Showing papers in "Current Issues in Tourism in 2017"
TL;DR: In this article, the long-run dynamic relationship of carbon dioxide emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), the square of real GDP, energy consumption, trade and tourism under an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model for the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyse the long-run dynamic relationship of carbon dioxide emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), the square of real GDP, energy consumption, trade and tourism under an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model for the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries. Since we find the presence of cross-sectional dependence within the panel time-series data, we apply second-generation unit root tests, cointegration test and causality test which can deal with cross-sectional dependence problems. The cross-sectionally augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) and the cross-sectionally augmented Im-Pesaran-Shin (CIPS) unit root tests indicate that the analysed variables become stationary at their first differences. The Lagrange multiplier bootstrap panel cointegration test shows the existence of a long-run relationship between the analysed variables. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) estimation technique indicates that energy consumption and ...
277 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the application and implications of collaborative commerce in tourism and provided suggestions for future research, and proposed a framework to support the development of tourism industry structure, nature of tourism products and experiences, competitiveness of traditional and new tourism players and the process creating social value in tourism.
Abstract: Technology advances enable people to trade and sell their own travel products, which in turn create numerous transformation changes into the tourism industry structure, the nature of tourism products and experiences, the competitiveness of traditional and new tourism players and the process creating (social) value in tourism. This paper investigates the application and implications of collaborative commerce in tourism and provides suggestions for future research.
221 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the linear and non-linear effects of previous experiences in a tourist destination (satisfaction and visit intensity) on the intention to return and to make a positive recommendation to others.
Abstract: This study explores the linear and non-linear effects of previous experiences in a tourist destination (satisfaction and visit intensity) on the intention to return and to make a positive recommendation to others. We also consider the external drivers or the appeal of the destination as well as individuals' internal drivers as moderating factors in intensity–loyalty and satisfaction–loyalty relations. The analysis conducted on a sample of 687 tourists in a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Spain supports a non-linear effect of satisfaction on the intention to return. Moreover, time intense and expenditure intense visits positively impact the intention to return when the motivation for the trip is internal, yet have a negative effect if tourist motives are external.
193 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the influence of tourism development on environmental degradation in a high-tourist-arrival economy (i.e., United States), using the wavelet transform framework.
Abstract: The recent literatures indicate that the tourism development (TD) has significant influence over the environmental degradation of both high-tourist-arrival and low-tourist-arrival countries. This study investigates the empirical influence of TD on environmental degradation in a high-tourist-arrival economy (i.e. United States), using the wavelet transform framework. This new methodology enables the decomposition of time-series at different time–frequencies. In this study, we have used maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT), wavelet covariance, wavelet correlation, continuous wavelet power spectrum, wavelet coherence spectrum and wavelet-based Granger causality analysis to analyse the relationship between TD and CO2 emission in the United States by using the monthly data from the period of 1996(1) to 2015(3). Results indicate that TD is majorly having the positive influence over CE in short, medium and long run. We find the unidirectional influence of TD on CE in short run, medium and long run ...
160 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test the relationship between tourism motivations and tourist satisfaction, and test how "Religion" moderates the relationship and find that tourism motivations are significantly and positively related to tourist satisfaction.
Abstract: The objectives of this study are to test the relationship between tourism motivations and tourist satisfaction, and to test how ‘Religion’ moderates the relationship. The variable ‘Religion’ is represented by the availability of Islamic norms and practices relevant to tourism at the destination. The results of the partial least square indicate that tourism motivations are significantly and positively related to tourist satisfaction. The results also showed that Religion significantly moderates the relationship between pull motivation and tourist satisfaction. However, the moderating effect of Religion on the relationship between push motivation and tourist satisfaction was not supported.
152 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of international tourism transportation expenditures, energy demand, foreign direct investment inflows, trade openness and urban population on carbon dioxide emission and per capita income for the panel of 11 transition economies, over the period of 1995-2013.
