Showing papers in "Analyst in 2001"
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TL;DR: The nanoparticle surface biochemical functionalization demonstrates the feasibility of using nanoparticles for biosensing and biomarking applications and shows that the silica nanoparticles are a good biocompatible solid support for enzyme immobilization.
Abstract: In this report, we demonstrate the biochemical modification of silica based nanoparticles. Both pure and dye-doped silica nanoparticles were prepared, and their surfaces were modified with enzymes and biocompatible chemical reagents that allow them to function as biosensors and biomarkers. The nanoparticles produced in this work are uniform in size with a 1.6% relative standard deviation. They have a pure silica surface and can thus be modified easily with many biomolecules for added biochemical functionality. Specifically, we have modified the nanoparticle surfaces with enzyme molecules (glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) and a biocompatible reagent for cell membrane staining. Experimental results show that the silica nanoparticles are a good biocompatible solid support for enzyme immobilization. The immobilized enzyme molecules on the nanoparticle surface have shown excellent enzymatic activity in their respective enzymatic reactions. The nanoparticle surface biochemical functionalization demonstrates the feasibility of using nanoparticles for biosensing and biomarking applications.
442 citations
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343 citations
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311 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a virtual library of functional monomers was developed and screened against the template using molecular modelling software, and the monomers giving the highest binding score were co-polymerized with a crosslinker in the presence of ephedrine.
Abstract: A new approach to the computational design of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) specific for ephedrine is presented. A virtual library of functional monomers was developed and screened against the template using molecular modelling software. The monomers giving the highest binding score were co-polymerized with a cross-linker in the presence of ephedrine. Control (blank) polymers were prepared under the same conditions but in the absence of the template. A good correlation was found between the modelling results and performance of the materials in an HPLC study. A MIP based on one of the selected monomers—hydroxyethyl methacrylate—gave a separation of ephedrine enantiomers with a separation factor α of 1.42–2.09 (depending on temperature). This figure is larger than the α values generally obtained with commercially available chiral phases. It is anticipated that the computational approach will be of use for the rational design
of MIPs and the prediction of polymer affinity and specificity.
272 citations
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TL;DR: The Raman spectra of plattnerite, lead(IV) oxide, PbO2 and of the lead pigments red lead, lead monoxide, lead white, and of their laser-induced degradation products were recorded using a range of different excitation lines, spectrometer systems and experimental conditions.
Abstract: The Raman spectra of plattnerite [lead(IV) oxide,
PbO2] and of the lead pigments red lead
(Pb3O4), lead monoxide [PbO, litharge (tetragonal)
and massicot (orthorhombic)], lead white [basic lead carbonate,
2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2] and of their laser-induced
degradation products were recorded using a range of different excitation
lines, spectrometer systems and experimental conditions. The degradation of
PbO2 is more extensive along the pathway PbO2
→
Pb3O4
→ PbO (litharge) → PbO (massicot) the
shorter the wavelength of the excitation line and the higher its power. The
Raman spectrum of PbO2, which is black and of the rutile
structure, is particularly difficult to obtain but three bands, at 653, 515
and 424 cm−1, were identified as arising from the
b2g, a1g and eg modes respectively, by
analogy with the corresponding modes of isostructural SnO2 (776,
634 and 475 cm−1). A further oxide was identified,
PbO1.55, the Raman spectrum of which does not correspond to that
of any of the laser-induced degradation products of PbO2 at any
of the wavelengths used. The Raman results are critical to the future use
of Raman microscopy for the identification of lead pigments on
artworks.
224 citations
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TL;DR: The characterization, optimization and advantages of the genomagnetic label-free electrical protocol are illustrated below for assays of DNA sequences related to the breast-cancer BRCA1 gene.
