Showing papers in "Acta Scientiae Veterinariae in 2014"

Effects of Dietary Fish Oil and Green Tea Powder Supplementation on Broiler Chickens Immunity

Abstract: Background: Poultry strains used by the industry have been submitted to intensive genetic selection for rapid growth and increased effi ciency of feed utilisation along with a high metabolic rate. As major consequences a loss in the immune system competency and increased sensibility to stressors are pointed out. Several nutritional strategies have been essayed to alleviate immuno-suppression in broilers, including the administration of rich 3n- polyunsaturated fatty acids. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of fi sh oil and green tea feeding in broilers chicks humoral immunity using different challenges and the weight of immunity-related organs. Materials, Methods & Results: In the present study, different combinations of fi sh oil (FO) and green tea powder (GrT) supplements were tested in a 3x3 combination of supplement proportions (0%, 1.5% and 2% FO and0%, 1% and 1.5% GrT), in a total of 270 Ross 308 broilers, to analyse the effects of supplementation on the humoral immune response to challenges against Infl uenza and Newcastle virus (antibody titers) and to SRBC (immunoglobulin production) and also in the weight of liver and main lymphoid organs at slaughter. At the end of the study, the carcass weight was similar between groups and to the reported in other studies for the same age at slaughter. On respect to the responses to viral challenges, the GrT supplementation failed to show advantageous effects, compared to FO supplemented groups; when combined with 2% FO the decrease in the humoral response was frequently negatively related to GrT proportions in co-supplementation treatments. However, no signifi cant differences were found between treatment groups. As for the viral challenging, little, non-signifi cant changes were found associated to FO or GrT supplementation. With exception for the group treated with 2% FO plus 1% GrT a slightly non-signifi cant increase in total Igs production was recorded one and 2-weeks after challenging, refl ecting the increase in IgM production. No statistical differences were found between treatments in the unpluck body weight at slaughter, suggesting that no constraints in fed intake were associated with supplementation, in contrast to the reported in some GrT studies. Moreover, little non-signifi cant variations were found in the liver, spleen, thymus or bursa of Fabricius weights. Still, on respect to thymus weight, the supplementation with 1.5% FO signifi cantly improved the relative organ weight, in particular if associated with 1.5% GrT. Also, the bursa of Fabricius weight was signifi cantly increased in groups supplemented of 2% FO plus 1% GrT, compared to all the other treatment groups. Discussion: In the present study, slightly improved humoral responses against infl uenza were found in groups under 2% FO supplementation thought these benefi cial effects could be antagonised by higher GrT co-supplements. Moreover, the humoral response to Newcastle virus challenging was positively infl uenced by FO supplementation and again these effects could be partially reversed by GrT co-supplementation. This is in part supported by the available literature. It has been demonstrated that improvement of humoral responses with fi sh oil are dose dependant, with birds fed with higher levels of FO showing higher antibody titers than those feed medium or low levels. Still, it is also acknowledged that increased FO incorporation rates (above 3 to 4%) in diets result in fi sh fl avours in poultry meat and compromise the consumer acceptance of the product. In conclusion, no detrimental effects were found in association with the supplementation regimens tested, but the irregular responses found with some of the combinations used in the present study need clarifi cation in further studies, with a larger number of birds.

Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Thyme and of Thymol against Escherichia coli Strains

Abstract: Background: The deterioration of food products, especially of those derived from meat, by pathogenic microorganisms is a major problem in industries. Escherichia coli is a facultative anaerobic bacteria of intestinal origin, and is a cause of concern in the meat industry. The use of essential oils as inhibitors of growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms is a good choice for replacement of chemical additives in foods. This study was aimed at evaluating the in vitro activity of the essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and thymol, against E. coli strains, by using a microdilution methodology based on the M31-A3 technique. Materials, Methods & Results: In this study the antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and of the thymol compound were evaluated against 20 E. coli strains obtained from poultry and pigs. The strains are part of the collection of bacteria of the Laboratorio de Pesquisas Micologicas of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). The essential oil of thyme and its constituent, thymol, were commercially acquired (Sigma-Aldrich). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was realized on a Agilent chromatograph Model HP 6890 series CG, equipped with a mass selective detector 5973 with electron impact (CG-MS-EI) and identified p-cymene (23.71%), thymol (13.86%) and γ-terpinene (8.55%) as the major substances present in the thyme essential oil. The essential oil constituents were identified by comparing their mass spectra with those from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for each isolate by using the broth microdilution technique based on the M31-A3 protocol. The geometric means of the MICs and MBCs against E. coli strains were of 627.7 µg.mL -1 and 990.2 µg.mL -1 for the thyme essential oil and of 2786 µg.mL -1 and 2540 µg.mL -1 for the thymol. These results show that the essential oil of thyme is a potential antimicrobial, and deserves further studies to be safely used as a preservative in foods. Discussion: The use of condiments, accompanied the process of civilization of humankind, which assures very low or no toxicity. These essential oils contain major components with significant antimicrobial activity. In this context, therefore, targeted studies are relevant to determine which essential oils are more active. Nonetheless, the inexistence of an international standardized technique for the evaluation of essential oils and vegetable extracts allows the use of different protocols, hampering the comparison of the results. The M31-A3 protocol used in our experiment is the most recommended among the techniques found in the literature. In this study, the essential oil of T. vulgaris and its major compound thymol showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against E. coli strains in vitro. Nonetheless, the activity of the essential oil was superior to the compound alone. Such finding is explained by the fact that the high antimicrobial activity showed by some essential oils results from the synergism of the major components The use of essential oils is a viable and alternative option to replace chemical additives in food. Notwithstanding, more studies on the components of the essential oils are required to ensure their safety in food. The sensorial analysis is also an important item to be evaluated to estimate consumer acceptance of the product.

Isolation of Plesiomonas shigelloides from Infected Cichlid Fishes using 16S rRNA Characterization and its Control with Probiotic Pseudomonas sp.

Abstract: Background: Bacterial diseases are reported to cause heavy mortalities in both cultured and wild fi shes throughout the world. In any fi eld, diagnosis of disease plays a main role in curing the disease. In aquaculture, antibiotics are used to control the infectious diseases caused by bacteria. The use of antibiotics has been questioned as it experiences problems of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials and unacceptable residues in aquaculture products and environment. Recently, many studied have been performed in the application of probiotic as a control measure of infectious diseases. Therefore, this study has designed for the isolation of possible probiotic bacteria which inhibit the growth of specifi c pathogenic bacteria isolated from a fresh water ornamental fi sh. Materials, Methods & Results: Diseased cichlid fi shes were brought to the laboratory for the isolation of causative bacteria. A total of three strains were isolated (APG01, APG02 and FA3) from the serially diluted samples of gut, gill and spleen. The isolated pathogenic bacteria were injected at the concentration of 10 5 cfu/mL to healthy cichlid fi shes to fiout its virulency in vivo at varying time duration (12, 24, 36 and 48 h) of exposure for 15 days. Among the three isolates, only APG01 caused 100% mortality of cichlid fi shes at 48 h of exposure. APG01 was subjected to 16S rRNA characterization and confi rmed as Plesiomonas shigelloides. The nucleotide sequence was submitted to NCBI Banklt and provided with the accession number. To study the in vitro inhibition of Plesiomonas shigelloides, a possible probiotic bacteria (Pseudomonas strain BPH2) was isolated from fermented rice. In vitro antibacterial activity was studied by agar well diffusion assay with 10, 50 and 100 µL of probiotic strain at the concentration 10 7 cfu/mL. Maximum zone of inhibition of 23 ± 0.78 mm was produced by 50 µL and 100 µL Pseudomonas strain BPH2. Also, the antibacterial effect of cell free supernatant was studied and observed the zone of inhibition of 21 ± 1.00 mm against P. shigelliodes. The susceptibility and reproducibility of probiotic bacteria at varying pH was tested by observing the growth in the media with the pH ranging from 5 to 9. The growth was measured by absorbency at 600 nm for every 8 h. Pseudomonas strain BPH2 was found susceptible at the pH ranging from 6 to 9. Discussion: In agar well diffusion assay, Pseudomonas strain BPH2 isolated from fermented rice showed maximum inhibitory activity against P. shigelloides APG01. In the report of Lactococcus lactis isolated from fresh milk showed a maximum inhibitory effect of 14.77 ± 1.17 mm against the pathogenic strain Aeromonas hydrophila in the agar well diffusion assay. While comparing this result, the inhibitory activity of Pseudomonas strain BPH2 is maximum. The pH tolerance study revealed that pH could signifi cantly infl uence the viability and growth of probiotic Pseudomonas strain BPH2. Lactobacillus mesenteroides showed survival and growth at the pH 3 - 7 with highest viability and growth rate at neutral conditions. The probiotic strain used in this study showed viability between the pH 6 to 8. Hence Pseudomonas strain BPH2 failed to show susceptibility at the acidic pH, it might be questionable to use as a gut associated probiotic. Other than that this strain can survive in fresh aquatic environment and this strain might be effectively used in the aquaculture system like water and soil to control the bacterial disease.

