other female fetuses. These two types of females differ during later life in many sexually related characteristics. Thus, individual variation in sexual characteristics of adult female mice may be traceable to differential exposure to testosterone during prenatal development because of intrauterine proximity to male fetuses.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of determining the 3D model and movement of an object from a sequence of two-dimensional images is discussed, and a solution to this problem depends on solving a system of nonlinear equations using a modified least squared error method.
Abstract: Discusses the problem of determining the three-dimensional model and movement of an object from a sequence of two-dimensional images A solution to this problem depends on solving a system of nonlinear equations using a modified least-squared error method Two views of six points or three views of four points are needed to provide an overdetermined set of equations when the images are noisy It is shown, however, that this numerical method is not very accurate unless the images of considerably more points are used
TL;DR: It is presented in this paper the possibility that the orientation of CIG on the substrata is the critical factor in fibroblast adhesion and the enhanced ability of Factor XIII-crosslinked CIG substrata to support cell adhesion could not be accounted for by the absolute amount of Cig bound to the substrATA.
TL;DR: In this paper, the polarization of the vacuum induced by gravitation is studied for massless fields in the region exterior to the horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole and the form of the renormalized expectation value of the stress tensor near the horizon and at infinity is discussed for each of these three states.
Abstract: The polarization of the vacuum induced by gravitation is studied for massless fields in the region exterior to the horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole. The renormalized value of $〈{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{2}(x)〉$ is calculated according to the "covariant point-separation scheme" for each of the Boulware, Hartle-Hawking, and Unruh "vacua." The form of the renormalized expectation value of the stress tensor near the horizon and at infinity is discussed for each of these three states. It is found that the Unruh vacuum best approximates the state that would obtain following the gravitational collapse of a massive body in the sense that the expectation values of physical observables are finite, in a freely falling frame, on the future horizon and that this state is empty near infinity apart from an outgoing flux of a blackbody radiation. The response of an Unruh box is examined further in the light of the results obtained for the stress tensor. Finally it is shown by explicit solution of the linearized Einstein equations that the area of the horizon decreases at the rate expected from the flux at infinity.
TL;DR: It is reported here that immunoantagonism of VIP with a high-litre antiserum antagonized inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the LOS, providing evidence of a role for VIP as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Abstract: Many peripheral autonomic nerves are neither cholinergic nor adrenergic. Such nerves are widely distributed in the gastrointestinal, urogenital and respiratory tracts, and in blood vessels. The nature of their neurotransmitter is not known. We have previously reported that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a potent inhibitor of opossum lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) and that its inhibitory effect is exerted directly on the sphincter muscle. Subsequent studies have confirmed the inhibitory effect of VIP on LOS in other species. Recently, very high tissue levels of VIP have been reported in the LOS and other gastrointestinal sphincters. Furthermore, VIP has been localized to intramural neurones and is released upon electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. We report here that immunoantagonism of VIP with a high-titre antiserum antagonized inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the LOS. These findings provide evidence of a role for VIP as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
TL;DR: In this article, the complementary roles of mothers, fathers, and peers in children's social development are discussed and a social network perspective emphasizing the complementary role of mothers and fathers in children' social development is discussed.
Abstract: LANGLOIS, JUDITH H., and DowNs, A. CHRIS. Mothers, Fathers, and Peers as Socialization Agents of Sex-typed Play Behaviors in Young Children. CrHiL DEVELOPMENT, 1980, 51, 1237-1247. Differential reward and punishment of 3and 5-year-old girls' and boys' sex-typed behaviors were examined using a laboratory analog of a natural play context. In study 1, mothers' and peers' reactions to sex-appropriate and sex-inappropriate play were observed. Fathers' reactions were assessed in study 2. Mothers used more reward for their children's play than did peers, while peers used more punishment than mothers. Both mothers and peers differentially rewarded and punished girls' sex-typed play, but boys received only differential punishment from peers. Fathers were generally more rewarding to girls and to 3-year-olds and more punishing to boys and to 5-year-olds. Moreover, fathers differentially rewarded play with same-sex toys and punished play with cross-sex toys for both sons and daughters. Implications for social learning and reciprocal-role theories of sex-role development are explored and a social network perspective emphasizing the complementary roles of mothers, fathers, and peers in children's social development is discussed.
TL;DR: Several potential physiological mechanisms that might support a relationship among physical fitness, psychomotor speed, and aging are discussed under the general categories of brain function and cerebral circulation, and the trophic influence of physical activity on the central nervous system.
Abstract: The robustness of a relationship among physical fitness, psychomotor speed, and aging is discussed by reviewing the descriptive and correlational evidence provided by studies from several different research areas. These areas are those that relate psychomotor speed to (a) athletic status, (b) physical fitness status, (c) physical conditioning training programs, (d) hyperbaric oxygenation treatment, and (e) presence of cardiovascular disease. Several potential physiological mechanisms that might support such a relationship are discussed under the general categories of brain function and cerebral circulation, and the trophic influence of physical activity on the central nervous system.
TL;DR: The results suggest that low amounts of NE may facilitate transfer of afferent information within the cerebral cortical circuitry and are consistent with a modulatory role rather than a specific information transfer function for NE.
TL;DR: In this paper, the existence, uniqueness and smoothness of maximal and constant mean curvature compact spacelike hypersurfaces in globally hyperbolic spacetimes were proved.
TL;DR: Three generalizations of conjugate-gradient acceleration are described which are designed to speed up the convergence of basic iterative methods which are not necessarily symmetrizable.
TL;DR: The simplified results of several theoretical derivations are presented and employed in illustrative calculations and plots to ascertain the importance of nonlinear effects in applications involving plane waves, spherically diverging waves, and spheric converging waves.
Abstract: Some fundamentals of nonlinear acoustics are reviewed to facilitate their consideration in biomedical ultrasound. The phenomena described include acoustic nonlinearity, finite amplitude distortion, shock formation, harmonic components, nonlinearly induced absorption, saturation, and the influence of these effects on ultrasonic beams. The simplified results of several theoretical derivations are presented and employed in illustrative calculations and plots. These maybe used to ascertain the importance of nonlinear effects in applications involving plane waves, spherically diverging waves, and spherically converging (focused) waves. A discussion of relevant experiments is given, along with some comments on possible consequences in diagnostic, surgical, and theraputic applications.