Abstract: Magnetic bead capture has been used for eliminating non-specific adsorption effects hampering label-free detection of DNA hybridization based on stripping potentiometric measurements of the target guanine at graphite electrodes. In particular, the efficient magnetic separation has been extremely useful for discriminating against unwanted constituents, including a large excess of co-existing mismatched and non-complementary oligomers, chromosomal DNA, RNA and proteins. The new protocol involves the attachment of biotinylated oligonucleotide probes onto streptavidin-coated magnetic beads, followed by the hybridization event, dissociation of the DNA hybrid from the beads, and potentiometric stripping measurements at a renewable graphite pencil electrode. Such coupling of magnetic hybridization surfaces with renewable graphite electrode transducers and label-free electrical detection results in a greatly simplified protocol and offers great promise for centralized and decentralized genetic testing. A new magnetic carbon-paste transducer, combining the solution-phase magnetic separation with an instantaneous magnetic collection of the bead-captured hybrid, is also described. The characterization, optimization and advantages of the genomagnetic label-free electrical protocol are illustrated below for assays of DNA sequences related to the breast-cancer BRCA1 gene.
200 citations
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TL;DR: Polymers imprinted with clenbuterol were used to study the influence of various post-polymerization treatments on the bleeding of residual template, and a milder but still efficient method to reduce the bleeding level was found to be MAE with formic acid.
Abstract: Polymers imprinted with clenbuterol were used to study the
influence of various post-polymerization treatments [e.g., thermal
annealing, microwave assisted extraction (MAE), Soxhlet extraction and
supercritical fluid template desorption] on the bleeding of residual
template. The aim of the study was to reduce the bleeding to levels that
would allow the use of the materials as affinity phases for extraction of
clenbuterol from bovine urine at concentrations below 1 ng
ml−1. After treatment, the clenbuterol imprinted polymers
were packed into solid-phase extraction columns and the bleeding was
estimated by quantifying the amount of template released in 10 ml of
methanol–acetic acid (9 + 1 v/v). This was followed by an assessment
of selectivity and recovery in comparison with non-treated material. The
lowest bleeding level was found after MAE using 100% trifluoroacetic acid
for 3 × 20 min at 100 °C. The collected eluate contained in this
case 3 ng ml−1 of clenbuterol. The same material was
subsequently used for the extraction of clenbuterol from spiked bovine
urine. The resulting selectivity and recovery were lower compared with
those obtained using the untreated material. A milder but still efficient
method to reduce the bleeding level was found to be MAE with formic acid.
In this case a bleeding level of 14 ng ml−1 was found
after only a 1 h extraction time. In a second model system, using a polymer
imprinted with L-phenylalanine anilide, the bleeding was reduced
to a similar level by extensive on-line washing in good swelling solvents
containing acid or base additives and after thermal annealing of the
polymers in the dry state.
196 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a headspace micro-extraction method for the determination of alcohols in aqueous solutions is demonstrated, where a drop of ethylene glycol containing butan-2-one as an internal standard is used for extraction.
Abstract: The possibility of applying headspace microextraction into a single drop for the determination of alcohols in aqueous solutions is demonstrated. A drop of ethylene glycol containing butan-2-one as an internal standard is used for extraction. The analytes are extracted by suspending a 1 μl extracting drop directly from the tip of a microsyringe fixed above an extraction vial with a septum such that the needle passes through the septum and the needle tip appears above the surface of the solution. After the extraction is finished the drop is retracted back into the needle and injected directly into a GC column. Optimization of experimental conditions (sampling time, sampling temperature, stirring rate and ionic strength of the solution) with respect to the extraction efficiency were investigated and the linear range and the precision were examined. This headspace single drop microextraction method was applied to the analysis of beer.
193 citations
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TL;DR: The direct imprinting of non-hydrolyzed organophosphates including pesticides and insecticides is described and an additional fluorescent component has been introduced into these polymers to further enhance the advantages of the traditional imprinted polymer approach.
