Showing papers in "Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment in 2017"
TL;DR: The aim of this article is to present the biocontrol potential of Bacillus species in relation with their antagonizing attributes against plant pathogens, including production of lipopeptides, antibiotics and enzymes as well as plant growth promotion and systemic induced resistance.
Abstract: Plant pathogens are the main threat for profitable agricultural productivity. Currently, chemical-based pesticides are thought to be an effective and reliable agricultural management measure for controlling pests. Chemical pesticides are highly effective and convenient to use but they are a potential threat for the environment and all kinds of life on earth. Therefore, the use of biological control agents for the management of plant pathogens is considered as a safer and sustainable strategy for safe and profitable agricultural productivity. Bacillus-based biocontrol agents play a fundamental role in the field of biopesticides. Many Bacillus species have proved to be effective against a broad range of plant pathogens. They have been reported as plant growth promoter, systemic resistance inducer, and used for production of a broad range of antimicrobial compounds (lipopeptides, antibiotics and enzymes) and competitors for growth factors (space and nutrients) with other pathogenic microorganisms thr...
444 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are applied in the prediction of various processes; they are useful for virtual experimentations and can potentially enhance bioprocess research and development.
Abstract: In view of the looming energy crisis as a result of depleting fossil fuel resources and environmental concerns from greenhouse gas emissions, the need for sustainable energy sources has secured global attention. Research is currently focused towards renewable sources of energy due to their availability and environmental friendliness. Biofuel production like other bioprocesses is controlled by several process parameters including pH, temperature and substrate concentration; however, the improvement of biofuel production requires a robust process model that accurately relates the effect of input variables to the process output. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have emerged as a tool for modelling complex, non-linear processes. ANNs are applied in the prediction of various processes; they are useful for virtual experimentations and can potentially enhance bioprocess research and development. In this study, recent findings on the application of ANN for the modelling and optimization of biohydrogen, b...
90 citations
TL;DR: The Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that a chitosan-alginate hydrogel was constructed due to the strong ionic interaction between the positively charged amino groups of chitan and the negatively charged carboxyl groups of alginate.
Abstract: In tissue engineering, scaffolding plays an important role in accommodating and stimulating new tissue growth Chitosan and alginate are two widely used natural polymers in tissue engineering Here, we prepared the chitosan-alginate (Chi-Alg) hydrogel from naturally derived chitosan and alginate polymers The Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results demonstrated that a chitosan-alginate hydrogel was constructed due to the strong ionic interaction between the positively charged amino groups of chitosan and the negatively charged carboxyl groups of alginate The scanning electron microscopy and contact angle results showed the inner porous structure and highly hydrophilic property of chitosan-alginate hydrogel As the two most promising cell types in nerve tissue engineering, both olfactory ensheathing cells and neural stem cells proliferated well on the chitosan-alginate hydrogel All results indicated the good potential application of a chitosan-alginate hydrogel for
88 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided for a cheap and effective method for synthesizing potent bactericidal Ag-NPs and their effectiveness against human pathogenic bacteria is demonstrated.
Abstract: Green synthesis is an attractive and eco-friendly approach to generate potent antibacterial silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). Such particles have long been used to fight bacteria and represent a
promising tool to overcome the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, green synthesis of Ag-NPs was attempted using plant extracts of Aloe vera, Portulaca oleracea and Cynodon dactylon. The identity and size of Ag-NPs was characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscopy. Monodispersed Ag-NPs were produced with a range of different sizes based on the plant extract used. The bactericidal activity of Ag-NPs against a number of human pathogenic bacteria was determined using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible than Gram negative ones to these antibacterial agents. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using the 96-well plate method. Finally, the mechanism by which Ag-NPs affect bacteria was investigated by SEM analysis. Bacteria treated with Ag-NPs were seen to undergo shrinkage and to lose their viability. This study provides evidence for a cheap and effective method for synthesizing potent bactericidal Ag-NPs and demonstrates their effectiveness against human pathogenic bacteria.
81 citations
TL;DR: Insight is provided into the diversity, structure and mechanisms, structural and functional aspects of the oxidative breakdown of cellulose by LPMOs of the cellulose-active GH family and how the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass can be improved.