Abstract: Tourism transport profoundly affects economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. This study is an attempt to examine the impact of international tourism transportation expenditures, energy demand, foreign direct investment inflows, trade openness and urban population on carbon dioxide emission and per capita income for the panel of 11 transition Economies, over the period of 1995–2013. The results show that per capita income escalates the carbon dioxide emission (CO2), which deteriorates the natural environment. International tourism receipts and international tourism expenditures for travel items are associated with the intensifying CO2 emission and per capita income in the region. The study confirmed the energy-led emissions, FDI-led emissions, FDI-led growth, income-led emissions, income-led energy demand, trade-led growth and trade-led energy demand. The causality results further substantiate the the tourism-led growth and FDI hypothesis in the region. Finally, the variance decom...
119 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that South–South medical travellers' diverse socio-economic conditions shape decision-making and spending behaviour relative to treatment, accommodation and transport choices as well as length of stay.
Abstract: While scholars increasingly acknowledge that most contemporary international medical travel comprises South–South flows, these have gone curiously unexamined. Rather, policy, scholarly and media attention focuses predominantly on North–South flows of ‘medical tourists’. However, this focus diverts attention from the actual and potential impacts of South–South intra-regional medical travel flows on both their source and receiving contexts. As such, we present findings from a study examining South–South intra-regional medical travellers' motivations, preparations and practices to better understand the social, economic and political situations that condition them and their effects on the destinations that receive them. Our study of Indonesian medical travellers pursuing health care in Malaysia draws on 35 semi-structured interviews with Indonesian patients, their companions, medical staff and agents in both countries. From this, we suggest that South–South medical travellers' diverse socio-economic condition...
104 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship among destination food image, preference, and intention to eat destination foods and found that cognitive image had a stronger influence than affective image on preferences for destination foods.
Abstract: Food image has begun to influence tourist behaviour, so understanding the food image of a destination is important. This study examined the relationships among destination food image, preference, and intention to eat destination foods. A total of 357 tourists in Korea participated in this study. The results of structural equation modelling confirmed empirically that image affected behavioural intention as it applied to food. Cognitive image had a stronger influence than affective image on preferences for destination foods and intention to eat destination foods. In addition, preference for destination foods predicted intention to eat destination foods. This study indicates that the cognitive image of destination foods should be identified and that image strengthened to increase tourists' intentions to eat destination foods. Marketing strategies should appeal to both authenticity and the unique cognitive image of destination foods as well as encourage tourists to experience destination foods and gain intern...
93 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between ethical leadership and employee creativity with mediating role of psychological empowerment Data were collected from 183 supervisor-subordinate dyads in different hotels across Pakistan Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the distinctiveness of variables used in their study.
Abstract: This study examines the relationship between ethical leadership and employee creativity with mediating role of psychological empowerment Data were collected from 183 supervisor–subordinate dyads in different hotels across Pakistan Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the distinctiveness of variables used in our study The results also confirmed that ethical leadership promotes creativity at workplace, while psychological empowerment mediates the effect of ethical leadership on creativity The cognitive evaluation theory was used to support findings Implications are also discussed
92 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the existence of various profiles of senior tourism by means of using socio-demographic variables, motivation and characteristics of travel of seniors was determined by using two complementary analysis techniques, the nonlinear canonical correlation (OVERALS) and a two-stage cluster analysis.
Abstract: Interest in tourism market segmentation of seniors has been increasing in recent years as the tourism industry has begun to be aware of their importance for the sector. This is a very heterogeneous group, with greater purchasing power and lifestyle-oriented entertainment and enjoyment of leisure time by performing travel than previous generations. This study strives to contribute towards the hitherto scarce research on segmentation in senior tourism. Specifically, this work aims to determine the existence of various profiles of senior tourism by means of using socio-demographic variables, motivation and characteristics of travel of seniors. For this, two complementary analysis techniques, the nonlinear canonical correlation (OVERALS) and a two-stage cluster analysis, were used. Five market segments were identified according to the behavioural variables analysed that allow marketers to target this group in the most convenient manner and to exploit new market opportunities.