Triplex Doppler Ultrassonography in Prenatal of Pregnant Bitches

Abstract: Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamic tissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features. Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animals and the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective of this study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteries in pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 years old, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimum velocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5 th , 6 th , 7 th and 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the 7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV (P 5 %) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5 %). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV = 2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7 th and 8 th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtained in healthy bitches. Discussion: In agreement with these authors and complementing the research carried with unpublished data for veterinary medicine and power technology (as the real values of PSV and EDV obtained between the 5th and 8th gestational week), the present study suggests that this method is useful for diagnosis of pregnancy pathologies, during different stages of pregnancy in bitches. It was verifi ed by the results obtained that, in pregnant healthy bitches, the indices (PSV and EDV) of uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal aorta arteries increased progressively with the evolution of pregnancy and PI and RI decrease progressively. The progressive development of the fetal circulation coupled with the appearance of a diastolic peak velocity in these arteries, there is a drop the values of RI and PI decrease in the umbilical artery and RI decrease in the aorta artery. The increase of PSV and EDV values demonstrates the necessity of the body to intensify the maternal-fetal circulation, with consequent nutrient infusion and tissue development. In general, the physiological behavior of blood fl ow for the vascular indices observed is due to the development of gestational structures and maturation of placental and fetal circulation. Regarding pathological pregnancy. The vascular indices were different during the fi nal stage of the gestation process. These fi ndings reaffi rm the idea that, in abnormal bitches pregnancies, there is a reduction in blood fl ow and higher resistance in the umbilical placental microcirculation. Thus, it was concluded that the maternal-fetal Doppler and power technology is a useful technique for prenatal diagnosis of pathological pregnancies in bitches.

Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Nematodes (Trichostrongylidae) from Sheep and Goat in Isfahan, Iran

Abstract: Background: The most important genera of trichostrongylid nematodes that live in digestive tract of ruminants include Teladorsagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia and Marshallagia. Out of the above-mentioned genera, four infect humans including Teladorsagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Marshallagia. These parasites are an important part of ruminant pathogens, and some are extremely pathogenic and deadly, and thus vitally important from veterinary viewpoint. Hence, this study was performed to determine the latest status of zoonotic gastrointestinal trichostrongylid nematodes in sheep and goat, in Isfahan province, center of Iran. Materials, Methods & Results: The intestines and abomasums of 109 small domestic ruminants (56 sheep and 53 goats) which were slaughtered at Isfahan slaughterhouses were collected and placed separately in large containers to be transferred to the laboratory. To investigate morphological characteristics, the found nematodes were placed on glass slides appropriately, dyed by lactophenol and azocarmine as a temporary mount. Finally, their genus and species were identified according to morphological characteristics using valid taxonomic keys. Seven species of trichostrongylid nematodes belonged to four genera were isolated from intestines and abomasums of sheep and goats. The found species were Trichostrongylus vitrinus, T. probulurus, T. colubriformis, Teladorsagia occidentalis, T. circumcincta, Marshallagia marshalli and Haemonchus contortus. The dominant species in the intestines of sheep and goats was T. vitrinus with the frequency of 26.8% and 18.9%, respectively. In the abomasums of sheep, the dominant species was M. marshalli with the frequency of 57.1%, and that in goats was the species T. circumcincta with the frequency of 47.2%. Discussion: Livestock has undeniable role in the human life cycle and ecosystem balance. At times, coexistence of humans alongside livestock over the years has been accompanied by undesirable consequences like zoonotic diseases. According to the results of this study, infection of livestock with trichostrongylid nematodes is well established in Isfahan region. In this study, seven species of trichostrongylid nematodes were found in animals under study. Among those, T. vitrinus, T. colubriformis, T. probulurus, M. marshalli and H. contortus are zoonoses and therefore their control and prevention have been always a main problem in hyperendemic and endemic areas. Unfortunately, no study has been performed on human in any regions of Iran in recent years regarding prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal helminthes such as trichostrongylid nematodes. Hence, trichostrongylid nematodes in human in the area, if any, can be considered as neglected parasites. Moreover, some of the found parasites, namely T. colubriformis, T. circumcincta, H. contortus, are resistant to several medications. Given that these parasites have a direct life cycle, thus, lack of hygiene in farms where animals are kept leads to increased infection. To reduce infection, protect livestock, and increase production in endemic areas, it is recommended that drug resistance in the found species should be evaluated and livestock should be periodically treated with anthelmintic medications. Additionally, because of zoonotic nature of some species of the parasites, measures must be taken to protect the health of people who are directly engaged with these animals.

Haematological Changes Following Reining Trials in Quarter Horses

Abstract: Background: It is well known that exercise induce physiological stress on horse’s body system, causing signifi cant changes in blood components. Haematological changes associated with exercise have been widely analyzed to provide information about health status and athletic performance in horses. Numerous studies have been performed to investigate the response of haematological parameters to various types of exercise. However, only few studies dealt with reining horses. Reining is a typical Western discipline characterised by manoeuvres requiring fast and powerful muscle contractions and motor skills. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a reining training session on some haematological parameters. Material, Methods & Results: In the present study, eight Quarter Horses aged 5-15 years (three stallions and fi ve mares; mean body weight 480 ± 60 kg) were used to establish physiologic responses to a reining training session. All subjects were housed at the same horse training centre in Sicily, Italy. All horses were subjected to the reining pattern 5 of National Reining Horse Association (NRHA), consisting of 2 large circle gallop (G1; G2), 1 small circle lope (L1), 1 stop (STOP), 4 spins (S1), 2 large circle gallop (G3; G4), 1 small circle lope (L2), 1 stop (STOP), 4 spins (S2), 1 large circle gallop (G5), lead change (LC1), 1 small circle lope (L3), 1 large circle gallop (G6), lead change (LC2), 1 large circle gallop (G7), lead change (LC3), 2 rollbacks (RB1, RB2), 1 stop (STOP) and backing (B). Blood samples were collected from each animal before (T0) and immediately after completion of the pattern (T1). Further samples were collected after 1 h (T2), 2 h (T3) and 24 h (T4) after exercise, during the recovery period. Blood was analysed for haematological parameters using an automatic analyser. One way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistical signifi cant effect of time on the following parameters: red blood cell (P < 0.0001), haemoglobin concentration (P < 0.0001), haematocrit (P < 0.0001) and white blood cell (P < 0.05). The application of Bonferroni’s post-hoc comparison showed a statistical signifi cant increase in red blood cell, haemoglobin and haematocrit values at T1 compared to T0, T2, T3 and T4. White blood cell count increased at T1 and T4 compared to T0. Discussion: Exercise has variable effects on hematological parameters. These differences might depend on both intensity and duration of physical effort. The increase in erythrocyte numbers together with the increase in Hb concentrations after exercise is probably a sequela of splenic contraction and subsequent release of erythrocytes with altered erythrocytic indices. High red blood cell counts and haemoglobin concentrations allow to increase oxygen transportation capacity to body tissues. In association with the increase in red blood cell and haemoglobin concentrations an increase in haematocrit. This might be due to exercise-induced fl uid shifts as well as to splenic contraction. The spleen releases not only the stored erythrocytes but also the leukocytes into the peripheral circulation. These changes are likely secondary to catecholamine release and splenic contraction. The results of this study showed that a reining training session induces an increase in red blood cell, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit and white blood cell concentrations, immediately after completion of the pattern, returning to basal values 1 h after exercise.

Eficácia in vitro de extratos aquosos de plantas no controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos

Abstract: Background: Gastrointestinal helminthes in cattle had prejudge performance and productivity of animals. Affect beef cattle and dairy, generating huge economic losses. Commercial anthelmintics have been administered improperly, promoting the selection of resistant populations, in addition to increasing production costs and waste accumulate in animal products and the environment. It is therefore of great importance to find new alternatives as control. In this quest, was aimed with this study to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of plant aqueous extracts in the inhibition of larval development assay (ILDA) and inhibition of hatchability assay (IHA) of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Materials, Methods & Results: The ILDA was performed by quantitative coproculture , with aqueous extracts of the leaves of Acrocomia aculeata, Anacardium occidentale, Caryocar brasiliense, Cymbopogon citratus, Mangifera indica var. Uba and Musa spp. cv. Prata-ana on the concentration of 100 mg/mL. In the IHA was evaluated the aqueous extracts of leaves and fruit peels of C. brasiliense, at the concentrations 15.00, 7.50, 3.75 and 1.88 mg/mL. The controls of assays were ivermectin (16 μg/mL) and levamisole phosphate solution (15 mg/ml), respectively, and water in both tests. Efficiencies were calculated and count data submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test (P < 0.01). With the probit regression analysis, we determined the lethal concentration for inhibition of 50 and 90% hatchability (LC50 and LC90). Still, the levels of condensed tannins from aqueous extracts of the leaves and fruit peels of C. brasiliense were quantified. In ILDA, the extract of C. brasiliense showed efficacy of 91.29% and did not differ from ivermectin (P < 0.01). The other extracts did not obtain satisfactory efficacy and were similar to water (P < 0.01). In IHA the efficacy was over 90% for the extracts of the fruit peels and the three largest concentrations did not differ levamisole phosphate. The greater efficacy of leaf extract was 89.15%, to 15.00 mg/mL. The LC50 and LC90 were 0.37 and 1.70 mg/mL for the aqueous extract of the fruit peels, respectively, and 0.043 and 15.88 mg/mL for the aqueous extract of leaves of C. brasiliense. The levels of condensed tannins expressed as cyanidin chloride were 2.7 and 8.3 mg/g of extract for crude extract of the fruit peels and leaves of C. brasiliense, respectively. Discussion: The results shows that of the extracts evaluated only the leaves and fruit peels of C. brasiliense have great potential in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Many research have reported the nematicidal, larvicidal and ovicidal effects of the plants. In general, this anthelmintic activity is due to secondary compounds. Several studies have demonstrated the potential of condensed tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, among other metabolites in controlling parasitosis in many animal species. However, the effectiveness of plant extracts can vary with the bioavailability of these metabolites in different parts of the plant, season and sampling period, beyond the specificity of the parasite, producing divergent results between the same plant species. In the case of C. brasiliense, it is believed that anthelmintic potential is consequence of association between condensed tannins and other metabolites, since the extract of the fruit peels showed better efficacy and content of condensed tannins was higher in the leaf extract.

Yeasts in the Raw Ewe's Milk

Abstract: Background: The contamination of milk by fungi, often represented by potentially pathogenic species, may pose a risk for consumers, when the product is consu...

