Showing papers in "Behavior Research Methods in 1974"
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of familiarity and exposure paradigm on evaluative meaning were investigated in four experiments involving 161 Ss. A DEC PDP-10 computer linked to a VB10-C display screen for 1/0 assigned Ss to condition, presented instructions, tested Ss' understanding of the instructions, generated and displayed stimuli in various frequencies, and obtained evalUative ratings of the stimuli.
Abstract: The effects of familiarity and exposure paradigm on evaluative meaning were investigated in four experiments involving 161 Ss. A DEC PDP-10 computer linked to a VB10-C display screen for 1/0 assigned Ss to condition, presented instructions, tested Ss’ understanding of the instructions, generated and displayed stimuli in various frequencies, and obtained evaluative ratings of the stimuli. Problems encountered, Ss’ reactions, and current and possible use of the computer in social psychological research are discussed.
35 citations
TL;DR: A system has been developed that monitors eye movements without imposing any unnatural constraints or mechanical attachments on the subject and features high-speed on-line data processing.
Abstract: A system has been developed that monitors eye movements without imposing any unnatural constraints or mechanical attachments on the subject. The system also features high-speed on-line data processing.
29 citations
TL;DR: A program to implement tailored testing using the Rasch one-parameter logistic model is described and the problems encountered in its writing are discussed.
Abstract: A program to implement tailored testing using the Rasch one-parameter logistic model is described and the problems encountered in its writing are discussed.
28 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents current information on WORDS, WORDS programs,WORDS systems logic, and on the availability of the system.
Abstract: WORDS is a computer-oriented system for content analysis designed to elicit major content themes without recourse to a priori categorization systems. The system consists of a number of modular and independent programs that the user can configure in any fashion to process the data to be analyzed. This paper presents current information on WORDS, WORDS programs, WORDS systems logic, and on the availability of the system.
25 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the output location of a subset of items in recall, using the standard recall rank measure and the “observed minus expected” score, varied both with number of items and total number of recalled items.
Abstract: Two measures of output order in free recall were examined and shown to vary with characteristics of recall unrelated to output order. The output location of a subset of items in recall, using the standard recall rank measure and the “observed minus expected” score, varied both with number of items in the subset and total number of items recalled. A new measure of output order (the relative index of priority or RIP score) was proposed that is invariant with these characteristics of recall, providing an uncontaminated empirical index of the output location of a subset of items in the recall sequence.
23 citations
TL;DR: A program is presented that solves for an optimal transformation of data that minimizes skew and may be used as computed or used to indicate which of the commonly employed transformations will most adequately counteract skew.
Abstract: A program is presented that solves for an optimal transformation of data that minimizes skew. Various possible transformations are represented by a function that depends upon a single parameter, λ. A process of iterative approximations is employed to find a value of λ that will transform the data so as to produce a third moment equal to zero. The transformation found by this process may be used as computed or used to indicate which of the commonly employed transformations will most adequately counteract skew. The use of this program in processing data before analysis of variance is discussed.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an exploratory study of human-computer relationships is reported which utilizes gaming techniques, where attention is given to the conceptualization and measurement of human reactions and interactions, and an attempt is made to investigate differentials between human-human and human computer relationships.
Abstract: An exploratory study of human-computer relationships is reported which utilizes gaming techniques. Attention is given to the conceptualization and measurement of human reactions and interactions; an attempt is made to investigate differentials between human-human and human-computer relationships.
22 citations
TL;DR: A PDP-12 is used to conduct operant experiments in which peak force, duration, time integral of force, and interresponse time may each serve as the criterion response property for reinforcement, and all four properties are simultaneously recorded as dependent variables.
Abstract: A PDP-12 is used to conduct operant experiments in which peak force, duration, time integral of force, and interresponse time may each serve as the criterion response property for reinforcement, and all four properties are simultaneously recorded as dependent variables Calibration, acquisition and control, and data analysis programs are described
21 citations
20 citations
TL;DR: Data collected with the apparatus confirm earlier studies which indicate that pulse wave velocity is correlated with sphygmomanometrically measured blood pressure and is a valuable cardiovascular response measure.
Abstract: Presently available procedures for measuring blood pressure are not completely satisfactory for Es wishing to investigate the operant conditioning of cardiovascular activity. A system is described for measuring a correlate of the blood pressure information obtained with conventional sphygmomanometric systems. The procedure involves the measurement of speed of propagation through the arterial system of the pressure pulse from the heart’s contraction. This speed, the pulse wave velocity, is closely related to cuff-derived blood pressure. Many of the problems present with current sphygmomanometric systems are absent with this apparatus and procedure. The apparatus can be assembled from common instruments or constructed from integrated circuits. Data collected with the apparatus confirm earlier studies which indicate that pulse wave velocity is correlated with sphygmomanometrically measured blood pressure and is a valuable cardiovascular response measure.