88 citations
TL;DR: This article proposed a theoretical and empirical model that investigates how storytelling is a powerful co-creative behavior in tourism and developed the case where consumers act almost independently from traditional brands, and adopted an interpretive approach to analyse online travel reviews.
Abstract: The work proposes a theoretical and empirical model that investigates how storytelling is a powerful co-creative behaviour in tourism. The contribution takes a step forward from the classical theories on co-creation and develops the case where consumers act almost independently from traditional brands. The empirical study adopts an interpretive approach to analyse online travel reviews. Data are interpreted through Yi and Gong's model on consumer value co-creation behaviour [(2013). Customer value co-creation behavior: Scale development and validation. Journal of Business Research, 66, 127], the Phase dynamics theory of travel epiphany behaviour [Woodside, A. G., & Megehee, C. M. (2010). Advancing consumer behaviour theory in tourism via visual narrative art. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(5), 418–431], and the Archetype theory [Woodside, A. G., Sood, S., & Miller, K. E. (2008). When consumers and brands talk: Storytelling theory and research. Psychology & Marketing, 25(2), 97–145]. The stu...
TL;DR: In this article, the causal relationship between economic growth and tourism development in the 1995-2012 period using recently developed panel Granger causality tests that allow for country-level heterogeneity, thus leading to more accurate results for the 12 Mediterranean countries.
Abstract: In this paper, we test the causal relationship between economic growth and tourism development in the 1995–2012 period using recently developed panel Granger causality tests that allow for country-level heterogeneity, thus leading to more accurate results for the 12 Mediterranean countries. Although results of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin [(2012) testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460] panel Granger causality test show a unidirectional causality from tourism development to economic growth, results of the Croux and Reusens [(2013). Do stock prices contain predictive power for the future economic activity? A Granger causality analysis in the frequency domain. Journal of Macroeconomics, 35, 93–103] panel Granger causality analysis in the frequency domain show that there is a bidirectional temporary and permanent causality between tourism development and economic growth. The bidirectional causality relationship between tourism development and economic grow...
TL;DR: In this paper, the gendered views of female travelers originating from China on cross-border trips to Macao are discussed. But the analysis is derived from a careful reading or "thick description" of blogs posted by female tourists that may be characterised as a web ethnography or netnography.
Abstract: This paper offers insights into women travellers' experiences and discusses the gendered views of female travellers originating from China on cross border trips to Macao. The analysis is derived from a careful reading or ‘thick description’ of blogs posted by female tourists that may be characterised as a web ethnography or netnography. The study indicates that the perception of Macao by Chinese women travellers embodies their confusion concerning modern life and their memories of tradition. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that Chinese women travellers conceptualise travelling as a way of underpinning the status of their self-identity. Besides, travelling in Macao for them is not just a leisure practice but a means to improve and enhance personal relationships.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the long-term and short-term relationships between tourism and economic growth in Iran, by using annual data covering the 1985-2013 period and autoregressive distributed lag and the Error Correction model to examine the relationships between variables.
Abstract: Tourism is one of the world's largest industries and an increasingly important source of foreign currency that is used to finance economic growth. The purpose of this study is to examine the long-term and short-term relationships between tourism and economic growth in Iran, by using annual data covering the 1985–2013 period and autoregressive distributed lag and the Error Correction model to examine the relationships between variables. The findings showed that there is a positive relationship between tourism expenditure and economic growth in the long term and short term. The result indicate that there is also positive relationship between the real effective exchange rate (REER), foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth. The Granger causality test shows a bidirectional causality running between tourism expenditure and economic growth.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the economic and non-economic determinants of international tourist flows to Malaysia using the generalized method of moment and found that habit persistence, income, hotel room, and political stability have a positive impact on tourism demand for Malaysia.
