Showing papers in "Academy of Management Journal in 1991"
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of the relationships between organizational innovation and 13 potential determinants resulted in statistically significant associations for specialization, functional differencing, and functional differences as mentioned in this paper. But, the authors did not consider the role of organizational innovation in organizational innovation.
Abstract: A meta-analysis of the relationships between organizational innovation and 13 of its potential determinants resulted in statistically significant associations for specialization, functional differe...
6,743 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and validated an instrument for assessing person-organization fit, the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP), which was used to assess the dimensionality of individual preferences for organizational cultures and the existence of these cultures are interpretable.
Abstract: This article brings together three current themes in organizational behavior: (1) a renewed interest in assessing person-situation interactional constructs, (2) the quantitative assessment of organizational culture, and (3) the application of “Q-sort,” or template-matching, approaches to assessing person-situation interactions. Using longitudinal data from accountants and M.B.A. students and cross-sectional data from employees of government agencies and public accounting firms, we developed and validated an instrument for assessing person-organization fit, the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP). Results suggest that the dimensionality of individual preferences for organizational cultures and the existence of these cultures are interpretable. Further, person-organization fit predicts job satisfaction and organizational commitment a year after fit was measured and actual turnover after two years. This evidence attests to the importance of understanding the fit between individuals' preferences and organiza...
4,275 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address how individuals make sense of their organization's response to a nontraditional and emotional strategic issue, and the reported research also concerned microprocesses involved in the response.
Abstract: This article addresses how individuals make sense of their organization's response to a nontraditional and emotional strategic issue. The reported research also concerned microprocesses involved in...
2,548 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of a realistic merger preview, a program of realistic communications, on employees of an organization that had just announced a merger, and found that the preview reduced dysfunctional outcomes of the merger.
Abstract: This study examined the impact of a realistic merger preview, a program of realistic communications, on employees of an organization that had just announced a merger. Employees in one plant received the preview and those in another received limited information. Results based on four collections of data indicated that the preview reduced dysfunctional outcomes of the merger. Those effects continued over the duration of the study and, in some cases, measured attributes returned to levels comparable to their levels before the merger was announced. We discuss implications for organizations contemplating mergers or acquisitions and for researchers interested in such activities.
1,284 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the determinants of organizational risk taking and its impact on economic performance are critical issues in strategic management using a model that included risk, performance, performance expecta, and expectation.
Abstract: The determinants of organizational risk taking and its impact on economic performance are critical issues in strategic management. Using a model that included risk, performance, performance expecta...
1,262 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the hypothesis that differences in the cultural norms of Anglo-Americans and three other ethnic groups (Asian, Hispanic, and Black Americans) will result in different behaviors on average.
Abstract: This study examined the hypothesis that differences in the cultural norms of Anglo-Americans and three other ethnic groups-Asian, Hispanic, and Black Americans-will result in different behaviors on...
1,250 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined several hypotheses on how the survival and success of small businesses headed by men and women are related to industry differences, organizational structures, and attribu...
Abstract: In this study, we examined several hypotheses on how the survival and success of small businesses headed by men and women are related to industry differences, organizational structures, and attribu...
1,094 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the extent to which the percentage of outside directors on a corporation's board of directors, the concentration of equity ownership, and the roles of individual and institution directors were influenced by outside directors.
Abstract: This study examined the extent to which the percentage of outside directors on a corporation’s board of directors, the concentration of equity ownership, and the roles of individual and institution...
972 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the changes organizations undertook in response to a major environmental change and provided an empirical test of Hannan and Freeman's theory of structural inertia in the context of organizational change.
Abstract: This study provides an empirical test of Hannan and Freeman's theory of structural inertia. We examined the changes organizations undertook in response to a major environmental change. In addition,...
844 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the feedback-seeking behavior of 387 managers as observed by their superiors, subordinates, and peers, and found that managers' tendency to seek negative feedback in their interactions with their superiors and peers was positively correlated with their performance.