Abstract: Lignocellulose constitutes a major component of discarded wastes from various industries viz agriculture, forestry and municipal waste treatment The potential use of lignocellulose from such types of biomass can be maximized by enzymatic degradation using glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and oxidative enzymes to produce renewable fuels Nonetheless, besides the slow rate of degradation and low yields, lignocellulose is also physicochemically recalcitrant and costly to process, further limiting its mass utilization Therefore, bioprospecting for micro-organisms producing efficient lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) to overcome these drawbacks may prove beneficial The use of GHs and LPMOs can potentially help to circumvent some limitations in the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars LPMOs are classified as family GH61 or family 33 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM33), whose unusual surface-exposed active site is bound to a copper (II) ion To date, there are more than
62 citations
TL;DR: This review provides a detailed discussion of the different aspects of rust resistance genes, their primitive sources, their distribution in global wheat cultivars and the importance of durable resistant varieties for controlling rust diseases.
Abstract: Rust is the most devastating fungal disease in wheat. Three rust diseases, namely, leaf or brown rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks, stem or black rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici West, and stripe or yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. Tritici Eriks, are the most economically significant and common diseases among global wheat cultivars. Growing cultivars resistant to rust is the most sustainable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach for controlling rust diseases. To date, more than 187 rust resistance genes (80 leaf rust, 58 stem rust and 49 stripe rust) have been derived from diverse wheat or durum wheat cultivars and the related wild species using different molecular methods. This review provides a detailed discussion of the different aspects of rust resistance genes, their primitive sources, their distribution in global wheat cultivars and the importance of durable resistant varieties for controlling rust diseases. This information will serve as a f...
47 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an optimization strategy that encompassed one factor at a time (OFAT), response surface methodology (RSM), and artificial neural network method was implemented during medium formulation with specific
Abstract: Optimization strategy that encompassed one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT), response surface methodology (RSM), and artificial neural network method was implemented during medium formulation with specific
46 citations
TL;DR: The recent research trends in nano-drugs are outlined and touches on issues concerning the market, industries and patents pertaining to drugs for anaemia and osteoporosis.
Abstract: The application of nanotechnology in medicine, diagnostics, therapeutics, drug delivery, etc. in order to overcome the limitations faced by these fields has already been established. Anaemia and osteoporosis are two of the most widely prevalent iron and calcium deficiency diseases among women. Conventional drugs for both have their inherent limitations which can be overcome by nanotechnology. Nanonization of drugs has been established as a very efficient way to enhance the bioavailability and absorption of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to this, encapsulation of drugs in solid lipid nanoparticles is also employed to increase the stability of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract and to facilitate its controlled release. Nanotechnology is also applied in bone tissue engineering to prepare bone grafts for bone injury. Nanotechnology-based bone grafts have shown to possess enhanced mechanical properties and better biocompatibility and osteoconduction than the conventional bone g...
45 citations
TL;DR: Characterization of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 22 compounds, including an unsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acids, fatty acid esters, alkanes, alkenes and a triterpene, which might be due to the synergistic effects of the identified compounds.
Abstract: During the screening programme for antibiotic produced by actinomycetes, an antibiotic was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces anulatus NEAE-94. The ethyl acetate extract of S. anulatus NEAE-94 showed high biological activity against Staphylococcus aureus NRRL B-313, multidrug-resistant S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-543. Thin-layer chromatography of the ethyl acetate extract showed one yellowish orange spot with an Rf value of 0.83. The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was carried out using ultraviolet–visible mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses. Characterization of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 22 compounds, including an unsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acids, fatty acid esters, alkanes, alkenes and a triterpene. The antimicrobial efficacy of S. anulatus NEAE-94 might be due to the synergisti...
36 citations
TL;DR: Overall, culture-dependent methods are limited to ‘finding’ endophytic bacteria in plants and DGGE is an alternative to investigating primary diversity patterns; however, the metagenome method is still the best choice for determining theendophytic profile in plants.