Abstract: Malaysia has experienced a significant increase in tourist arrivals over the past 10 years. The challenge is to sustain this growth and therefore it is important to understand the factors influencing inbound tourism to Malaysia. This paper investigates the economic and non-economic determinants of international tourist flows to Malaysia using the generalized method of moment. The annual panel data set includes the number of arrivals from 33 countries during the period 2000–2012, and the number of possible explanatory variables. It is found that habit persistence (word of mouth), income, hotel room and political stability have a positive impact on tourism demand for Malaysia. Also, results indicate that the estimated coefficients of substitute tourism price in the model are negative. This implies that the five alternative destinations are complementary destinations to Malaysia. In addition, the dummy variable for Visit Malaysia Year in 2007 and severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003 had positive and neg...
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of tourist satisfaction with the tourism offering on tourist expenditure in the destination was analyzed based on 523 self-administered questionnaires collected from tourists visiting Rijeka and the Opatija Riviera (Croatia) during the summer of 2014.
Abstract: The main aim of this study is to analyse the influence of tourist satisfaction with the tourism offering on tourist expenditure in the destination. Quantitative analysis is based on 523 self-administered questionnaires collected from tourists visiting Rijeka and the Opatija Riviera (Croatia) during the summer of 2014. Principal component analysis was conducted on 22 elements of the offering in order to reduce the dimensionality of satisfaction with the tourism offering, resulting in four dimensions of satisfaction. Regression analysis was conducted with the log of daily expenditure as a dependent variable. The results revealed that only one satisfaction dimension (related to the diversity of facilities) out of the four proved to be a significant predictor of tourist expenditure in the destination. The study also confirms that family income, type of accommodation, past behaviour and length of stay significantly influence daily expenditure.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between security and international tourist arrivals and found that the relationship among all the three sub-indexes of security and tourism is positive and significant in developed nations while it is negative in developing countries.
Abstract: This paper aims to investigate the relationship between security and international tourist arrivals. The system Generalized Method of Moments technique is applied in two panels of 29 developed and 45 developing countries over the period 2006–2012. Employing social, economic and political security indexes beside other control variables, the results show that the relationship among all the three sub-indexes of security and tourism is positive and significant in developed nations while it is negative and significant in developing countries.
TL;DR: In this paper, an exploratory study that examines collaboration at the institutional level in the tourism sector of the Central Region, Ghana is presented, which indicates low levels of collaboration between tourism institutions both within the public sector and across the public-private sectors.
Abstract: This research is an exploratory study that examines collaboration at the institutional level in the tourism sector of the Central Region, Ghana. The research begins with a review of the key issues related to collaboration in tourism planning and development followed by an extensive exploration of three main issues related to institutional collaboration in tourism in the Central Region. The three main issues are the vision of tourism development shared among stakeholders, collaboration and coordination within the public sector and between the public and private sectors and the factors that constrain and facilitate collaboration and coordination. Using extensive interviews with key stakeholders and reviewing policy documents, the research indicates low levels of collaboration between tourism institutions both within the public sector and across the public–private sectors. This is notwithstanding a shared awareness of the benefits of collaboration among all actors. The research thus contributes interesting i...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a new approach to exploit tourism crowding from crowdsourcing geospatial data which goes beyond the scale, timeliness, and cost of traditional on-site questionnaire surveys.
Abstract: Urban tourism is booming and, as a result, crowding is now recognized as a social constraint in many tourist cities. When related to sustainability, tourism crowding must be considered. However, the way tourists experience crowding is still a neglected topic in urban tourism research. In this study, we proposed a new approach to exploit tourism crowding from crowdsourcing geospatial data which goes beyond the scale, timeliness, and cost of traditional on-site questionnaire surveys. The new approach is based on analysis of 446,273 ‘check-in’ geotagged data from Weibo in Shanghai. The data provided a hotspot distribution of popular urban tourist attractions and a range of factors related to tourism crowding. These data provided deep insights into the relationship between crowdedness and popularity of tourist attractions. This empirical work can be extended to urban tourism crowding management environments for sustainable development of tourist attractions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship among authenticity, experience, and loyalty in the festival context and found that authenticity positively affects experience, while arousal has positive effects on satisfaction and festival loyalty.