Abstract: This field study examined the feedback-seeking behavior of 387 managers as observed by their superiors, subordinates, and peers. Results suggest that managers' tendency to seek negative feedback in...
726 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated how firms build competitive advantage by focusing on the actions and responses of rivals in the U.S. domestic airline industry and identified four attributes of competitive advantage.
Abstract: This study investigates how firms build competitive advantage by focusing on the actions and responses of rivals in the U.S. domestic airline industry. We identified four attributes of competitive ...
TL;DR: The authors pointed out that making acquisitions, although a popular strategy, may not always lead to positive firm performance, and offered several explanations for this relationship, including that acquisitions may not necessarily lead to better performance.
Abstract: Making acquisitions, although a popular strategy, may not always lead to positive firm performance. Researchers have offered several explanations for this relationship. One is that acquisitions lea...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship of career mentoring to the promotions and compensation received by 404 early career managers and professionals working in a variety of organizations and found that the relationship between mentoring and career promotion was positively correlated.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship of career mentoring to the promotions and compensation received by 404 early career managers and professionals working in a variety of organizations. The result...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined factors related to perceived barriers to gaining a mentor and found that women reported more such barriers than men, while individuals lacking previous experience as proeges reported fewer barriers.
Abstract: This study examined factors related to perceived barriers to gaining a mentor. Women reported more such barriers than men. In addition, individuals lacking previous experience as proeges reported g...
TL;DR: Corporate crises can exacerbate stakeholder demands in such a way that conflict can arise between the interests of shareholders and crisis participants as discussed by the authors, and conflicts can be created between the two parties.
Abstract: Corporate crises—such as accidents, scandals, and product safety incidents—exacerbate stakeholder demands in such a way that conflict can arise between the interests of shareholders and crisis vict
TL;DR: A model of illegal corporate behavior was developed and tested for a 19-year period using event history analysis and data on clearly illegal acts as discussed by the authors, which indicated that large firms operating in dy...
Abstract: A model of illegal corporate behavior was developed and tested for a 19-year period using event history analysis and data on clearly illegal acts. Results indicated that large firms operating in dy...
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of chief executive officers over boards of directors and the likelihood that the CEOs' compensation packages will reflect their preferences increase with the number of board members was investigated.
Abstract: Our hypotheses were that the influence of chief executive officers (CEOs) over boards of directors and the likelihood that the CEOs' compensation packages will reflect their preferences increase wi...
TL;DR: Using institutional theory, this article developed predictions about organizational units that moved from an environment making consistent demands to one making conflicting demands Many community mental health conditions were reported to change during the transition.
Abstract: Using institutional theory, we developed predictions about organizational units that moved from an environment making consistent demands to one making conflicting demands Many community mental hea
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between integrated manufacturing, a new manufacturing paradigm comprising advanced technology, just-in-time inventory control, and total quality management, and found that integrated manufacturing can improve the quality of products.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between integrated manufacturing, a new manufacturing paradigm comprising advanced technology, just-in-time inventory control, and total quality management,...
TL;DR: In this article, decision speed was associated with simultaneous consideration of many alternatives, regardless of context, and the relationship between board experience and decision-speed was context-specific, while decision speed is associated with higher performance only in high-velocity environments.
Abstract: This study refined and extended some findings of previous research on decision-making speed. Decision speed was associated with simultaneous consideration of many alternatives, regardless of context. In contrast, the relationship between board experience and decision speed was context-specific. Similarly, decision speed was associated with higher performance only in high-velocity environments.
TL;DR: The results of this research suggest that changes in ownership and board have significant independent and interactive effects on strategic change.
Abstract: Organizational theorists have traditionally focused attention on the relationship between chief executive officer (CEO) succession and strategic change. This study extends that perspective and explores the effects of changes in an organization's management, ownership, and board of directors on the process of strategic change. The results of this research suggest that changes in ownership and board have significant independent and interactive effects on strategic change.
TL;DR: In this article, a pair of qualitative and inductive studies were used to generate a model of how social influence strategies that entail displays of contrasting positive and negative emotions bring about compliance.