20 citations
TL;DR: A research paradigm is described, written as a set of computer programs, to conduct on-line bargaining and coalition formation experiments within the characteristic function game framework.
Abstract: Described in this paper is a research paradigm, written as a set of computer programs, to conduct on-line bargaining and coalition formation experiments within the characteristic function game framework. The structure of the paradigm is outlined, an example is presented and discussed, and further extensions of the program are briefly discussed.
TL;DR: Improvements on a technique for the study of consummatory behavior and appetitive conditioning in fishes are described: a target-strike detector module easily incorporated into conventional relay programming equipment, a liquid-food formula highly attractive to goldfish and carp, a reliable Teflon-headed syringe plunger capable of handling gritty foods, and a silent food-pumping system.
Abstract: Improvements on a technique for the study of consummatory behavior and appetitive conditioning in fishes are described: a target-strike detector module easily incorporated into conventional relay programming equipment, a liquid-food formula highly attractive to goldfish and carp, a reliable Teflon-headed syringe plunger capable of handling gritty foods, and a silent food-pumping system.
TL;DR: In this article, an efficient method of discrimination training was described which has several advantages over older free-operant and discrete-trials procedures, and illustrated data on reversal learning in pigeons and goldfish are presented.
Abstract: An efficient new method of discrimination training is described which has several advantages over older free-operant and discrete-trials procedures. Illustrative data on reversal learning in pigeons and goldfish are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the applicability of analog processing techniques to electroencephalographers' data in terms of their significance for the psychophysiologist in specific and the psychological laboratory in general.
Abstract: Having a long history of applying analog processing techniques to their data, electroencephalographers were among the first to use the digital computer in the laboratory. Methodological and terminological lessons learned from these applications are discussed in terms of their significance for the psychophysiologist in specific and the psychological laboratory in general.
TL;DR: The Kolmogorov-Srnirnov one-sample test is appropriate for testing goodness of fit of a hypothesized population distribution to a sampled population distribution (Bradley, 1968; Siegel, 1956; lar, 1974) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: ~he Kolmogorov-Srnirnov one-sample test is appropriate for testing goodness of fit of a hypothesized population distribution to a sampled population distribution (Bradley, 1968; Siegel, 1956; lar, 1974). If F(X) is the hypothesized cumulative frequency of the variable X [i.e., F(X) is the number of cases expected to be less than or equal to XJ, and S(X) is the observed cumulative frequency of X [i.e., S(X) is the number of cases in the sample which are less than or equal to X], then
TL;DR: The target-striking response of the goldfish was classically conditioned to target-light color, the effectiveness of the pairing (of color and reinforcement) being demonstrated by appropriate controls as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The target-striking response of the goldfish was classically conditioned to target-light color, the effectiveness of the pairing (of color and reinforcement) being demonstrated by appropriate controls.
TL;DR: The rodent superfamily Muroidea represents a group of animals with much potential for comparative behavioral study as they are readily acquired, easy to maintain, and exist with sufficient ecological and behavioral diversity to enhance the likelihood of significant results as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The rodent superfamily Muroidea represents a group of animals with much potential for comparative behavioral study as they are readily acquired, easy to maintain, and exist with sufficient ecological and behavioral diversity to enhance the likelihood of significant results. The superfamily includes Old World rodents, gerbils, hamsters, and a considerable variety of New World rats, mice, and voles which inhabit all 48 adjacent United States. Potential uses of muroid rodents, their taxonomy, and their husbandry are described with particular reference to the 28 species that have been maintained in the author’s laboratory. Although research on muroid behavior is just beginning, available data already support the proposed utility of these animals in behavioral research.
TL;DR: The accuracy and computational speed of three algorithms for the extraction of spectral estimates from time-series data are empirically evaluated in the context of a neuropsychological experiment that requires estimates of power in the standard electroencephalographic frequency bands.
Abstract: The accuracy and computational speed of three algorithms (spectral analysis, period analysis, and period amplitude analysis) for the extraction of spectral estimates from time-series data are empirically evaluated in the context of a neuropsychological experiment that requires estimates of power in the standard electroencephalographic frequency bands.
TL;DR: A data-generating system (MESS) is described which facilitates the construction and study of behavioral science models of various types and provides a spectrum of options that make it possible to employ MESS in a variety of classroom situations with relatively unsophisticated students.
Abstract: A data-generating system (MESS) is described which facilitates the construction and study of behavioral science models of various types. The system provides a spectrum of options that make it possible to employ MESS in a variety of classroom situations with relatively unsophisticated students.
TL;DR: The LABSIM simulation program is described, followed by a general evaluation of simulation and an indication of possible ways to improve the effectiveness of simulation models.
Abstract: The LABSIM simulation program is described, followed by a general evaluation of simulation and an indication of possible ways to improve the effectiveness of simulation models.
TL;DR: The present program extended the range of data analysis through the revamping of the interactive assembler, operating system, and on-line data processing routines.