Abstract: Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were compared and evaluated in the study of the endophytic diversity of Dendrobium officinale. Culture-independent methods consisted of polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and metagenome methods. According to the results, differences were found between the three methods. Three phyla, namely Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, were detected using the culture-dependent method, and two phyla, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, were detected by the DGGE method. Using the metagenome method, four major phyla were determined, including Proteobacteria (76.54%), Actinobacteria (18.56%), Firmicutes (2.27%), and Bacteroidetes (1.56%). A distinct trend was obtained at the genus level in terms of the method and the corresponding number of genera determined. There were 449 genera and 16 genera obtained from the metagenome and DGGE methods, respectively, and only 7 genera were obtained through the culture-dependent...
34 citations
TL;DR: Insight is given into the food safety hazards associated with the carriage of S. aureus by food handlers and inhibition of their biofilms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and eugenol is presented as a broad-spectrum anti-QS and anti-biofilm agent.
Abstract: Food handlers are important component in assessment and maintenance of food quality as they are carriers of food pathogens causing spoilage. Food spoilage is attributed to quorum sensing (QS) contr...
TL;DR: A review of the extant literature reveals that n-HA has certain advantages in periodontal tissue regeneration including minimal patient morbidity, better biocompatibility, and lack of toxicity.
Abstract: This study aims to provide a literature review on nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (n-HA). n-HA constitutes the principle inorganic part of hard tissues. Therefore, preparation of commercial synthetic analogues, the so-called ‘biomimetic’, has gained a lot of attention since it can precisely mimic the physicochemical features of biological apatite compounds. Due to its improved osseointegrative properties, n-HA may represent a promising class of bone graft materials. n-HA binds to the bone and by stimulation of osteoblast activity and enhancing local growth factors it improves bone healing. Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition in response to microbial plaque that leads to periodontal tissue destruction and osseous defects in alveolar bone. A review of the extant literature reveals that n-HA has certain advantages in periodontal tissue regeneration including minimal patient morbidity, better biocompatibility, and lack of toxicity.
TL;DR: In this paper, plant (leaf, branch and bark) and soil samples of nettle tree were collected from 40 different localities in Istanbul, Turkey, to investigate the heavy metal pollution levels as well as to understand the employability of this plant species in pollution monitoring.
Abstract: In this study, plant (leaf, branch and bark) and soil samples of nettle tree were collected from 40 different localities in Istanbul, Turkey, to investigate the heavy metal pollution levels as well as to understand the employability of this plant species in pollution monitoring. Besides, the importance of pollution sources and their distance to the plant species were emphasized, and assessment of the air and soil related contamination was performed. The heavy metal concentrations in the samples were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The average highest values of Pb (14.90 ± 2.96 μg/g), Cd (0.65 ± 0.13 μg/g), Cu (19.94 ± 1.17 μg/g) and Zn (42.53 ± 3.08 μg/g) were found in unwashed leaf samples taken from the roadside. However, the average lowest values of Cd (0.30 ± 0.06 μg/g) and Cu (5.99 ± 0.21 μg/g) were in washed leaf samples, whereas the lowest levels of Pb (1.19 ± 0.12 μg/g) and Zn (14.34 ± 0.71 μg/g) were in branches. In addition, there was also a direct correlation between...
TL;DR: In this paper, the phytochemical profile of extracts from the flowers of Bromelia laciniosa was characterized and the total phenolic and flavonoids contents were determined and the antioxidant and photoprotective activities were evaluated using in vitro assays.
Abstract: In this study, the phytochemical profile of extracts from the flowers of Bromelia laciniosa was characterized. The total phenolic and flavonoids contents were determined and the antioxidant and photoprotective activities were evaluated using in vitro assays. Phytochemical analysis demonstrated that the extracts were found to be positive for the presence of anthracene derivatives, anthraquinones, coumarins, flavonoids and tannins, lignans, mono and diterpenes. The ethanol extract (Bl-EtOH) presented the most significant total phenolic content (53.75 ± 1.25 mg GAE/g). The dichloromethane extract (Bl-CH2Cl2) showed the highest flavonoid content (46.06 ± 1.18 mg CE/g). The methanol extract (Bl-MeOH) was the most effective extract in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) assay (EC50 141.90 ± 3.01 μg/mL). Bl-EtOH and Bl-MeOH showed higher sun protection factor at a concentration of 100 mg/L (3.38 ± 0.04 and 3.78 ± 0.11, respectively). Therefore, the extracts proved to be interesting for the developme...