Effects of Heat Conditioning and Dietary Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on Heat shock Protein 70 Expression, Blood Parameters and Fear-Related Behavior in Broilers Subjected to Heat Stress

Abstract: Background: Heat stress is one of the most important environmental factors. Exposure of broilers to high temperature causes significant changes in physiological response. Early heat conditioning induces the heat tolerance of broiler chickens at later growth stage prior to marketing. Ascorbic acid supplementation has been reported to may alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on the performance of broilers. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of heat conditioning and dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on heat shock protein 70 expression, blood parameters and fear-related behavior in broilers subjected to heat stress. Material, Methods & Results: A total of 320 male broilers were used as the material of this study. Broilers were randomly assigned to four treatments. Each group contained four replicates with 20 chicks in each pen. Until the 21 days of age, all animals were raised at comfort temperature. The brooding temperature was maintained at approximately 32o C for the first 3 days and then decreased 3o C weekly until 21 days. Broilers in control group were kept under thermo-neutral conditions (24o C) and fed with the basal diet throughout experimental period. Other three groups were exposed to heat stress from 22 to 42 days of age. Heat stress was applied by exposing the broilers to a temperature of 35o C for 6 h/day between 10:00 h and 16:00 h. Ascorbic acid supplemented group was fed a diet supplemented with 500 mg of L-ascorbic acid/kg ration and exposed to heat stress from 22 to 42 days of age. Heat conditioned group was exposed to a temperature of 36o C for 24 h at the age of 5 days; fed with basal diet and exposed to heat stress from 22 to 42 days of age. Heat stress group was fed with the basal diet, no subjected to heat conditioning and exposed to heat stress from 22 to 42 days of age. The broilers in heat stress group had higher body temperature, H/L, TI duration, serum corticosterone, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and Hsp 70 expression in brain, liver and kidney tissues, but lower antibody titer against NDV than those in control group. The lower H/L, TI duration, serum corticosterone, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and Hsp 70 expression in brain, liver and kidney, whereas the higher antibody titer against NDV were obtained in heat conditioned and ascorbic acid supplemented diet fed groups, compared with heat stress group. Discussion: The results obtained in this study showed that heat stress caused to increase in H/L ratio, TI duration, body temperature, serum corticosterone, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and Hsp 70 expression in brain, liver and kidney, whereas it decreased antibody titer against to NDV. Heat conditioning and dietary ascorbic acid supplementation decreased H/L ratio, TI duration, serum corticosterone concentration and Hsp 70 expression and also increased antibody titer against to NDV, indicating the lower stress level in these groups. From these results, it can be said that heat conditioning and ascorbic acid supplementation alleviated the negative effects of heat stress in broilers. Heat conditioning was more effective than ascorbic acid supplementation in alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress on brain, liver and kidney tissues. In conclusion, heat conditioning of broilers by exposure to 36o C for 24 h at the age of 5 days and dietary ascorbic acid supplementation (500 mg/kg of diet) may offer a potential protective management practice in preventing heat stress in broilers.

Conventional and Doppler Abdominal Ultrasonography in Pacas (Cuniculus paca)

Abstract: Background: The first report of ultrasound evaluation in pacas was for gestational diagnosis and monitoring. However, there are no reports of the use of this technique for the evaluation of abdominal structure in pacas. Elucidating the biology of wild species is important for preservation and potential use as experimental models for human and animal research. As such, this study aimed to describe an ultrasonographic view of major abdominal organs and determine the vascular indices of abdominal aorta and renal arteries in pacas (Cuniculus paca) by Doppler mode. Materials, Methods & Results: Fifteen adult females with a mean weight of nine kilograms were positioned into dorsal or lateral recumbency. A specific gel was applied, and transabdominal ultrasound examination was performed by a single experienced evaluator using MyLab 30 VET ultrasound equipment (ESAOTE, Italy) with 7.5 and 10.0 MHz linear transducers. Anatomy, biometry and ultrasonographic findings, such as ecogenicity, echotexture and wall thickness of main abdominal organs (bladder, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, liver, digestive system and ovaries), were assessed during the ultrasound scan. Doppler ultrasound was used to determine the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI = [PSV - EDV]/PSV) and pulsatility index (PI = [PSV - EDV]/mean velocity) of the abdominal aorta and renal arteries. The animals were healthy based on physical examination, hemogram and biochemical profile. Furthermore, we determined that the ultrasound technique for abdominal evaluation of these animals was feasible. Major abdominal organs were accessed using conventional ultrasonography biometric values and sonographic characteristics. Doppler examination was used to determine mean vascular indices of the abdominal aorta and the left and right renal arteries. Discussion: Several studies using the ultrasound technique in wild animals have demonstrated the clinical importance and applicability of this imaging method for veterinary medicine. As mentioned, ultrasound examination is feasible, effective and important for the assessment of topographical relations and ultrasound characteristics of abdominal organs in pacas. During urinary bladder ultrasound examination of the caudal abdomen, little repletion with anechoic content without sediment was observed, renal structures presented a topography, echogenicity and cortico-medullary relationship (1:1) and sonographic findings of the spleen and liver of pacas were similar to those described in dogs and cats. Upon digestive system ultrasound, the stomach showed sonographic characteristics similar to dogs such as peristaltic movements (3 to 5 per minute) and intestinal silhouettes (2 to 3 per min). The adrenal glands were easily detected by ultrasound, located cranial to the ipsilateral kidney, the same as in dogs, ferrets and coatis. Ovaries, as well as the internal follicular structures, were observed near the caudal renal pole. These findings corroborate the findings of normal ovaries in dogs and cats. Doppler mode of the abdominal aorta and renal arteries was feasible and useful for the study of the physiology and detection of hemodynamic abnormalities in pacas. Conventional and Doppler ultrasonography allowed the study of the abdominal structures of pacas (Cuniculus paca), providing original and valuable information on the topographic anatomy and morphophysiology of abdominal tissues and their sonographic descriptions. The results of this study may aid in abdominal injury evaluation in these animals and other wild species.

Development and Validation of an Effi cient Real-time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay of Chinese Goose CD4 and CD8α

Abstract: Background: CD4+ T cells, which are often referred as T-helper cells, play a central role through secreting various cytokines to enhance immune defense to pathogen. CD8+ T cells, which are called cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), provide potent defenses against virus infection and intracellular pathogens by killing the targets cells directly. In our previous researches, the conventional and semi-quantitative PCR were used to detect the goose CD4 and CD8α. However, the semi-quantitative RT-PCR only detect the relative amount of gene transcription. Quantitative PCR assay was more sensitive than conventional PCR assay, and quantitative PCR assay has a lower limit of sensitivity. Materials, Methods & Results: Contrast to conventional assays, the detection of amplicons by quantitative RT-PCR could be visualized as the amplifi cation progressed. This effect has provided a great deal of insight into the kinetics of the reaction and it is the foundation of kinetic of real-time qPCR. The analysis of gene transcription by qPCR has proven to be an attractive method due to its potential for increasing laboratory throughput, simultaneous processing of several samples as well as more reliable instrumentation. With those in mind, the real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRTPCR) methods for the detection of goose CD4 and CD8α transcripts were reported here for the fi rst time. With this assay, it is possible to carry out a rapid quantitative analysis of goose CD4 and CD8α transcripts over a wide linear range, with an unknown template.CD8 is expressed on the membrane of T cells either as an αα-homodimer or αβ-heterodimer. Since both forms of CD8 have α chain, the transcription levels of CD8 can be monitored by detecting CD8α mRNA expression. Assays were based on the DNA sequence of goose CD4 [GenBank: JX902315], CD8α [GenBank: KC476104], and β-actin [GenBank: M26111]. qPCR was carried out in quadruplicates in a total volume of 20 µL containing 10 µL Ssoadvanced™ SYBR®, 1.5 µL of cDNA, 0.6 µl of each primers (10 µM), and 7.3 µL of sterile water. The amplifi cation program was 94°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 10 s, the annealing temperature of each pair primers for 30 s. The annealing temperatures for real-time qPCR were 61.4°C for CD4 and CD8α, 60°C for β-actin, respectively. After amplifi cation, melting analysis of qPCR revealed specifi c amplifi cation of each gene that could be visualized clearly as a single peak of melting temperature. The R2 values of the standard curves for all target genes were above 0.999. To further apply the methods we established, the specifi c real-time qRT-PCR methods were performed for the detection of the biology activity of CD4 and CD8α in the spleen mononuclear cells (MNCs). Fresh spleen monocytes cells (MNCs) were chosen as the responder, PHA was chosen as agonist, and the transcripts of CD4 and CD8α mRNA in spleen MNCs after stimulation were investigated by qRT-PCR assay. Results documented that the transcriptions of goose CD8α and CD4 were signifi cantly up regulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro. Discussion: This paper expands the application of qPCR to analyze the mRNA transcription profi ling of goose CD4 and CD8α, The qRT-PCR method established in this study may provide a better way for the further research on the immunological and biological activity of goose CD4+ and CD8+ T cell in vitro and in vivo, as well as for the study on gene expression during disease.