Abstract: The application of computer technology to classical conditioning requires: control software that will repeatedly generate stimulus events, and analog-to-digital (A/D) recording capabilities for the resolution of analog data from phasic response systems (eg, nictitating membrane extension, leg flexion) An earlier software package implemented on a 4K PDP-8/E (Millenson, Kehoe, Tait, & Gormezano, 1973) successfully met these requirements However, the program’s capabilities were restricted to the presentation of only two unique stimuli with a maximum of 4 sec duration, and data reduction in only uniphasic response systems The present program, employing the same hardware, relaxed these previous constraints and extended the range of data analysis through the revamping of the interactive assembler, operating system, and on-line data processing routines
TL;DR: In this article, data were presented for 16 reversible and 9 ambiguous figures on measures of latency and duration of the initial response and total number of fluctuations during a 30sec interval by 42 Ss.
Abstract: Data are presented for 16 reversible and 9 ambiguous figures on measures of latency and duration of the initial response and total number of fluctuations during a 30-sec interval by 42 Ss. Of particular interest are the magnitudes, correlations, and factor analysis of eight widely used figures (e.g., Necker cube). The methodological advantages, theoretical ambiguities, and further research possibilities of this information are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the Ponzo illusion was varied as a function of angle of oblique arms and was measured by the method of production, which produced very similar results to those obtained by the methods of limits.
Abstract: The Ponzo illusion was varied as a function of angle of oblique arms and was measured by the method of production. The results showed that the method of production produced very similar results to those obtained by the method of limits. The data also indicated that relatively stable individual scores could be obtained if about six judgments were required and if the targets elicited a large illusion. It was concluded that the method of production should be given serious consideration when choosing a psychophysical method.
TL;DR: A computer subroutine for scoring skin resistance responses is described, designed to score multiple responses on a trial, which makes it particularly suitable for classical conditioning experiments involving long interstimulus intervals.
Abstract: Given digitized electrodermal response records sampled at a rate of 20/sec and at a sensitivity level between 140 and 170 ohms, a computer subroutine for scoring skin resistance responses is described. It is designed to score multiple responses on a trial, which makes it particularly suitable for classical conditioning experiments involving long interstimulus intervals. The subroutine returns to the main program response latency, base resistance, peak resistance, and time from base to peak. Since SCORIT is written in FORTRAN IV, it can be employed in virtually any modern central computing facility at costs substantially below those involved in hand scoring.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the effects of different shock types with respect to the frequency of shock-induced aggression in rats, and found that, at lower shock intensities, shock type is a variable in shockinduced aggression research with rats.
Abstract: Alternating current, direct current, and rectified alternating current shock were compared at four shock intensities to assess differential influences on shock-induced fighting in rats. At higher shock intensities, the data paralleled the Campbell and Masterson (1969) equal aversion function, but at lower shock intensities, differences among shock types with respect to frequencies of shock-induced fighting were obtained. These results suggested that, at lower shock intensities, shock type is a variable in shock-induced aggression research with rats.
TL;DR: A completely automated free-field sound-localization apparatus is described along with a behavioral technique that provides several advantages over previously available methods that have been tested in a wide variety of mammals.
Abstract: A completely automated free-field sound-localization apparatus is described along with a behavioral technique that provides several advantages over previously available methods. With the apparatus, the ability to localize the source of a sound has been tested in a wide variety of mammals including cats, rats, squirrel monkeys, hedgehogs, and tree shews.
TL;DR: Machine language subroutines can be integrated with the SEED system and can provide complex decision functions, data recording schemes, and software for new peripheral devices.
Abstract: Machine language subroutines can be integrated with the SEED system. These subroutines can shorten lengthy programs that could otherwise be handled by SKED, and can provide complex decision functions, data recording schemes, and software for new peripheral devices. Rules and examples for each function will he presented.
TL;DR: An inexpensive continuous interference-filter monochromator is described and its performance is compared to conventional monochrome filters.
Abstract: An inexpensive continuous interference-filter monochromator is described.
TL;DR: A cost-effective relay-transistor interface has been developed for connecting the minicomputer with the experimental environment and contains a 10-msec clock, input (response) channels, and output (stimulus channels).
Abstract: A cost-effective relay-transistor interface has been developed for connecting the minicomputer with the experimental environment. The interface contains a 10-msec clock, input (response) channels, and output (stimulus channels.
TL;DR: SKED was originally designed to be the least expensive user-oriented system for on-line control and recording of behavioral experiments, but recent price reductions in the cost of memory and peripheral devices has permitted cost-effective development of more convenient and powerful versions of the software.
Abstract: SKED was originally designed to be the least expensive user-oriented system for on-line control and recording of behavioral experiments. Recent price reductions in the cost of memory and peripheral devices has permitted cost-effective development of more convenient and powerful versions of the software.