Abstract: A pair of qualitative and inductive studies are used to generate a model of how social influence strategies that entail displays of contrasting positive and negative emotions bring about compliance...
TL;DR: The strategic implications of layoffs have been largely ignored by researchers as mentioned in this paper, and with the passage of the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, many managers are anguishing about the consequence of layoffs.
Abstract: Researchers have largely ignored the strategic implications of layoffs. With the passage of the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, many managers are anguishing about the consequence...
TL;DR: Results indicate that hospitals change the composition of their boards to adapt to changing environmental contingencies but that the hospitals' performance moderates the rate of their response, with poorer performers being more willing to initiate changes in board composition than strong performers.
Abstract: This study examined performance as a moderator of organizational adaptation to environmental change. Change in the composition of boards of directors was examined as a dependent variable reflecting organizational attempts to deal with changing external contingencies. We tested specific hypotheses in an analysis of 290 California hospitals over a seven-year period. Results indicate that hospitals change the composition of their boards to adapt to changing environmental contingencies but that the hospitals' performance moderates the rate of their response, with poorer performers being more willing to initiate changes in board composition than strong performers.
TL;DR: In this paper, a longitudinal study of autonomous work groups at a new and an established minerals processing plant was conducted and the results of the study support the proposition that employees in auto-professionals are more likely to participate in autonomous work.
Abstract: This article reports on a longitudinal study of autonomous work groups at a new and an established minerals processing plant. The results of the study support the proposition that employees in auto...
TL;DR: For example, the authors argued that if a job has relatively high levels of these attributes, its motivating potential is greater than that of a job that has relatively low levels of the attributes.
Abstract: The work of Hackman and his associates stimulated current interest in work redesign (Hackman & Lawler, 1971; Hackman & Oldham, 1976, 1980). Drawing from earlier work by Turner and Lawrence (1965), Hackman argued that the motivating potential of jobs can be best represented by a number of task dimensions. The dimensions most commonly described are task variety, autonomy, feedback, identity, and significance. The presumption is that if a job has relatively high levels of these attributes, its motivating potential is greater than that of a job that has relatively low levels of the attributes. Although others have advanced alternative theoretical formulations (cf. Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978), Hackman's basic theoretical framework has not been refuted. And even though the potential role of individual differences has fallen to a position of secondary interest, the general approach of relating task perceptions to outcome variables is still a common method of studying tasks (e.g., Idaszak & Drasgow, 1987; Gerhart, 1988). Indeed, the extant research in this area has found fairly consistent support for a link between task perceptions and attitudes (cf. Griffin, 1982a). On the other hand, the link between task perceptions and performance is less clear-cut (Griffin, Welsh, & Moorhead, 1981). In some instances, for example, task perceptions have been unrelated to performance (e.g., Hackman &
Abstract: The field study reported here examined the effect of interpersonal relations between supervisors and subordinates on the content and efficacy of performance appraisal reviews. One to two months aft...
TL;DR: The authors examined corporate involvement with the U.S. International Trade Commission and found that organizational organizational involvement in corporate political activity is correlated with corporate political action, and that corporate involvement in political activity can influence electoral outcomes.
Abstract: This study extended previous empirical work on corporate political activity by examining corporate involvement with the U.S. International Trade Commission. Our findings suggest that organizational...
TL;DR: Employee perceptions of performance obstacles were measured during a conversion to just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing methods in which creation of manufacturing "cells" was the major focus of the conversion as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Employee perceptions of performance obstacles were measured during a conversion to “just-in-time” (JIT) manufacturing methods in which creation of manufacturing “cells” was the major focus of the c...
TL;DR: In this article, Fiegenbaum and Thomas applied prospect theory to empirically derived risk-return relations with Belgian accounting data, and the results were replicated and extended with Belgian tax data.
Abstract: In this study, Fiegenbaum and Thomas’s application of prospect theory to empirically derived risk-return relations was replicated and extended with Belgian accounting data. Four profitability varia...