Effect of birth weight and litter size on the performance of landrace gilts until puberty

Abstract: Background: The selection for larger litter size has resulted in reduction of average birth weight and in increase of withinlitter birth weight variation in pigs Birth weight is one of the most important factors affecting the survival and performance of piglets until weaning The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of litter size into which gilts were born and their individual birth weight on mortality and culling rate until the time of selection, as well as on puberty onset Materials, Methods & Results: Female Landrace piglets (n = 1525) were identifi ed and weighed within 18 h after birth They were also weighed at weaning (n = 1379), and at the end of the nursery (n = 1198) and rearing phases (n = 940) Three classes of litter size were created: Small LS (7-11 piglets), Intermediate LS (12-13 piglets) and Large LS (14-19 piglets) Gilts were also separated in three classes according to their birth weight: Low BW (530-1200 g), Intermediate BW (1205-1600 g) and High BW (1605-2535 g) When compared to High BW gilts, the risk of death until weaning was greater (P 005) The risk of not being selected for breeding was greater (P 005) Discussion: The importance of birth weight for survival until weaning and for development until the selection time was confi rmed in this study Since birth weight was associated with ADWG, the expectation was that puberty onset would happen earlier in gilts with greater ADWG In other studies, gilts with greater growth rates reached puberty earlier if stimulated at an early age (~140 days of age) In the present study, however, puberty onset was not affected by birth weight, probably because gilts were exposed to boars at 165 days of age This aspect may indicate that, after a certain age, puberty is less dependent on growth rate The greater risk of mortality until weaning and of not being selected for reproduction, in Light BW gilts, contribute to economic losses in replacement gilt units Segregation of gilts based on their birth weight can be performed at birth or in subsequent phases Early selection may help to reduce costs for maintaining gilts that will probably not be selected, hence increasing the profi tability of pig production In addition, it provides the opportunity to pay special attention to gilts with greater potential to be future breeders The results show that birth weight is more important than litter size into which gilts were born for their survival until weaning, as well as for an adequate weight gain, which will ensure their retention in the herd until the selection time When the gilts are stimulated close to 165 days of age, age at puberty and anoestrous rate are not affected by birth weight or litter size into which they were born

Survival of collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) sperm after freezing-thawing using different extenders.

Abstract: Background: The development of semen cryopreservation protocols for collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) would contribute to its preservation and multiplication. Nowadays, studies on this subject report the use of Tris and powdered coconut water (ACP®-116c) as extenders. However, such studies are limited to the post-thawing immediate evaluation of samples. The knowledge on the sperm survival after thawing would be important in order to schedule the moment and the vial for artificial insemination. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to verify the effect of Tris and ACP extenders on the sperm survival of frozen-thawed semen, centrifuged or not, derived from collared peccaries. Materials, Methods & Results: Semen from 12 adult males collared peccaries were obtained by electroejaculation. Ejaculates were immediately evaluated for sperm motility, vigor, viability, functional membrane integrity and morphology. Samples were diluted in Tris or ACP, both plus 10% egg yolk and 3% glycerol. Then, they were packaged into 0.25 mL straws, and stored in liquid nitrogen. After one week, samples were thawed at 38oC/1 min and divided into two aliquots: one immediately diluted in the same extender, and the other submitted to centrifugation and then re-diluted. A thermorresistance test was conducted including assessments at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min as described for fresh semen. After analyzing the data immediately after thawing, we verify that coconut water provided a better preservation of sperm motility (41.3 ± 6.9%) and vigor (2.9 ± 0.2) than Tris, 33.1 ± 5.9% motile sperm with vigor 2.5 ± 0.2 (P 0.05). Discussion: As the first study at evaluating the effect of different extenders on collared peccary sperm survival, it was observed that its frozen-thawed semen samples centrifuged or not, present a very low post-thawing longevity in the use of Tris or ACP extenders. These are, nowadays, the unique extenders reported for collared peccary semen cryopreservation and both seems to be efficient for this proposal. However, an immediate use of the thawed samples is recommended, especially for intrauterine artificial insemination. A reduced longevity after thawing is also observed for swine sperm, the domestic animal more closely related to the peccaries. It is known that swine sperm present great amounts of unsaturated lipids on its plasma membrane, and due to this characteristic, it is highly sensible to freezing-thawing procedures. Due to similarities among swine and peccaries, such characteristic could possibly be extrapolated to the peccaries, but further studies regarding its sperm membrane composition should be conducted. In conclusion, collared peccaries sperm presents a short post-thawing survival, both in the use of Tris or ACP extenders, and its immediate use is recommended. Furthermore, no benefits are derived from the centrifugation process that seems to be unnecessary for frozen-thawed semen samples.

Panorama da bovinocultura no Rio Grande do Sul

Abstract: Background: The economy of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) relies majorly on agriculture; among the livestock production chains, cattle production has the largest economic, historical, and cultural importance in RS. The cattle industry is the main zootechnical activity in RS. Due to this, there is an actual need for updated characterization of the animal population, considering the population dynamics and the requirements imposed by the Official Veterinary Service (SVO) to meet certain characteristics. This would facilitate appropriate policies and measures to safeguard the health of the cattle in RS, as well as safeguard public health, and consequently avoid the economic impacts of possible health events. Materials, Methods & Results: Based on data from the livestock survey of 2013 from the Department of Animal Health (DDA), the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, and Agribusiness of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPA-RS), descriptive and spatial analyses of the cattle population were performed using software R and ArcMap TM 10, respectively. It was observed that the state has more than 13 million cattle distributed over approximately 346,000 farms. The majority of the bovine population consists of females over the age of 36 months. The predominant function of these farms is a complete cycle (breeding to fattening). Beef production is the predominant activity, followed by a mix of beef production and dairy production, and then sole dairy production. These characteristics differ depending on the state’s region. Regarding the number of animals per property, 88% of properties are small having up to 50 cattle, and about 1% of properties have more than 500 animals. The general average in the state for the proportion of T:V (calf: cow) is 57 calves per 100 cows, and this is close to the national average. Discussion: About 60.62% of cattle herds consisted of animals aged over 24 months, and most of this group were females over 36 months of age (38.95%). About 50% of properties have up to 10 animals, demonstrating a large proportion of small farms. RS has an imbalance in its production system, with a large number of breeding females for the activity of beef production. The cattle in RS are mostly bred for the production of beef in a full cycle system (with all stages of production on the property), and only 10% of cattle raised in RS are bred solely for milk production. With regard to the proportion of T:V, we concluded that the state’s beef production shows modest productivity and needs to improve production rates to increase financial returns for producers and enable competitiveness in the domestic and international markets. Furthermore, this information correlates with previous studies that have reported that farms in the business of beef production use low technology and low performance animals. Dairy farming, in contrast with beef farming, has been modernizing and developing in recent years by increasing co-operatives and agribusinesses, which has led to greater knowledge through technical assistance to the farms. Extensive farming is dependent on field areas and is historically associated with the natural fields in the campaign region, since dairy farming is dependent on areas where there is a supply of specialized food. Thus, despite the state having a greater concentration of animals in the south-southwest, production indices are similar to other regions, and the type of farming undertaken exerts a great influence on the regional animal population structure.

Administração de gonadotrofina coriônica humana para estimulação da função luteal em vacas de corte lactantes

Abstract: Background: Pregnancy rate after fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in beef cattle is affected by ovulation rate, luteal function and embryo survival. Cows in early post partum period frequently have low progesterone production and short luteal phases. Treatments using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) after FTAI have been tested in an effort to increase progesterone concentration, improve embryo development and consequently pregnancy rates. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effects of administration of hCG on day 4 after FTAI on induction of ovulation of the first dominant follicle, corpus luteum (CL) development, progesterone production and pregnancy rate in lactating beef cows. Materials, Methods & Results: Five hundred and sixty nine multiparous Angus suckled beef cows, 45-70 days postpartum, were synchronized to FTAI. On day -9, intravaginal implants containing 0,750 g of progesterone were inserted and 2mg of estradiol benzoate administered, im. Seven days later, cows had their implants removed and were injected with 150 µg of d-cloprostenol, im, and 1 mg of estradiol cipionate, im. Cows were inseminated 52-56 h after implant removal. Four days later, cows were assigned into two groups, hCG (1500 UI of hCG, im, n = 269) or Control (1,5 mL saline, im, n = 300). Blood samples were collected on days 4, 7, 10 and 14 after FTAI for analysis of serum progesterone concentration by radioimmunoassay. Ovarian ultrasonographic exams were done on day 0 to determine the diameter of ovulatory follicle (OF), on day 4 to measure the diameter of the first dominant follicle and, on day 7, to determine the CL area (cm2 ) and the number of accesory CL. Pregnancy diagnosis were done on day 30. Pregnancy rates were compared by chi-square test, progesterone concentration and CLs parameters were compared by student-t test. The administration of hCG resulted in higher serum progesterone concentration, improved CL area and the frequency of accessory CL, compared with Control group. Cows treated with hCG had higher (P = 0.07) pregnancy rate (53.9%; 145/269) than Control cows (46.3 %; 139/300). Discussion: Progesterone plays a key role in reproductive events associated with establishment and maintence of pregnacy in cattle. The use of hormone therapy to improve luteal function after FTAI in lactating beef cows is an alternative that can improve fertility, enhancing embryonic development and reducing early pregnancy loss. Low progesterone has been linked to early failure and poor embryo development while supplementing cows with progesterone has been shown longer conceptus and adequate production of interferon-tau. Several studies reported that the CL size is correlated with progesterone production and embryo development. In this study, cows treated with 1500 UI hCG on Day 4 after FTAI had increased concentration of progesterone on days 7, 10 and 14 and had greater size of CL on day 7 (P < 0.01). This improvent in luteal fuction was associated with luteotrophic effect of hCG in the original CL and the induction of accessory CL in 29.6% of treated cows. The pregnancy rate of hCG treated cows was 7.6% higher than Controls cows, indicating a tendency (P = 0.07) of increment in fertility. It was concluded that administration of hCG on day 4 after FTAI increased the volume of luteal tissue and progesterone concentration, improving pregnancy rate in lactating beef cows.