TL;DR: Quorum quenching activities of marine actinomycetes isolated from seawater sample were investigated and a highly active strain, Streptomyces parvulus HY026, was identified as a potential source of quorum sensing inhibitors.
Abstract: Since bacterial quorum sensing system has been verified to regulate many microbial physiological activities, such as virulence factor production and biofilm formation in pathogens, blocking quorum sensing has being recognized as a viable approach for the development of novel therapeutics in treating bacterial infections. In this study, quorum quenching activities of marine actinomycetes isolated from seawater sample were investigated. Out of 56 morphological different strains, 5 strains had been found exhibiting anti-quorum sensing activity against the violacein production of Chromobacterium violaceum 12472. One highly active strain HY026 was identified as Streptomyces parvulus based on the 16S rDNA sequence analysis and morphological features. Spent culture medium of HY026 could also significantly inhibit the biofilm formation of four bacteria. One major active compound named F1-4, accounting for 26.3% of crude extracts, was obtained from HY026 cultures and identified as actinomycin D based on th...
TL;DR: All the three strains proved to be potent oil-degrading strains and, hence, can be utilized to degrade oil contaminants.
Abstract: A total of 15 fungal isolates were obtained from oil-contaminated sites near the Red Sea in the Yanbu region. Based on the preliminary DCPIP (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) assay, three isolates showed promising oil degrading ability. The next-generation sequencing of the ITS-I and ITS-II internal transcribed spacer regions assigned the isolates to Aspergillus and Penicillium. Among these three strains, Y2 (Aspergillus oryzae) was the most efficient, degrading about 99% of the crude oil. The degradation rates were corroborated using spectrophotometric and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses after two weeks of cultivation in Bushnell–Haas medium. All the three strains proved to be potent oil-degrading strains and, hence, can be utilized to degrade oil contaminants.
TL;DR: The results showed that plants from natural habitats contain secondary metabolites with high biological activity, and it could be speculated that these active substances play an important role in the adaptation of plants to the stress caused by arid conditions.
Abstract: Many compounds from the phenolic group, flavonoids in particular, are well-known antioxidants, although their role in plant response to stress is debatable. The aim of this study was to determine the variability of the phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of Olea europaea leaf samples from different habitats. The determination included measurement of the total quantity of phenolics, the flavonoid content, as well as the antioxidant activity of the two types of methanolic leaf extracts of O. europaea from several natural habitats in the Mediterranean region (Tunisia, Malta and Montenegro) and from cultivated conditions (France and Serbia). The results showed that both the total quantity of phenols and flavonoids as well as the intensity of antioxidant activity in the two types of extracts largely depended on the type of habitat. The total quantity of phenols and flavonoids was greater in the samples from cultivated plants which demonstrated the significance of certain conditions in terms o...
TL;DR: Estimation of the function of a catalase gene previously isolated from Cucumis sativus shows that it plays important roles in abiotic stress tolerance and that CsCAT3 confers tolerance in E. coli recombinants against abiotic stresses, which may be due to the increased activities of antioxidant enzymes that reduce the oxidative damage caused by stress conditions.
Abstract: Catalase (CAT) is a key scavenging enzyme for the degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and plays an important role in the tolerance to diverse abiotic stresses in many different organisms. In th...
TL;DR: It is important to explore and use plants as a source of new medicines to treat hepatitis B virus, because single plants contain a priceless pool of active ingredients which could help in the production of pharmaceutical-grade peptides or proteins.
Abstract: Medicinal plants are of undoubted value, as they have been used for centuries to treat various diseases and health disorders in almost every part of the world. In several studies, the use of medicinal plants was found effective in treatment of infectious and non-infectious diseases. The World Health Organization has been working for many years to identify all surviving medicinal plants on the earth. An important step has also been taken by the Natural Health Product Regulation of Canada for promotion and usages of natural products. At present, the rapidly growing population of the world is facing many challenges from various infectious diseases that are associated with hepatitis A, B and C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus, dengue virus and new emerging viruses. Hepatitis B virus causes a severe and frequently transmittable disease of the liver. Millions of people worldwide suffer from hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The drugs available on the market for the treatment of hepa...