Abstract: Antibodies, peptides, and enzymes are often used as molecular recognition elements in chemical and biological sensors. However, their lack of stability and signal transduction mechanisms limits their use as sensing devices. Recent advances in the field of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have created synthetic materials that can mimic the function of biological receptors but with less stability constraints. These polymers can provide high sensitivity and selectivity while maintaining excellent thermal and mechanical stability. To further enhance the advantages of the traditional imprinted polymer approach, an additional fluorescent component has been introduced into these polymers. Such a component provides enhanced chemical affinity as well as a method for signal transduction. In this type of imprinted polymer, binding of the target analyte invokes a specific spectral signature from the reporter molecule. Previous work has provided molecularly imprinted polymers that are selective for the hydrolysis products of organophosphorus species such as the nerve agents sarin and soman. (A. L. Jenkins, O. M. Uy and G. M. Murray, Anal. Chem., 1999, 71, 373). In this paper the direct imprinting of non-hydrolyzed organophosphates including pesticides and insecticides is described. Detection limits for these newly developed MIP sensors are less than 10 parts per trillion (ppt) with long linear dynamic ranges (ppt to ppm) and response times of less than 15 min.
156 citations
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TL;DR: A novel amplification route for DNA detection based on the deposition of gold on a 10 nm Au-colloid/avidin conjugate label acting as a 'seeding' catalyst, is described.
Abstract: A novel amplification route for DNA detection based on the deposition of gold on a 10 nm Au-colloid/avidin conjugate label acting as a ‘seeding’ catalyst, is described. Microgravimetric quartz-crystal-microbalance measurements are employed to transduce the catalyzed deposition of gold on the piezoelectric crystals. Three different DNA detection schemes are described: (i) analysis of a 27-base nucleic acid fragment; (ii) analysis of the entire M13ϕ DNA (7229 bases); and (iii) detection of a single-base mismatch in a DNA. Ultrasensitive detection of DNA is accomplished by the catalyzed deposition of gold, detection limit ∼1 × 10−15 M.
152 citations
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TL;DR: The results show unequivocally the potential of NIRS for rapid, on-site and non-destructive identification of counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
Abstract: This work was aimed at the investigation of the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for the identification of counterfeit drugs. The identification is based on the comparison of the NIR spectrum of a sample with typical spectra of the authentic drug using multivariate modelling and classification algorithms (PCA/SIMCA). Initially, NIRS was evaluated for spectrum acquisition of various drugs, selected in order to observe the diversity of physico-chemical characteristics found among commercial products. The parameters which could affect the spectra of a given drug (especially if presented in solid form) were investigated and the results showed that the first derivative can minimise spectral changes associated with tablet geometry, physical differences in their faces and position in relation to the probe beam. The power of NIRS in distinguishing among similar pharmaceuticals was demonstrated and a protocol is proposed to construct a multivariate model and to include it in a library allowing testing for drug authenticity. The methodology was evaluated with real samples of counterfeit drugs and was able to recognise all those presenting changes in composition as false. The results show unequivocally the potential of NIRS for rapid, on-site and non-destructive identification of counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
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TL;DR: A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection was developed for the determination of twelve tea catechins, sensitive to and appropriate for the simultaneous determination of various biologically active catechin in green tea.
Abstract: A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with
electrochemical detection was developed for the determination of twelve tea
catechins including four major catechins: epicatechin (EC),
epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin
gallate (EGCG); four of their epimers at the C-2 position, C, GC, CG and
GCG; and four methylated catechin derivatives,
epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl)gallate,
gallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl)gallate,
epigallocatechin-3-O-(4-O-methyl)gallate and
epicatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl)gallate. These catechins were
separated on an ODS C18 reversed-phase column by isocratic
elution with 0.1 M NaH2PO4 buffer (pH
2.5)–acetonitrile (87∶13) containing 0.1 mM EDTA·2Na.
The detection limits (S/N = 3) of these catechins were approximately
10–40 pmol ml−1 at an applied voltage of 600 mV.
Extracting these catechins from tea leaf powder with
H2O–acetonitrile (1∶1) at 30 °C for 40 min
inhibited the epimerization at C-2 significantly from these epicatechins
compared to extraction with hot water at 90 °C. This analytical method
is sensitive to and appropriate for the simultaneous determination of
various biologically active catechins in green tea.