Perfi l de resistência a antimicrobianos por Salmonella Heidelberg isoladas de abatedouro avícola em 2005 e 2009

Abstract: Background: Salmonella spp. is recognized as being one of the most common bacterial causes of food-borne illness spread on poultry production due to easy adaptation to environment and difficult to eradicate. In poultry production system antimicrobials are added in feed as growth promoters in continuous and sub-therapeutic doses, inducing a selective pressure and consequent antimicrobial resistance. This management causes public health problems to disseminate resistant pathogens through food chain and reduce the options of treatment of bacterial infections. Materials, Methods & Results: The samples were isolated in a poultry slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection in a monitoring, research and quantification project of Salmonella spp in critical control points in slaughterhouse. Adapted methodology was used for quantification of Salmonella as follows: swabs and cages were placed in 50 mL of peptone water buffered 1% (PW 1%) and incubated at 37oC for 12 h; for the analysis of water 100 mL were inoculated in 50 mL of peptone water buffered in triple concentration and incubated at 37oC for 12 h; the chickens and carcasses were packed in sterile bags with a capacity of 4000 mL, added 150 mL of peptone water buffered 1%, agitated manually for one minute and the rinsing broth incubated by 12 h at 37oC. After hatching were made decimal dilutions Rapapport Vassiliadis broth (RV), inoculated 1 mL in 9 mL of RV broth until 10-3 dilution and incubation for 12 h at 41°C in a water bath with agitation. After this period 100 µL of RV broth were seeded in Agar Rambach and Agar XLD and the plates incubated at 37oC for 12 h. Salmonella-like growth were placed in Agar Rambach and confirmed as Salmonella to biochemical tests (TSI, LIA, urea broth) and assayed for polyvalent antiserum to Salmonella. The final identification of the samples was carried out by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR, Premi® Test Salmonella DSM). Were selected 20 samples of Salmonella Heidelberg isolated in 2005 (14 samples) and 2009 (6 samples) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by diffusion in agar front of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, enrofloxina, cephalexin, streptomycin, ceftiofur, doxycycline and neomycin. It was observed that 46,1% of the samples isolated in 2005 were resistant to an antimicrobial while 100% of the isolates in 2009 were resistant to at least four antimicrobial. Isolated samples in 2005 were resistant to ceftiofur (38.4%), ampicillin (23.0%), cephalexin (15.3%) and cephalothin (7.6%) while 100% of the isolates in 2009 were resistant to these antimicrobials. It was concluded that samples of Salmonella Heidelberg isolated in 2009 were phenotypically more resistant to antimicrobials tested than isolated samples in 2005. Discussion: S. Heidelberg resistance can be related to the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in poultry industry. Multiple resistance bacteria like Salmonella can be transferred from animal products to consumers and causes public health problems. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests enable the identification of antimicrobials that have action against pathogenic microorganisms like Salmonella, reinforce the importance of achieving these tests for the definition of appropriate programs of use of antimicrobials in livestock production.

Central Diabetes Insipidus in a Cat

Abstract: Background: Diabetes insipidus is a rare disease in cats with few reports in the scientifi c literature. It has two major forms: Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI); characterized by decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI); characterized by decreased ability to concentrate urine because of resistance to ADH. The diagnosis is based on excluding diseases with polydipsia/polyuria, the water deprivation test and response to desmopressin. This case report describes Central Diabetes Insipidus in a domestic cat, as well as its response to desmopressin administered intranasally. Case: A 2-year old, male cat of non-defi ned breed and castrated was seen due to a history of polyuria and polydipsia (PU/ PD) that arose after allegedly ingesting thorns that got stuck to its body while going out of the house. Physical examination revealed an active well-fed animal with mild dehydration and persistent paradoxical ischuria. The complementary tests performed: abdominal ultrasound, blood test, urinalysis, serum urea, creatinine, glucose, cortisol, total T4, Total T3 and vasopressin, were within the reference values, except for urinary density and T4 that were below the standard. Based on the laboratory results, conditions compatible with PU and PD symptoms were excluded; however, despite normal vasopressin levels, diabetes insipidus was not ruled out, given the prevailing clinical manifestations. The water deprivation test was dispensed to the patient in the face of dehydration accompanied by hyposthenuria, keeping the patient dehydrated despite polydipsia and water availability. This was followed by the response to desmopressin given intranasally, where gradual increase of urinary density and consistent reduction in urinary volume over time were observed. The findings confi rmed the Central Diabetes Insipidus diagnosis. The home therapy treatment consisted of intranasal administration of 10 µg desmopressin of continuous use, every 24 h. Discussion: ADH or vasopressin is synthesized in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Its main role is to maintain water homeostasis in the body. This hormone secretion is regulated by the osmolarity of body fluids, volume and pressure of the vascular system. The animals with central diabetes insipidus condition display failing ADH secretion, resulting in water intake generally superior to 100 mL/ kg/day (Normal: 40-70 mL/kg/day) and the clinical symptoms, PU and PD, weight loss and dehydration, the latter when deprived of water intake. The cat in the study displayed acute symptoms. However, the lack of neurologic symptoms commonly observed in animals with diabetes insipidus caused by either trauma or brain neoplasms, and physical examination findings that could explain the origin of the disease, raised doubts about the triggering event. Therefore, it is believed that in the reported case the nature of the disease is idiopathic. The diagnosis was reached by excluding major diseases with the same symptoms, PU and PD, plus by the water deprivation test and response to intranasal administration of desmopressin. Given the normal level of DHA serum recorded, its measurement was not an efficient diagnosis method for DIC. The use of intranasal desmopressin was a good administration route for the species given the absence of discomfort, good applicability and the excellent clinical response observed, thus constituting an excellent therapeutic method for continuous use in cats.

Physiological parameters in neonatal lambs of the Bergamasca breed

Abstract: Background: The management of newborn lambs from birth until weaning has an impact on herd productivity, i.e., the economic return will depend on the survival of the offspring. Physiological parameters must be carefully analysed according to the age of the animal to establish a diagnosis and treatment plan. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the physiological parameters (temperature, body weight, heart rate and respiration) between birth and 15 days of age, and between 24 h and 35 days to validate such parameters during these critical periods and for neonatal adaption in sheep Materials, Methods & Results: Two studies were carried out to analyse the physiological parameters of rectal temperature (°C), body weight (BW), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) in male and female lambs of the Bergamasca breed maintained under identical conditions of management (intensive farming system). The fi rst study used lambs (n = 29) from birth up to 15 days of age evaluated immediately after birth and at 24, 48, 72, 7 and 15 days of age. In the second study, lambs (n = 22) were evaluated at 1 day of age and then weekly at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of age. Linear models for repeated measures were used to compare the averages of each variable-response between the times studied. Tukey’s method was used to adjust the resulting P-values of multiple comparisons between time-points. The level of statistical signifi cance for the fi rst and second study was 1% (P < 0.01) and 5% (P < 0.05), respectively. There were no signifi cant differences in respiratory rate with increasing age in either of the two studies (P < 0.01; P < 0.05). In both studies, there was a positive correlation between variations in rectal temperature (average: 39.1 ± 0.58°C; P < 0.01 and 39.5 ± 0.28°C; P < 0.05) and signifi cant decreases in heart rate (159.4 ± 15.6 bpm, P < 0.01 and 167.5 ± 12.89 bpm, P < 0.05). In the fi rst study, the weights of the lambs progressively increased from birth to 15 days of age, with an average daily body weight (BDW) of 0.338 ± 0.09 kg (P < 0.01). In the second study, which was conducted over a 35 day period, the BDW was 0.213 ± 0.07 kg starting from 1 day of age (P < 0.05). The average values for respiratory and heart rates were higher for newborn lambs compared to the corresponding values for adults. Discussion: In newborn lambs, thermoregulatory mechanisms are not yet fully developed until the fi rst week of life, which can lead to an increase in rectal temperature. In this age group, a slight increase in rectal temperature is not indicative of caloric stress, except if it is accompanied by increases in respiratory and cardiac frequencies, which were not observed in this study. The respiratory rate values found in this study were inconsistent compared to those found in the literature; furthermore, these values were higher than those reported for adult lambs, possibly owing to differences in species, room temperature and location of calving between this and past studies. For the most part, the HR values are higher than those observed for adult lambs, which can result in a misdiagnosis when the reference values for adults are used. The lambs in this study presented similar weights to those reported in the literature for the same species but less than the average weight reported for mestizos Bergamasca x Ile de France, suggesting that the hybrid vigour benefi ts weight gain. Due to differences in breed, gender and location, it is not possible to establish a single physiological pattern. Therefore, more comprehensive studies that assess various production systems and species and their impact on the physiology of newborns are needed.

Quantity, Location, and Description of Bruises in Beef Cattle Slaughtered under Sanitary Inspection

Abstract: Background: The distance traveled by trucks carrying cattle from farm to slaughterhouse can affect the resultant quality of beef due to the occurrence of injuries en route. The types of injuries that can occur vary according to the depth, size, location, and quantity of the injuries. Staining can be used to determine the age of the lesions and estimate the time when the injury occurred, thereby providing information that can be used to make changes in the trucking of cattle in order to decrease or eliminate the injuries. The effects associated with three transportation distances when hauling 20 cows per livestock truck were investigated. The collected data focused on the age, depth, size, quantity, and location of bruises found on beef carcasses slaughtered in the mesoregion of Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaiba, Brazil, in January of 2012. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 320 cows were randomly divided into three groups according to the distance traveled via livestock truck from the farm to the slaughterhouse. Each truck carried 20 cows. In groups A (n = 140), B (n = 40), and C (n = 140), the cattle traveled 50 to 60 km, 90 to 110 km, and 140 to 166 km, respectively. Any extant contusions were visually observed on the production line after skinning, and relevant data were recorded using the respective animal’s identification tag as the identifier and analyzed. Of the 320 animals analyzed, 285 (89.06%) had one or more lesions (i.e., a total of 682 bruises in the entire sample), which is consistent with the results of similar studies found in the literature. Distances did not statistically influence the amount of bruising. For all distance conditions, the anatomical site on the cow with the highest incidence of injuries was the hindquarter (71.41%), and the lowest incidence was the loin (4.55%). No association between distance and location of bruises was observed. For all groups, a majority (48.09%) of the bruises were small (i.e., 2-8 cm in diameter), whereas 36.66% and 15.25% were classified as medium (i.e., 9-16 cm in diameter) and large (i.e., more than 16 cm in diameter), respectively. An association between the site of injury and depth was observed. Most contusions (62.02%) were older (i.e., occurred more than 24 h before data collection), but 37.98% occurred less than 24 h before data collection. Discussion: Previous studies that analyzed the number of bruises in cattle reported similar results to those found in the present study. The fact that distance and the amount of bruising do not correlate can be explained; i.e., injuries depend on many factors beyond distance traveled, such as the type of road traveled, number of stops, truck speed, time of travel, road conditions, and specific driver ability. The anatomical site with the highest incidence of injuries, i.e., the hindquarter, contains the larger muscle groups, thereby potentially predisposing it to a greater number of injuries. The small lesions (i.e., 2 to 8 cm in diameter) were the most prevalent independent of transport distance and affected only the subcutaneous tissue, thereby leading to less damage to the meat. Old bruises (i.e., occurred more than 24 h prior to identification) were most numerous in total and for each condition and were characterized by a yellowish color. Given their age, these injuries may have been caused by inadequate management on the farm, especially during the process of separating the cattle for transport, and not necessarily during the actual transport or at slaughterhouse.