Abstract: This study empirically investigates the relationships among authenticity, experience – measured by emotions (i.e. pleasure and arousal) along with satisfaction, and loyalty in the festival context. Structural equation modelling is employed to examine a sample of 211 visitors attending the San Fermin festival in Spain. Results show that authenticity positively affects experience, while on the other hand, only arousal has positive effects on satisfaction and festival loyalty. Satisfaction is positively associated with festival loyalty.
TL;DR: In this article, the coefficients of the determinants of international tourism demand for the period 1995-2014 in the USA using the gravity framework were estimated based on a panel dataset of tourist arrivals among 14 countries.
Abstract: This paper estimates the coefficients of the determinants of international tourism demand for the period 1995–2014 in the USA using the gravity framework. The analysis is based on a panel dataset of tourist arrivals among 14 countries using autoregressive distributed lag methods. The results show real gross domestic product, consumer price index, real exchange rate and certain specific events have a significant impact on international tourism demand. The income elasticity suggests that tourism is non-luxury goods, and prices and real exchange rate have negative relation to tourist arrivals. We also find that tourism transport infrastructure is a significant determinant of tourist arrivals into USA. This implies that infrastructure to reinforce taste formation is important to attract more international tourists to USA. In addition, results also suggest implications for public and private tourism authorities.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a definition of energy tourism as a new niche of industrial tourism, theorize on how it overlaps with other types of special interest tourism, and discuss specifics concerning its forms, locales, and possible societal impacts.
Abstract: After conceptualizing the interrelationships between energy and tourism, the authors provide a definition of energy tourism as a new niche of industrial tourism, theorize on how it overlaps with other types of special interest tourism, and discuss specifics concerning its forms, locales, and possible societal impacts. Potential directions, along with research questions, for future research in the field of energy tourism are proposed. Then, the results of an explorative pilot study of energy tourism in the Czech Republic are presented to give a first insight into the proposed questions. Questionnaire surveys completed by tourists and operators of three energy tourism attractions – so-called Coal Safaris (guided tours through surface coal mines, observing minescapes and mining machinery in full operation), a nuclear power plant information centre, and Dragon Kite Festivals under wind turbines – have focused on exploring the motivations and perceived benefits of energy tourism for organizations; tourists' mo...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the relationship between Islamic Work Ethic and adaptive performance with the mediating role of innovative work behaviour (IWB) and moderating roles of ethical leadership among hospitality sector employees in Pakistan.
Abstract: This study’s focus is on the relationship between Islamic Work Ethic (IWE) and adaptive performance with the mediating role of innovative work behaviour (IWB) and moderating role of ethical leadership among hospitality sector employees in Pakistan. Data were collected using questionnaires from 257 employees working in various hotels across Pakistan. Results indicate that IWE significantly predicts adaptive performance both directly and indirectly through IWB. In addition, results also confirm the moderating role of ethical leadership between IWE and IWB. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tested an integrated path model examining the interrelationships between destination image, perceived quality, satisfaction and behavioural intentions, using domestic tourists who visited Eilat, Israel.
Abstract: Despite its contribution to the national economy, domestic tourism is one of the most neglected and under-researched forms of tourism in the literature. This study tested an integrated path model examining the interrelationships between destination image, perceived quality, satisfaction and behavioural intentions, using domestic tourists who visited Eilat, Israel. The findings support the hierarchical relationships between image, quality, satisfaction and behavioural intentions. In addition, the affective image component was found to exert a far greater impact on the overall destination image than the cognitive component. The study establishes a better understanding of domestic tourists’ destination image and behavioural intention formulation. It also provides a number of implications for destination managers targeting the voluminous domestic segment.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify and characterise determinants of knowledge transfer and absorption resulting from the specific features of tourism, as well as indicate their consequences for cooperation between stakeholders in a tourist region.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to identify and characterise determinants of knowledge transfer and absorption resulting from the specific features of tourism, as well as to indicate their consequences for cooperation between stakeholders in a tourist region. Applying a created conceptual framework and case study approach (a mountain tourist region in the south of Poland), five groups of determinants are identified: the domination of small and medium-sized enterprises, the fragmentation and diversity of supply, vocational reinforcers, ownership specificity and the regional/local character of tourism. The author shows how these determinants hinder knowledge transfer and absorption, and therefore generally negatively affect cooperation.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of the Barcelona TripAdvisor Forum and a traditional Destination Management Organization (DMO) website showed that actors, typologies and components are platform specific and have both similarities and differences with other sources, including DMO websites and other social media platforms.