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TL;DR: The analytical results for international platinum group element (PGE) reference materials, chromitite CHR-Bkg, basalt TDB-1 and gabbro WGB-1, are presented and compared with literature data, demonstrating the validity of the described method.
Abstract: A method for the determination of low Ru, Pd, Re, Os, Ir and
Pt abundances in geological reference materials by isotope dilution inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after acid digestion in a high pressure
asher (HPA-S) is presented. The digestion technique is similar to that using
Carius tubes but easier to handle and reaches higher temperatures. Osmium
can be determined as OsO4 with ICP-MS directly after digestion
through a sparging technique. The remaining elements are preconcentrated by
means of anion column chromatography. The resin is digested directly without
elution leading to high yields but this causes problems if Zr is present at
higher levels in the silicate rich materials. The analytical results for international
platinum group element (PGE) reference materials, chromitite CHR-Bkg, basalt
TDB-1 and gabbro WGB-1, are presented and compared with literature data, demonstrating
the validity of the described method. Although higher in concentration, PGEs
determined for reference material WGB-1 were worse than for TDB-1 indicating
a more inhomogeneous distribution of the platinum group mineral phases. The
low PGE abundance chromitite standard, CHR-Bkg, is likely to be homogeneous
for Ru, Re, Os and Ir and is recommended as a reference material for the study
of chromitites. Detection limits (3s
× total procedure blank)
range from 0.012 ng (Re and Os) to 0.77 ng (Pt), which could be further improved
by applying higher quality acids.
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TL;DR: A small portable system is described which is used to directly determine the optical extinction of the atmospheric aerosol, accomplished simultaneously at two wavelengths in the near-infrared (1064 nm) and visible (532 nm) using the pulsed cavity ring-down (CRD) approach.
Abstract: A small portable system is described which is used to directly determine the optical extinction of the atmospheric aerosol. The requisite highly sensitive measurement of the optical extinction is accomplished simultaneously at two wavelengths in the near-infrared (1064 nm) and visible (532 nm), using the pulsed cavity ring-down (CRD) approach. The measurement at the two wavelengths can aid in separating the scattering and absorption components of the optical extinction. Rayleigh equivalent optical extinction of approximately 10 x 10(-6) m(-1) from particulate matter in the atmospherically important 0.1-2.5 pm diameter size range (fine particle accumulation mode) can be readily observed with short (<5 s) integration times. Optical extinction is inversely related to the visual range, and so the instrument provides a direct measurement of this particulate-related air quality indicator. The instrument can also provide particle size range-selected multiwavelength optical property measurements, which can be inverted to provide valuable information about the extant airborne particulate distribution.
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TL;DR: It is shown via the successful determination of neurotransmitters, ascorbic acid and phenols on gold or platinum working electrodes that this approach is feasible for detection on a channel based electrophoretic separation device.
Abstract: The simplified amperometric detection scheme demonstrated is
based on the amperometric working and electrophoretic ground electrodes
only. The latter serves as counter and pseudo-reference as well. It is
shown via the successful determination of neurotransmitters,
ascorbic acid and phenols on gold or platinum working electrodes that this
approach is feasible for detection on a channel based electrophoretic
separation device. Also presented is the detection of carbohydrates and
amino acids with copper electrodes. The results were found to be similar to
those obtained with conventional capillary systems with amperometric
detection, albeit at much reduced analysis times.
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TL;DR: The modified electrode shows good sensitivity, selectivity and stability, and has been applied to the determination of UA and AA simultaneously in human urine samples with satisfactory results.
Abstract: A novel covalently modified glassy carbon electrode with
glutamic acid has been fabricated via an electrochemical oxidation
procedure and was applied to the catalytic oxidation of uric acid (UA) and
ascorbic acid (AA), reducing the overpotentials by about 0.2 V and 0.3 V,
respectively. Based on its strong catalytic function toward the oxidation
of UA and AA, the modified electrode resolved the overlapping voltammetric
response of UA and AA into two well-defined voltammetric peaks with both
cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which can
be used for the simultaneous determination of these species in a mixture.