Skin Lipoma in an Arabian Leopard (Panthera paradus nimr)

Abstract: Background: The Arabian leopard (Panthera paradus nimr) is the largest living felid in the arid Arabian Peninsula and classifi ed on the IUCN red list as critically endangered. Unlike felids, neoplasia prevalence in canids such as benign lipoma and malignant liposarcoma has been long and well documented. Only until recently a plethora of reports emerged demonstrating that neoplasia occurrence in wild exotic felids is prevailed more than expected. Soft tissue tumors arise from fatty cells form either a benign lipoma or a dangerously malignant liposarcoma. Alarming though, such cellular transformation might endanger the life of an already endangered animal. Case: An intact Arabian male leopard living in captivity at the Oman wildlife animal breeding center (N23.70 E58.09 A5.80 m) aged approximately 18 years and weight 31 kg was admitted to the veterinary clinic for semen collection and routine physical examination. The animal was identifi ed with two large adjacent subcutaneous masses on the upper rear left limb, clinically resembling that of a lipomatosis. Only one large tissue mass was surgically excised from the base with no incident of bleeding. Gross examination revealed a soft, smooth, rubbery, homogeneous, lack of internal fl uid and whitish color lobule. Morphometry measurement of the mass shows that the weight, diameter, circumference, thickness and surface area were 3.6 gm, 2.6 cm, 10.2 cm, 3 cm and 17.8 cm 3 respectively. On visual examination, neither mucin fl uid nor mucosal ulcerations were detected. Microscopically, dark discrete spots were observed on the anterior central and periphery of the mass surface outgrowth. Moreover, histopathological diagnoses with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), masson fontana (MF) and elastic verrhof van giesson (EVG) revealed normal nuclear and non-granular cytoplasm resembling that of a fatty cell originating from a fat adipose tissue. Adipocytes had reasonable amounts of cytoplasm and well defi ned borders. The nuclei were round to oval shape and no cells were found to be multinucleated. No evidence of high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio was observed. Few lymphocytes and plasma cells were present with no visible lymphatic vessels. Taken together, the lesion was diagnosed as a lobulated soft mass resembling that of an adipose tissue, specifi cally a benign neoplastic lipoma. Discussion: To date not a single report describes maladies in big cats from arid regions. This is the fi rst study to demonstrate the occurrence of neoplasia in a wild felid namely; the Arabian leopard. Additionally, while recent reports have shown neoplasia occurrence in the Panthera subspecies in tropical, polar and temperate zones, this is the fi rst report to manifest the disease in an arid region. The increase in neoplasm frequency in exotic felids is a concerning fact as numerous members of the Panthera family including the Arabian leopard are classifi ed by the IUCN as endangered or critically endangered species. With less than 200 animals in the wild, only 14 founder individuals in captivity and an aged female population the occurrence of lipoma tumors in the Arabian leopard is a worrisome sign. Taken together, the data suggests the rise of uncommon diseases in carnivores and ubiquitously around different climate zones of the world. Thus highlights the importance of routine physical examinations, investing substantially in diagnostic equipment and healthcare endowment in captive exotic felids.

Ramos colaterais dos arcos aórticos e suas principais ramificações em tartaruga (Trachemys scripta elegans)

Abstract: Background: Turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) are exported to many countries with the purpose of being used as pets, however, despite commercial interest, there are few reports on their anatomy, based on this observation we proceeded on to conducting this study. Studies on the collateral branches of the aortic arch were found in domestic and wild species, however, there were few records regarding the turtle. This study aims to describe the collateral branches of the aortic arches and its major branches in the Trachemys scripta elegans, establishing a standard model and the main variations in this species. Materials, Methods & Results: After the Ethics Committee of Animal Use of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul approved the project, thirty turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) were used, coming from the sorting centers of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources. The animals underwent preanesthetic medication administration, consisting of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and midazolam (2 mg/kg), administered intramuscularly in the forelimb. Euthanasia was performed one hour after the preanesthetic medication administration through an overdose of sodium thiopental (100 mg/kg) administered by the intracelomic route with subsequent use of vascular doppler for determination of death. The heart of each animal was accessed, the cardiac apex was sectioned for cannulation of the aortic arches through the single ventricle. The cranial cava veins were sectioned, the vascular system was rinsed with saline solution and filled with latex. The pieces remained immersed in water for polymerization of the latex, being stored in containers with formaldehyde. Subsequently, the arteries with its collateral branches were dissected. Schematic drawings were prepared for the elaboration of the results and the vessels were nominated. In all the samples studied, two atria and one ventricle were found, from which were originated two juxtaposed aortic arches, a right and a left one, at the base of the heart. From the beginning of the right aortic arch, a right and a left brachiocephalic trunk arose, each brachiocephalic trunk turning into a common carotid artery continuing on as subclavian artery to its respective antimere. The two aortic arches anastomosed forming the dorsal aorta. There was variation regarding the order of the branches arising from the left aortic arch, existing a predominance of the following: celiac artery, left gastric artery, anastomotic branch to the right aortic arch, continuing caudoventrally as cranial mesenteric artery. Discussion: The presence of two aortas in turtles is a fact reported in the literature and also observed in the present study. Regarding the origins and paths of right and left aortic arches, there is an agreement as to their origin; however, there is some discrepancy about the intersection of the arches after leaving the heart. Regarding the anastomotic branch, located between the right and left aortic arches, it was observed its presence in 100% of the samples, as described by different authors. It was found that the left aortic arch issued three branches, they being the celiac artery, the left gastric artery and the anastomotic branch to the right aortic arch, continuing on as cranial mesenteric artery, however controversies have been reported. It was observed variance regarding the order of the branches launched by the left aortic arch and some divergences about the distribution of the celiac artery. The cranial mesenteric artery was characterized as a vessel of great importance in this study, as a large portion of the viscera of the digestive tract are irrigated by it.

Tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) com metástase para a glândula mamária

Abstract: Background: Transmissible venereal tumour (TVT) is a malignancy that in natural conditions develops in the genitalia of the dog. The nature of this transplantable tumor has been extensively studied, but it has not been possible to associate any viral particle to the development and spread of the disease. Coitus is considered the main form of transmission, related to the presentation of the classic TVT in the external genitalia of dogs, but although rare, it can cause metastasis. The aim of this study was to report two cases of genital presentation of this neoplasm, with metastatic lesions in the mammary gland, to contribute to the better understanding of its biological behavior. Cases: Two bitches, one mixed breed, with five years old and another, Pit Bull breed, with one year old, were presented with vulvar bleeding for eight months and 15 days, respectively. Lesions were observed in the vulva and inguinal mammary glands. Clinical examination showed, in two patients, a reddish mass located in the vulva. However, nodules of smooth consistency were identified in the right and left inguinal mammary glands of both dogs. With the exception of mammary lesion located in the right inguinal mixed breed bitch whose cytological diagnosis was lipoma, other lesions were diagnosed as TVT, once samples showed hypercellularity with homogeneous population of round cells with eccentric and centralized nuclei, with basophilic cytoplasm and vacuoles, typical of this neoplasm. Characteristics of malignancy were identified as the major coarse chromatin pattern, and the presence of single and evident nucleolus, binucleation and atypical mitotic figures. Treatment with vincristine sulfate resulted in complete remission of the lesions in both patients. Discussion: In Brazil and other countries with large population of wandering dogs, the TVT may represent one of the most common type of cancer, especially the classic presentation with genital involvement of the penis and prepuce in males and vagina and vulva in females. The cytological examination is the method of choice for initial investigation of skin lesions for diagnosis of inflammatory, parasitic or neoplastic disease. This method is particularly sensitive for the diagnosis of round cell tumors and is the technique of choice for the diagnosis of TVT, including metastatic lesions. The diagnosis of TVT in lesions on the vulva of both patients, allowed the inference that this was the primary tumor site. Metastases are beyond the natural biological behavior of TVT, although there are numerous reports, with dissemination to a variety of tissues. The spread of extragenital TVT is rare and reasons related to the metastatic behavior of TVT are not well clarified. Probably, the deficiency in the host immune response may favor the spread of the disease, especially in patients with lesions that remain for prolonged periods, as was the case of one of the reported patients whose lesion was present on the vulva for eight months. Chemotherapy with vincristine sulphate is considered curative, in most cases, independent of the extent of disease. This protocol was effective in treating both patients, resulting in complete remission, even with distant metastases in the mammary gland. Considering the limited number of reports of TVT involving the mammary gland, this work contributes to a better understanding of the biological behavior of this neoplasm and demonstrates that, despite the high incidence of mammary tumors, cytology of this tissue may, in exceptional cases, change therapy.