TL;DR: The insecticidal bacteria genetically modified in this study have laid the foundation for further exploitation of biocontrol bacteria.
Abstract: To expand the usage of endophytes in agriculture and in forestry, the insecticidal gene cry218 of Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into a poplar bacterial endophyte Burkholderia pyrrocinia JK-...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the isolation of four flavonoids and determination of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of various extracts from R. sempervirens leaves.
Abstract: Rosa sempervirens L. (Rosaceae) growing wildly in Turkey is used in folk medicine for various indications. Here, we report the isolation of four flavonoids and determination of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of various extracts from R. sempervirens leaves. Antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method against seven microbial species. The ethyl acetate extract (E) had significant antioxidant activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 3.96 in the DPPH and 2.92 µg/mL in the ABTS assay. The total phenolic (203.8 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract) and total flavonoid (95.81 mg catechin equivalents/g extract) contents of the E extract...
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that R. palustris could be used to remove cobalt from industrial wastewater; it would therefore be beneficial to further study the mechanism of cobalt bioaccumulation in this organism.
Abstract: Bioaccumulation by growing cells is a potential technique for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Cobalt bioaccumulation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris via different metabolic pathways was ...
TL;DR: The results from the present study indicate that, although Mespilus is genetically close to the Crataegus genus, it has relatively high similarity with Pyrus and Malus, and confirmed that RAPD molecular markers are an appropriate means for evaluation of the genetic relationship among various genera of pome fruit trees.
Abstract: To evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among subtribe Pyrinae of Rosaceae, 50 different genotypes and cultivars of pome fruit trees were collected from various locations in Iran, and analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Altogether, 85 polymorphic fragments were produced by 11 random 10-mer primers. The number of produced bands varied from 4 to 12 for each primer, 7.72 on average. The lowest Jaccard's genetic similarity coefficient was scored between apple cv. ‘Akan’ and a wild Pyrus syriaca pear (0.04), and the highest similarity was observed between two genotypes of P. syriaca (0.97). Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) properly separated the accessions and divided them into three major groups, including Malus, Pyrus, Mespilus and Crataegus. Members of Mespilus and Crataegus were further separated and formed two subgroups. Analysis of the genetic structure, using STRUCTURE and phylogenetic relationship using TreeView ...
TL;DR: Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers associated with different agro-morphological characteristics, cold and drought tolerance as well as Ascochyta blight resistance were identified in chickpea by using 44 genotypes comprising cultigens, landraces, internationally developed improved lines and wild relatives.
Abstract: Chickpea suffers from different biotic and abiotic stresses, which has led to considerable decreases in seed yield. Since the economic value of a cultivar is determined by its phenotypic characteristics, good knowledge of the genetic structure and identification of genomic loci associated with desired traits will facilitate crop breeding. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers associated with different agro-morphological characteristics, cold and drought tolerance as well as Ascochyta blight resistance were identified in chickpea by using 44 genotypes comprising cultigens, landraces, internationally developed improved lines and wild relatives, evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Urmia rainfed research station. Using six AFLP primer combinations, 64 clear and reproducible markers were developed. The polymorphism information content values calculated for each primer pair ranged from 0.155 (EcoR1-ACC/Mse1-CAG) to 0.270 (EcoR1-ACC/ Mse1-CTG) wi...
TL;DR: A multi-label supervised topic model is introduced into protein function prediction and it is found that this topic model can not only work out the function probability distributions over protein instances effectively, but also directly provide the words probability distribution over functions.
Abstract: As the biological datasets accumulate rapidly, computational methods designed to automate protein function prediction are critically needed. The problem of protein function prediction can be considered as a multi-label classification problem resulting in protein functional annotations. Nevertheless, biologists prefer to discover the correlations between protein attributes and functions. We introduce a multi-label supervised topic model into protein function prediction and investigate the advantages of this approach. This topic model can not only work out the function probability distributions over protein instances effectively, but also directly provide the words probability distributions over functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to apply a multi-label supervised topic model to the protein function prediction. In this paper, we model a protein as a document and a function label as a topic. First, a set of protein sequences is formalized into a bag of words. Then, we pe...