The catalytic peak current obtained from DPV was linearly dependent on the
UA and AA concentration in the range 2 ×
10−6–4 × 10−4 mol
L−1 and 1.0 × 10−6–4 ×
10−4 mol L−1 with correlation
coefficients of 0.996 and 0.997, respectively. The detection limits
(3δ) for UA and AA were 1.1 × 10−6
mol L−1 and 9.2 × 10−7 mol
L−1, respectively. The modified electrode shows good
sensitivity, selectivity and stability, and has been applied to the
determination of UA and AA simultaneously in human urine samples with
satisfactory results.
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TL;DR: The technique of HPLC-APCI MS has been shown to be very powerful for the regiospecific analysis of animal fats, and the distributions of 2-position fatty acids seen in lamb and pork fat compared favourably with those obtained by the more traditional method of lipase degradation.
Abstract: High performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI MS) was applied to the characterisation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in animal fats. The major TAGs in four fats (beef, chicken, lamb and pork) were identified and positional isomers assigned according to their APCI mass spectra. Beef and lamb fat TAGs were confirmed as containing higher proportions of saturated fatty acids compared with those of chicken and pork. HPLC-APCI MS was also shown to be of value in providing regiospecific information for the fatty acids in individual TAG species. For example, beef and lamb fat were shown to contain both cis- and trans-isomers of the 18∶1 fatty acid, whilst chicken and pork contained only the cis-isomer. When the position of fatty acid substitution was determined from the APCI spectra, whilst the cis-18∶1 was predominantly found in the 2-position of the TAG, the trans-18∶1
showed a preference for the 1/3-position. Similarly, it was confirmed that although the 2-position of beef, chicken and lamb fat TAGs was dominated by unsaturated fatty acids, in pork fat, a characteristically high proportion of palmitic acid was seen in this position. The TAGs identified compared well with those reported previously. The distributions of 2-position fatty acids seen in lamb and pork fat compared favourably with those obtained by the more traditional method of lipase degradation. Although the distributions for chicken and beef showed some discrepancies, these can be attributed to weaknesses in the quantification procedure or the specificity of the lipase. Overall, the technique of HPLC-APCI MS has been shown to be very powerful for the regiospecific analysis of animal fats.
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TL;DR: Electrodeposition was used for the codeposition of glucose oxidase enzyme and a gold nanoparticle-silicate network onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrode, which imparts biocatalytic activity to the film.
Abstract: Electrodeposition was used for the codeposition of glucose oxidase enzyme and a gold nanoparticle–silicate network onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrode. This co-entrapment of glucose oxidase enzyme in a gold nanoparticle–silicate network imparts biocatalytic activity to the film. The gold nanoparticles in the network catalyse the oxidation and reduction of H2O2, the by-product of the enzymatic reaction. The low operating potential of the sensor eliminates the interference from common interferents, such as acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, dopamine, etc.
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TL;DR: Carbon paste that was chemically modified with cobalt phthalocyanine was used for the detection of thiols following a CE separation to illustrate the potential for an easily constructed microchip CE system with a carbon-based detector that exhibits adjustable selectivity.
Abstract: The first reported use of a carbon paste electrochemical detector for microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) is described. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based microchip CE devices were constructed by reversibly sealing a PDMS layer containing separation and injection channels to a separate PDMS layer that contained carbon paste working electrodes. End-channel amperometric detection with a single electrode was used to detect amino acids derivatized with naphthalene dicarboxaldehyde. Two electrodes were placed in series for dual electrode detection. This approach was demonstrated for the detection of copper(II) peptide complexes. A major advantage of carbon paste is that catalysts can be easily incorporated into the electrode. Carbon paste that was chemically modified with cobalt phthalocyanine was used for the detection of thiols following a CE separation. These devices illustrate the potential for an easily constructed microchip CE system with a carbon-based detector that exhibits adjustable selectivity.
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TL;DR: Non-covalent molecularly imprinted polymers are applied as sensitive coatings to planar waveguides and mass-sensitive devices for the selective detection of various groups of analytes in the gaseous and aqueous phases.