Pneumocystis spp. e Histoplasma capsulatum detectados em pulmões de morcegos das regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste do Brasil

Abstract: Background: Histoplasma capsulatum and Pneumocystis spp. may cause a host infection through the respiratory airway, mainly affecting the pulmonary tissue. These fungal pathogens affect a wide range of mammalian species, including humans and bats. The co-infection of bats with both organisms above has never been studied in Brazil. The aim of the present research was to detect the presence of the H. capsulatum and Pneumocystis spp. in lung samples of bat species from two states of Brazil. For this purpose, a highly sensitive nested PCR was used with specific molecular markers for each pathogen. Materials, Methods & Results: Two hundred and forty-nine bats were captured between 2007 and 2009 in caves, forests, and urban areas of Mato Grosso (MT) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), located respectively in the Mid-Western and Southern regions. The bats were captured following the guidelines of the rabies control manual for herbivores, standardized by the Ministry of the Agriculture. Detection of Pneumocystis spp. DNA was based upon nested PCR, which amplified a portion of the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) of the rRNA gene, whereas the H. capsulatum DNA was amplified employing the Hcp 100 locus. Amplification products were sequenced to confirm fungal presence in bat lungs. The amplifications results for H. capsulatum and Pneumocystis spp. were positive in 63 [25.3%, IC95% (20.1%-31.25%)] and 95 [(38,2%, IC95% (32.1%-44.52%)] samples, respectively. The greatest occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum was observed in Desmodus rotundus (20.6%), Tadarida brasiliensis (20.6%), Histiotus velatus (19.0%) and Molossus molossus (11.1%), with the detection in the other species being lower than 7.9%, among the 24 studied bat species. For Pneumocystis spp., the detection was higher in Tadarida brasiliensis (23.1%), Desmodus rotundus (18.%), Histiotus velatus (14.7%), and Molossus molossus (11,6%), being lower than 5.3% in the other species. A co-infection with both Pneumocystis spp. and Histoplasma capsulatum was observed in 14.4% of the samples. Discussion: Results from this study revealed a high positivity in pulmonary tissue for both studied fungi. Comparing with the current and recent literature, a higher occurrence was observed for Pneumocystis spp., being lower for H. capsulatum as well as for the co-infection in the lungs of bats from both Brazilian regions. The majority of the analyzed samples were from urban area, where the occurrence of H. capsulatum was higher than that observed by the Centro de Zoonose do Estado de Sao Paulo, which pionerily described H. capsulatum in N. macrotis, E. glaucinus and M. Rufus species. In this study, 1.6% of the samples in those same species were positive for H. Capsulatum. Due the larger sample size from urban areas, the species Tadarida brasiliensis was the most studied for both fungi. To note, in one colony from the latter species, composed of hundreds of bats, a large amount of bat guano was observed, which favors the dispersion of fungal propaguls of H. capsulatum and a subsequent high fungal colonization detected in those animals. However, it is not possible to infer that the bats were developing the disease, since others organs like liver, spleen and intestine were not analyzed. Results from this study corroborate with the literature that report a high transmission of H. capsulatum among bats belonging to big colonies, by demonstrating a high occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum and Pneumocystis spp., individually or in co-infection, in bats from two geographically distant Brazilian states (RS and MT).

Effect of Corynebacterium cutis lysate on serum oxidative stress and plasma prostaglandin F2α metabolite levels.

Abstract: Background: The Corynebacterium cutis lysate is commercial product. Unbalance between oxidants and antioxidants cause oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the cell. Macrophages phagocytose large pieces of bacteria and synthesize cytokines. In addition to the benefi cial results of the drug have side effects. Since changes in biochemical parameters reflect structural dysfunction in the organism, monitoring changes of these parameters is a way to keep track of side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Corynebacterium cutis lysate on serum thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandinF2α (PGM) levels in sheep. Materials, Methods & Results: Six Merino crossbred ewes (aged >2 years, weight 40-60 kg) were used in this study. The procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee. A dose of 8 mg (0.4 mL) of commercial Corynebacterium cutis lysate was subcutaneously injected to each of the 6 Merino crossbred ewes. Blood specimens were taken from the sheep prior to injection (day 0, control) and after the injection on days 1, 2, 3, and 4. The levels of serum TBARS and plasma PGM were determined using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) reader. The values of the hemogram [white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), hematocrit (HTC), and hemoglobin (HBG)] were assessed using a blood cell count apparatus. The levels of plasma creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and cholesterol were determined on an autoanalyzer. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffe’s test as a post hoc test (SPSS 19.0). A P 0.05) change in the other parameters. Discussion: The Corynebacterium cutis lysate is a commercial product and used in cattle, newborn calves, sheep, and poultry as an immunostimulant against infections and to increase body resistance in times of stress. Corynebacterium cutis lysate increased (P < 0.05) in plasma PGM and serum cholesterol levels compared to the control group. Detailed studies dealing with the effect of Corynebacterium cutis lysate on PGM and TBARS are not available in the literature. There is a balance between oxidants and antioxidants in the organism. Unbalance between oxidants and antioxidants caused by increased production of oxidizing species leads to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the cells. The levels of TBARS or malondialdehyde are used in order to determine lipid peroxidation. The levels of serum TBARS, malondialdehyde and PGM increased in experimental infection models. Macrophages phagocytose large pieces of bacteria such as Corynebacterium cutis lysate and this case triggers the synthesis of cytokines by macrophages. Cholesterol metabolism may change in infections, and high levels of cholesterol were determined in test subjects after injection of LPS. Lipid metabolism may be affected by stimulants of the immune system, such as Corynebacterium cutis lysate. In conclusion, Corynebacterium cutis lysate has no effect on the oxidative status and number of blood cells and organ (heart, liver and kidney) damage markers in sheep and it may increase plasma PGM level by stimulating the immune system.

Cattle rearing in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Abstract: Background: The economy of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) relies majorly on agriculture; among the livestock production chains, cattle production has the largest economic, historical, and cultural importance in RS. The cattle industry is the main zootechnical activity in RS. Due to this, there is an actual need for updated characterization of the animal population, considering the population dynamics and the requirements imposed by the Official Veterinary Service (SVO) to meet certain characteristics. This would facilitate appropriate policies and measures to safeguard the health of the cattle in RS, as well as safeguard public health, and consequently avoid the economic impacts of possible health events. Materials, Methods & Results: Based on data from the livestock survey of 2013 from the Department of Animal Health (DDA), the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, and Agribusiness of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPA-RS), descriptive and spatial analyses of the cattle population were performed using software R and ArcMap TM 10, respectively. It was observed that the state has more than 13 million cattle distributed over approximately 346,000 farms. The majority of the bovine population consists of females over the age of 36 months. The predominant function of these farms is a complete cycle (breeding to fattening). Beef production is the predominant activity, followed by a mix of beef production and dairy production, and then sole dairy production. These characteristics differ depending on the state’s region. Regarding the number of animals per property, 88% of properties are small having up to 50 cattle, and about 1% of properties have more than 500 animals. The general average in the state for the proportion of T:V (calf: cow) is 57 calves per 100 cows, and this is close to the national average. Discussion: About 60.62% of cattle herds consisted of animals aged over 24 months, and most of this group were females over 36 months of age (38.95%). About 50% of properties have up to 10 animals, demonstrating a large proportion of small farms. RS has an imbalance in its production system, with a large number of breeding females for the activity of beef production. The cattle in RS are mostly bred for the production of beef in a full cycle system (with all stages of production on the property), and only 10% of cattle raised in RS are bred solely for milk production. With regard to the proportion of T:V, we concluded that the state’s beef production shows modest productivity and needs to improve production rates to increase financial returns for producers and enable competitiveness in the domestic and international markets. Furthermore, this information correlates with previous studies that have reported that farms in the business of beef production use low technology and low performance animals. Dairy farming, in contrast with beef farming, has been modernizing and developing in recent years by increasing co-operatives and agribusinesses, which has led to greater knowledge through technical assistance to the farms. Extensive farming is dependent on field areas and is historically associated with the natural fields in the campaign region, since dairy farming is dependent on areas where there is a supply of specialized food. Thus, despite the state having a greater concentration of animals in the south-southwest, production indices are similar to other regions, and the type of farming undertaken exerts a great influence on the regional animal population structure.

Isolamento de dermatófitos e fungos saprotróficos do pelame de gatos sem dermatoses na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre - RS, Brasil

Abstract: Background : Dermatophytoses are one of the most frequent skin diseases of pets and livestock in the world. Contagion among animal communities, diffi culty i...

Effects of high incubation temperature on the body weight and yolk consumption of two commercial broiler strain

Abstract: Background: Temperature is the most important factor controlling embryonic development. Hyper- and hypothermic effects depend on the degree of temperature, duration of exposure and the stage of the development. From the middle of incubation period, embryo temperature is greater than air temperature of the incubator because of the increased metabolic activity. Thus elevated temperature especially in the second half of incubation has a major impact on hatchability and chick quality. The aim of this work was to investigate and compare the effects of high incubation temperature applied from the 10th day to the end of incubation on the body weight and yolk consumption of Ross 308 and Hybro embryos. Materials, Methods & Results: In the experiment, a total of 500 eggs, 250 fertile eggs from each of Hybro and Ross 308 broiler strains were used. The eggs of each strain were weighed and then divided into 2 groups as control and high incubation temperature exposed (heat-stress) groups. The control eggs of both strains were maintained under optimal conditions (incubation temperature: 37.8 o C) during the whole incubation period, whereas heat stress imposed eggs were maintained under 37.8 o C until the 10th day of incubation and then continuously exposed to high temperature (38.8 o C) in the incubator. Other environmental conditions were standardized. At the 11, 13, 15, 18, 20 and 21 st days of incubation, randomly sampled eggs from each group were opened until 10 living embryos were obtained from each group. The embryos and their yolk sacs were weighted at the 11, 13, 15, 18 and 20 th of incubation and chick weight with yolk sac were determined on hatching day (d 21 of incubation) of the groups. Mean relative embryo weights [(embryo weight/egg weight at setting) x 100] and relative yolk sac weights [(yolk sac weight/egg weight at setting) x 100] of each groups were calculated. In both strain, the heat stress group had a significantly lower yolk-free embryo weight than the control group. However relative yolk weights in heat-stress groups were found to be significantly higher when compared to those in the control groups. There was no significant difference between mean embryo and yolk sac weights of the control groups both strains, except for embryo weight at 20 th d of incubation. We also observed that the chicks were heavier at the day of hatch in heat-stress groups than the control groups. Discussion: These observations suggest that high incubation temperature (38.8 o C) from the 10th of incubation decreased yolk consumption and depressed mean embryonic weights. Maternal antibodies are passively transferred from the hen to the offspring through the yolk and albumin. Therefore decreased consumption of the yolk due to high incubation temperature will not only affect the body weight, but may also negatively affect the immune status of the newly hatched chick. We also observed that body weight of the chicks at the hatch day was higher in the heat-stress group of both strains in comparison to their controls. Greater amounts of remaining of unused yolk in the heat-stress groups may be responsible for this difference. Results of the present study have revealed that the efforts to increase the body weight of broilers should not be limited to management and care at post hatch period, incubation factors affecting the performance should be determined and taken necessary precautions.