TL;DR: Results suggest that H. pylori infection may play a role in the induction of ASA, and both types of antibodies were significantly higher in infertile patients than in patients with upper gastroduodenal diseases in all tests applied.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between serum anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies and anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) in patients with gastroduodenal diseases caused b...
TL;DR: It can be concluded that transferring of these genes may enhance drought tolerance in high-yield wheat cultivars through the expression of DREB2 and CAT1.
Abstract: Abiotic stresses such as drought are among the most significant environmental stress causes in economically important crop plants including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and improving their yield is a major goal of plant breeding. In this study, we analysed expression of dehydration responsive element binding factor (DREB2), and an important antioxidant enzyme gene CAT1 in flag leaf of three bread wheat cultivars named Kavir, Kalheydari and Shahpasand under drought stress by RT-qPCR. In another section, physiological parameters including catalase enzyme (EC 1.11.1.6), relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll content (a,b and total) were analysed. The cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in normal and drought stress conditions on experimental field in 2013. Differential expression patterns of the genes DREB2 and CAT1 were observed in cultivars. The observed trend was the high induction in the expression of genes under drought stress. The expression o...
TL;DR: Results show that the use of biosurfactant, produced by the isolated bacterial strain O. intermedium, obtained a better solubility of naphthalene and phenanthrene, and the surfactants are able to promote the solubilities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Abstract: In this paper, biosurfactant production by free and immobilized cells of Ochrobactrum intermedium has been studied. This bacterium strain was isolated from an Algerian crude oil-contaminated soil; hexadecane was used for the production as the sole carbon and energy source. The process was monitored by measuring the surface tension and emulsification index E24 for one week at 37 °C and neutral pH. For the production by immobilized cells, the concentrations of sodium alginate, calcium chloride and biomass were optimized. Results showed that O. intermedium entrapped in calcium alginate beads is able to preserve its viability and produce biosurfactants but with an effect on the production kinetics due to diffusional limitations of the alginate beads with greater stability with up to 75%. The product biosurfactant reduced the surface tension below 33 and emulsification index were 68%–93% after 48 and 72 h with free and immobilized cells, respectively. Also, the product belongs to the family of glycolip...
TL;DR: It is proposed that the bougainvillea and neem extracts may perhaps play a central function in the mechanism of acquired systemic resistance and may produce pathogenesis-related proteins that play a significant role in watermelon seedling resistance against ZYMV.
Abstract: Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) has a wide distribution in Mecca regions and is considered to be a serious threat on watermelon production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of five medicinal plant extracts, against ZYMV-infecting watermelon plants. The experiment consisted of four application of soaking seeds, in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results of greenhouse experiments with individually treatments by decoction and infusion of Nigella sativa (NS) seeds in soaking and in-vitro experiment, bougainvillea and neem in pre-inoculation and thuja extract following nigella decoction in post inoculation were efficient to reduce and\or inhibit symptoms expression infecting watermelon seedling, whereas, decoction exhibited higher antiviral activity against ZYMV than infusion. The decoction and infusion of NS seed increased the total photosynthesis pigments, total soluble intracellular protein and total phenol contents. In conclusion, the results of the present invest...
TL;DR: The research showed that high-throughput sequencing technology could analyse the transcriptome expression level between different organisms, and SSR markers were successfully developed.
Abstract: Korean pine is a gymnosperm, and gymnosperms have relatively large genome sequences and lack a model organism reference genome. Understanding the important gene expression in the tissue growth process of needles (T1), stems (T2), female flowers (T3) and cones (T4) of the Korean pine is necessary to develop and compound the enzyme genes related to secondary metabolite synthesis. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were explored based on the expressed sequence tag (EST). High-throughput sequencing technology was used to compare and analyse transcriptomes of four different tissue parts of the Korean pine, yielding many differentially expressed unigene sequences. Fluorescently labelled SSR primers were designed to analyse the polymorphism level of 60 open-pollinated families from the Heilongjiang province of China. The research showed that (1) 21.3 GB of data was obtained from the transcriptome sequencing, and 41,476 candidate unigenes were identified based on sequence annotation using various databa...