Abstract: Non-covalent molecularly imprinted polymers are applied as sensitive coatings to planar waveguides and mass-sensitive devices for the selective detection of various groups of analytes in the gaseous and aqueous phases. Cavity imprinting in the bulk of the sensor material as well as surface imprinting techniques are used to enrich analytes ranging from sub-nanometres to micrometres in analyte size. The coated devices provide sensitivity to e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, xanthine derivatives, complex coffee samples and whole microorganisms.
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TL;DR: The electrochemical detection of sequence-specific DNA using a DNA probe labeled with aminoferrocene (AFC) is reported, and the probe showed high sensitivity and selectivity.
Abstract: The electrochemical detection of sequence-specific DNA using a
DNA probe labeled with aminoferrocene (AFC) is reported. Sample ssDNA was
immobilized on a chitosan modified glassy carbon electrode. A
sequence-known DNA with 256 bp [obtained by polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)] was successfully labeled with the electro-active reagent AFC by
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide for the first time. This DNA
probe labeled with AFC was applied to hybridize with a sequence-unknown DNA
sample. Only the complementary sequence (cDNA) could form a double-stranded
DNA (dsDNA) with the DNA probe labeled with AFC. The anodic peak currents
(ipa) of the AFC bound to the dsDNA by differential
pulse voltammetry were used for the determination of cDNA. The
ipa of AFC was linearly related to the concentration of
cDNA sequence between 1.0 × 10−8 and 6.0 ×
10−6 mol L−1. The detection limit was 2.0
× 10−9 mol L−1 using 3σ
(where σ is the standard deviation of blank solution, n =
11). The probe showed high sensitivity and selectivity.
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TL;DR: A simple new statistical approach is presented that overcomes some of the problems of the Harmonised Protocol Procedure and appears to be unduly prone to the rejection of material that is in fact satisfactory.
Abstract: Certified reference materials and materials distributed in proficiency testing need to be ‘sufficiently homogeneous’, that is, the variance in the mean composition of the distributed portions of the material must be negligibly small in relation to the variance of the analytical result produced when the material is in normal use. The requirement for sufficient homogeneity suggests the use of a formal test. Such tests as have been formulated rely on the duplicated analysis of the material from a number of portions, followed by analysis of variance. However, the outcome is not straightforward. If the analytical method used is very precise, then an undue proportion of the materials will be found to be significantly heterogeneous. If it is too imprecise, the test may be unable to detect heterogeneity. Moreover, the Harmonised Protocol Procedure (M. Thompson and R. Wood, Pure Appl. Chem., 1993, 65, 2123) seems to be unduly prone to the rejection of material
that is in fact satisfactory. We present a simple new statistical approach that overcomes some of these problems.
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TL;DR: It was found that the pre-treatment procedure in saturated Na2CO3 solution at 1.2 V provides a mild and effective condition for activating the SPCE and effectively removes the organic binders from the surface carbon particles.
Abstract: The effect of various electrochemical pre-treatment methods on
the surface and electrochemical properties of screen-printed carbon paste
electrodes (SPCE) prepared with three different commercial products was
examined. It was observed that a positively charged redox couple,
e.g., hexaammineruthenium(III), exhibited
quasi-reversible behavior at the untreated SPCE. However, the cyclic
voltammograms (CVs) of the SPCE prepared with general-purpose carbon inks
did not exhibit clear redox peaks to other representative redox couples
[e.g., hexacyanoferrate(III),
hexachloroiridate(IV), dopamine, and hydroquinone] without
activation. Electrochemical pre-treatment methods were sought in four
different aqueous solutions, i.e., sulfuric acid, potassium
chloride, sodium hydrogencarbonate, and sodium carbonate, applying various
activation potentials. It was found that the pre-treatment procedure in
saturated Na2CO3 solution at 1.2 V provides a mild
and effective condition for activating the SPCE. By measuring the water
contact angles at the SPCE surfaces and recording their SEM images, it was
confirmed that the electrochemical pre-treatment effectively removes the
organic binders from the surface carbon particles. A prolonged period of
activation (>5 min) or the use of high potentials (>1.2 V) increased
the capacitance of the electrode over 20 μF cm−2. The
pre-treated SPCE behaved like a random array microelectrode, exhibiting a
sigmoidal-shaped CV at a slow scan rate. The short pre-anodization method
in Na2CO3 solution was generally applicable to most
SPCE prepared with general-purpose carbon inks.