Comparison of the Depth of Anesthesia Produced with Dexmedetomidine-Sevofl urane or Medetomidine-Sevoflurane by Using Bispectral Index Monitoring

Abstract: Background: Bispectral index (BIS) monitor was developed to utilize the depth of anesthesia by estimating electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. BIS, which is the numerical value of EEG derivative, is used for evaluation of depression of central nervous system (CNS) in human medicine. The depressive effect of sedative and anaesthetic agents on CNS in human is correlated to BIS. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is administered as continuous infusion during anesthesia and surgery in humans. DEX is a hypnotic with high selectivity for α 2-adrenergic receptors. Materials, Methods & Results: Adult female New Zealand rabbits (mean ± SD body weight 3.8 ± 0.5 kg) were procured from a certifi ed commercial source to use in medical researches. The animal number in each of the two study groups was four, for a total of eight. The rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 4). The rabbits DEX group were administered 20 mcg/kg of i.v. DEX HCI for premedication. Medetomidine (MED) group was administered 20 mcg/ kg of iv MED for premedication. Induction was provided by 5% of sevofl urane + 4 L/min oxygen via glove mask in the both groups. General anesthesia was maintained with 3% of sevofl urane + oxygen on spontaneous respiration for 30 min. The animals’ temporomandibular region was shaved; its fat was eliminated with ether before the study. Human sensors were used as BIS sensor consisted of 5 electrodes. Three were placed into frontal area as the remaining two into the preauricular area. After ensuring the connection of the sensor to the BIS monitor, BIS value was continuously followed and recorded at 0 min (T0), 1 st (T1), 5 th (T5), 7 th (T7), 9 th (T9), 15 th (T15) 20 th (T20), 25 th (T25) and at 30 th min (T30) in both groups while the rabbits were awake. At T1 measure point, DEX and MED were applied; sedation was produced at T5; 5% of sevofl urane was administered through glove-mask method at T7 for induction; general anesthesia was obtained at T9 and continued during T15, T20, T25 and T30; they were awakened at the end of 30 th min. On the day preceding the study, they were sedated; their femoral arteries were localized and catheterized under local anesthesia following sedation. At T0, T1, T5, T7, T9, T15, T20, T25 and T30 measure time points, the catheter-transducer connection was established for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) measurement; for ECG monitoring, ECG electrodes were attached to all four extremities of the subjects and, ECG tracings from lead II were monitored and recorded on the multi-channel monitor. The pH was kept between 7.35 - 7.45, as PCO2 between 35 - 45 mmHg. All animals in both groups were documented during the study for Anesthesia Score (AS). MAP and BIS decline in DEX group at the end of 1st min at statistical signifi cance (P < 0.05). At the same time point, AS was recorded higher in DEX group (P < 0.05). In the comparison of DEX group with MED group at T5; HR, MAP and BIS markedly declined in DEX group (P < 0.05); however, AS was found higher in DEX group as being statistically signifi cant at the same time point (P < 0.05). As it was at T5, Heart Rate (HR), MAP and BIS were also found statistically signifi cantly low in DEX group at T7 and T9; while AS was found higher as compared to MED group (P < 0.05). BIS value in MED group was low at a statistical signifi cance level at T15, T20, T25 and T30 time points (P < 0.05). Discussion: In present study, sevofl urane administration with glove mask method provides suffi cient anesthesia in the rabbits which were premedicated with DEX and MED in experimental studies or surgical procedures during veterinary practice. Besides the vital parameters and AS monitoring, BIS monitoring is also an effective method in determination of the depth of anesthesia in rabbits.

Short- and long-term effects of weaning on adrenocortical and functional response of lambs

Abstract: Background: Weaning period is considered a crucial event in the management of ewes and lambs, resulting in a number of signifi cant challenges. Although multiple stresses signifi cantly affected adaptative capability of ewes in terms of changes in physiological mechanisms insuffi cient knowledges are available to understand the adrenocortical and functional responses of lambs to adapt to weaning stress. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of weaning associated with maternal separation on circulating cortisol concentrations, respiratory rate and rectal temperature changes after the fi rst 24 h weaning period and 2 weeks later in cross-bred lambs. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-four cross-bred lambs were assigned randomly to two treatments: 17 (unstressed control group) were housed in standard farming conditions with their mothers and 17 lambs (treated group) were submitted to weaning and separation from maternal care. Both groups were studied and sampled 2 weeks before (weaning) in baseline conditions (T0), 24 h (T1) and 2 weeks (T2) after (weaning). In treated group lambs showed decreases of cortisol concentrations 24 h after (P < 0.001) and 2 weeks after (P < 0.05) weaning, compared to baseline values. Weaning effects were shown for cortisol changes (P < 0.0001) in treated lambs. The comparison between control and treated lambs showed lower cortisol concentration both 24 h after weaning (P < 0.001) and 2 weeks later (P < 0.05) in treated than control subjects. Treated lambs showed decreases of respiratory rate 24 h after (P < 0.01) and 2 weeks after (P < 0.05), compared to baseline values, with a signifi cant weaning effects for RR changes (P < 0.001). No signifi cant changes were observed for RT at different times in treated lambs. Negative and signifi cant correlations were observed between RR and RT (r= -0.674; P < 0.05) for all measurement periods in control group. Discussion: Results obtained showed that the ability of the adrenocortical gland to modulate cortisol concentrations was different in control and treated groups. In fact, this ability remained unmodifi ed in unstressed animals, but signifi cantly decreased in weaned lambs. It was concluded that the presence of maternal care did not appear to infl uence cortisol concentrations, as confi rmed by no signifi cant cortisol changes observed at T0, T1 and T2 in unstressed control lambs. The general higher no signifi cant RT values of control group than treated group would be in agreement with results observed in suckling lambs, with increased heat production, and could explain the existence of negative correlation between RR and RT only in control group. The decreases of cortisol concentrations after weaning were the evident effect of persistent stress suffered by lambs both early and late phases of weaning. These results showed that short- and long-term perturbations of the post-weaning has measurable effects on adrenocortical and functional response of weaned lambs. These fi ndings suggest that circulating cortisol concentrations and RR values of lambs play an important role in providing additional information for comparative evaluation of weaning effects and related coping responses in small ruminants. Data obtained indicate that both the short- and long-term effects of weaning and maternal separation may be perceived as stressful and aversive stimuli.

Levels of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in Cow Serum and Cow Milk: Relationship with Trace Elements Contents and Chemical Composition in Milk

Abstract: Background: Milk can be considered a source of macro- and micronutrients, together with bioactive substances, and also contains a number of active compounds that play a significant role in both nutrition and health protection. Data on milk chemical composition provide information on milk quality alterations and cow health status but is also useful in planning feeding and breeding. Animals living use changes in the photoperiod to adapt to seasonal changes in the environment. The composition of milk is of great importance for the dairy industry and there is great interest in changing the composition of milk. Dairy cow breeding in China has always been restricted by species, management, nutrient supply, seasonal variation and other factors, which cause the quality of raw milk is unsteady. The transition element cations have concentrations in blood, tissues and milk that are largely independent of the intake, as they relate to regulation of gut absorption and changing metabolic demands. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate the possible effects of nature month and physiological variables on chemical composition in milk and trace element levels in Chinese Holstein Friesian cows. Materials, Methods & Results: In this paper, cow milk samples were collected from 180 consecutive milkings during 6 month. For the first time, Pearson phenotypic correlations and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used for analyzing milk chemical composition and trace elements levels in milk and serum. Linear regression was used to predict the value of the continuous dependent variable based on the value of the independent variable. The results showed milk chemical composition and trace elements vary considerably throughout the test period. HCA classified samples into three main groups on the basis of the measured parameters. The first group was composed of fat, total solids, Mn, Fe, and Zn; the second cluster included solids non fat, freezing point, total protein, density, lactose, and acidity; and the last cluster consisted of Cu alone. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that milk Mn was significantly correlated with serum Mn (r = 0.388, P = 0.008 0.05; r = –0.235, P = 0.087 > 0.05; r = 0.217, P = 0.081 > 0.05, respectively). Discussion: These observations suggest that the concentration of Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in serum and milk did not remain stable during lactation period. Nature month variations have to be taken into consideration for the correct interpretation of milk chemical composition and trace elements status in cow. HCA is an effective way to comprehensively evaluate the characterization of milk, which not only could avoid the bias and the instability of single factor analysis, but also reflect the relationship between different chemical composition and trace elements related characterization and quality in milk better. The newborn infant is dependent on an adequate supply of trace elements for optimal nutrition and health. The mammary gland has a remarkable capacity to adapt to maternal deficiency or excess of trace elements and to homeostatically control milk concentrations of these essential nutrients such as Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn. However, the content of milk Cu, Fe, and Zn is not suitable for reflect the states of the corresponding nutrients in serum.