Abstract: Recent literature has emphasized the emerging role of social media in generating a destination image. Even so, there is still no clear definition of the main actors, typologies and components prevailing in these environments or the possible differences between diverse social platforms. Specific analysis and comparison of the Barcelona TripAdvisor Forum and a traditional Destination Management Organization (DMO) website showed that actors, typologies and components are platform specific and have both similarities and differences with other sources, including DMO websites and other social media platforms.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a better understanding of the phenomenon, its varieties and its different stages, drawing on the metaphor of Campbell's archetypical journey of transformation: hero's journey.
Abstract: Transformational tourism is an emerging form of tourism that deserves better attention from researchers and reviewers. This article provides a better understanding of the phenomenon, its varieties and its different stages, drawing on the metaphor of Campbell's archetypical journey of transformation: hero's journey. Using a phenomenological approach, the article tries to shed some light upon the conditions of the touristic experiences that foster transformation. Eight factors were identified: personal situation, being away doing unfamiliar activities, interaction with people, live the moment, difficulty, setting, reflection and integration. The three stages of the hero's journey (departure, initiation and return) are subsequently applied to describe the transformative travel process. The paper concludes with implications for research and professional practice.
TL;DR: This article employed a narrative synthesis approach through a postcolonial feminist lens to review the extant literature on Asian female travellers, with the aim to contribute to a cultural understanding of the historical and contemporary travel practices of Asian women.
Abstract: Following the rise of tourism in Asia, a growing female travel market has been observed in the region. Nevertheless, limited research has considered the travel experience of Asian women. In response to the dearth of research on Asian female travellers, this study employs a narrative synthesis approach through a postcolonial feminist lens to review the extant literature on Asian female travellers, with the aim to contribute to a cultural understanding of the historical and contemporary travel practices of Asian women. Based on this review, it is evident that Asian women’s travel behaviour is influenced by cultural identities and gender stereotypes. However, existing literature has also demonstrated the agency of Asian women in resisting discriminatory gender practices in tourism, which is represented in the transformation of the identity of Asian female travellers. Accordingly, an agenda for future research is proposed and some implications for the industry are discussed. This study addresses the western-c...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between motivation, attachment and loyalty within event tourism and developed the initial outline of a theoretical model, which depicts these relationships within sport and tourism literature.
Abstract: Attendance at sports events continues to rise, as evidenced by increased attendance across a range of sports events in 2014. Despite this, destinations that host live sports events struggle to attract repeat visitors outside scheduled events. This study aims to better understand the relationship between motivation, attachment and loyalty within event tourism. This paper discusses the existing contributions in these areas by drawing on sport and tourism literature and is the first to investigate the relationship across all three constructs. Within this paper, we develop the initial outline of a theoretical model, which depicts these relationships.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify some major economic, social and environmental effects of gaming-related tourism in Macau, the world's largest gaming location in respect of casino turnover.
Abstract: The paper identifies some major economic, social and environmental effects of gaming-related tourism in Macau, the world’s largest gaming location in respect of casino turnover. The main types of effects of casino development are typically those associated with growth machine theory. The paper also identifies major threats to the sustainable development of Macau as a gaming/tourism destination, arising from a narrow industrial base, competing destinations, community alienation, and what is referred to as the ‘China factor’. The paper discusses the types of strategies that are required if Macau tourism is to counter these threats and develop successfully as a ‘World Centre of Tourism and Leisure’. It is argued that Macau can most effectively achieve this goal if it develops its tourism and gaming industries to be consistent with the key attributes of a creative city.