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TL;DR: A modification of the aluminium-lumogallion fluorescence measurement in the presence of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 is presented and is free from matrix effects and can be used for the determination of aluminium in fresh, estuarine and saline waters.
Abstract: A modification of the aluminium-lumogallion fluorescence measurement in the presence of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 is presented. The detection limit for dissolved Al is 0.7 nM, with a relative standard deviation of 3.6% at an Al level of 5.0 nM. Compared with previously reported methods in the literature, the method described here is free from matrix effects and can be used for the determination of aluminium in fresh, estuarine and saline waters. The interferences from iron and fluoride were minimized by the addition of o-phenanthroline and Be2+, respectively. The analysis of NIST SRM 1643C and PRC standard 2430101 by the proposed method provides results consistent with the certified values. A successful inter-laboratory calibration exercise also demonstrates the merit of the proposed method for the determination of Al in environmental and marine sciences.
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TL;DR: The modified electrode eliminated efficiently the interference from ascorbic acid (AA) when present in a 150-fold concentration ratio and showed excellent stability and reproducibility.
Abstract: A poly(2-picolinic acid) chemically modified electrode (CME)
for the determination of dopamine (DA) by cyclic voltammetry is described.
Compared with a bare glassy carbon electrode, the CME exhibits a 200 mV
shift of the oxidation potential of DA in the cathodic direction and a marked
enhancement of the current response. In pH 7.0 buffer solution, a linear
calibration graph is obtained over the range from 2.5 ×10−7
to 1.0 × 10−5 mol dm−3 with a correlation
coefficient of 0.998. The detection limit is 3.0 × 10−8
mol dm−3. The modified electrode eliminated efficiently
the interference from ascorbic acid (AA) when present in a 150-fold concentration
ratio. It also showed excellent stability and reproducibility.
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TL;DR: Methylene blue provides a simple electrochemical indicator for the status of oligonucleotide-functionalised gold surfaces and suggests that the immobilised oligon nucleotides retain the methylene blue binding properties of their freely diffusing counterparts.
Abstract: Self-assembly of thiol-terminated oligonucleotides on gold substrates provides a convenient and versatile route to DNA-functionalised surfaces. Here we show that the square-wave voltammetric peak position of methylene blue complexed to thiol-terminated single-stranded oligonucleotides immobilised on gold electrodes differs from that of methylene blue complexed to thiol-terminated double-stranded oligonucleotides immobilised on gold electrodes. The peak potential of methylene blue at the single-stranded oligonucleotide array was consistently found to occur at potentials ca. 10-15 mV more positive than that at double-stranded oligonucleotide arrays, the precise difference being dependent on the direction of the voltammetry. This voltammetric behaviour mirrors that found for methylene blue bound to freely diffusing single- and double-stranded calf thymus DNA and suggests that the immobilised oligonucleotides retain the methylene blue binding properties of their freely diffusing counterparts. Thus methylene blue provides a simple electrochemical indicator for the status of oligonucleotide-functionalised gold surfaces.
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TL;DR: A monoclonal antibody was generated against a common part of microcystins and nodularins, the unusual amino acid Adda and is well suited for the determination of micro Cystins in drinking as well as surface water.
Abstract: A monoclonal antibody (clone AD4G2) was generated against a common part of microcystins and nodularins, the unusual amino acid Adda [(2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid]. A direct competitive ELISA based on this antibody was developed and the cross-reactivity pattern was measured. Different toxins showed a very similar response. The assay provides therefore a sum parameter of microcystins, nodularins and peptide fragments containing Adda. The IC50 for microcystin-LR was 0.33 μg L−1 which leads to a detection limit of 0.07 μg L−1. This is well below the concentration of 1 μg L−1 proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as the limit for drinking water. Microcystin-LR spiked water samples in the concentration range between 0.1 and 1 μg L−1 were measured and a mean recovery of 113 ±
23% was found. The antibody is well suited for the determination of microcystins in drinking as well as surface water.
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TL;DR: The potential of SERS and Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated by applying it to the identification of the psychoactive ingredients of drug containing tablets which were confiscated by the local police at techno-music events.
Abstract: A method based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
spectroscopy was developed to meet the need for the reliable and rapid
identification of illicit drugs such as the ‘designer drug’
XTC, preferably to increase the security of legal certificates. A matrix
stabilized silver halide dispersion on a microtiter plate is used as the
SERS-active substrate, providing an easy to use system for sample
preparation and probing by means of a Raman microscope. The potential of
the method is demonstrated by applying it to the identification of the
psychoactive ingredients of drug containing tablets which were confiscated
by the local police at techno-music events. The samples of interest were 26
different brands of XTC tablets and several pieces of evidence (powders)
containing amphetamine. For reference, we show SERS and Raman spectra of
pristine amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine,
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and
3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine.
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TL;DR: Optimize sample preparation conditions were applied to the extraction of arsenic in nine freeze-dried carrot samples, and the ratio of the sum of individual arsenic species concentrations to total arsenic ranged from 80 to 102% for freeze-Dried carrots with arsenic concentrations greater than the limit of quantitation.
Abstract: Arsenic present in freeze-dried carrots was extracted using
accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Several parameters, including
selection of the dispersing agent, extraction time, number of extraction
cycles, particle size and extraction temperature, were evaluated to
optimize the ASE method. Filtering and treatment with C-18 SPE cartridges
were also evaluated as part of the sample preparation procedure before
speciation analysis. The method was validated by spiking single arsenical
and mixed arsenical standards on the dispersing agent and on portions of
freeze-dried carrot prior to extraction. LC-ICP-MS was used to determine
individual arsenic species in the carrot extracts. A weak anion-exchange
column was used for the separation of As(III), As(V),
monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid and arsenobetaine.
Optimized sample preparation conditions were applied to the extraction of
arsenic in nine freeze-dried carrot samples. Total arsenic concentration in
the carrot samples ranged from less than 20 ng g−1 to 18.7
μg g−1, dry mass. Extraction efficiency, defined as the
ratio of the sum of individual arsenic species concentrations to total
arsenic, ranged from 80 to 102% for freeze-dried carrots with arsenic
concentrations greater than the limit of quantitation. Inorganic
As(III) and As(V) were the only species found in
samples that contained less than 400 ng g−1 total arsenic.
MMA and an unidentified arsenic compound were present in some of the
samples with higher total arsenic content.
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TL;DR: A method for the determination of trace amounts of off-flavor compounds including 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in drinking water was developed using the stir bar sorptive extraction technique followed by thermal desorption-GC-MS analysis.
Abstract: A method for the determination of trace amounts of off-flavor compounds including 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in drinking water was developed using the stir bar sorptive extraction technique followed by thermal desorption-GC-MS analysis. The extraction conditions such as extraction mode, salt addition, extraction temperature, sample volume and extraction time were examined. Water samples (20, 40 and 60 ml) were extracted for 60-240 min at room temperature (25 degrees C) using stir bars with a length of 10 mm and coated with a 500 microm layer of polydimethylsiloxane. The extract was analyzed by thermal desorption-GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range from 0.1 or 0.2 or 0.5 to 100 ng l(-1) for all the target analytes, and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9987. The detection limits ranged from 0.022 to 0.16 ng l(-1). The recoveries (89-109%) and precision (RSD: 0.80-3.7%) of the method were examined by analyzing raw water and tap water samples fortified at the 1 ng l(-1) level. The method was successfully applied to low-level samples (raw water and tap water).