Showing papers in "Dermatologic Surgery in 2017"
TL;DR: The pathophysiology of keloid and hypertrophic scar is described to compare differences with the normal wound healing process, and various treatment options including prevention, conventional therapies, surgical therapies, and adjuvant therapies are described in detail.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDKeloid and hypertrophic scars represent an aberrant response to the wound healing process. These scars are characterized by dysregulated growth with excessive collagen formation, and can be cosmetically and functionally disruptive to patients.OBJECTIVEObjectives are to describe the pathoph
400 citations
TL;DR: The tested noninsulated electronically controlled RF microneedles were found to be safe and efficient in the treatment of atrophic acne scars in skin types III to V with minimal pain or downtime.
Abstract: Background Noninvasive technologies for treating acne scars use radiofrequency (RF)-emitting microneedles for both mechanical disruption of fibrotic strands and heat-mediated collagen remodeling. Objective Efficacy and safety evaluation of electronically controlled noninsulated RF microneedling system on acne scars in patients with dark skin. Methods Nineteen patients, 24 to 51 years old, skin types III to V, with acne scars were enrolled in the study. Each patient had 3 treatment sessions at monthly intervals using a multisource RF treatment platform with a microneedle RF applicator. Efficacy was evaluated by the Goodman and Barron's Global Qualitative Acne Scarring System. Results No bleeding points occurred during treatments. Post-treatment erythema was observed immediately after the treatment and lasted up to 10 hours after the treatment. Improvement of at least 1 acne scar grade was noted in 11 of 19 patients (57.9%) after 1 month and in 9 of 9 patients (100%) after 3 months. Conclusion The tested noninsulated electronically controlled RF microneedles were found to be safe and efficient in the treatment of atrophic acne scars in skin types III to V with minimal pain or downtime.
189 citations
TL;DR: Microneedling is a safe, minimally invasive, and effective esthetic treatment for several different dermatologic conditions including acne and other scars, rhytides, and striae and is a valuable alternative to more invasive procedures such as laser skin resurfacing and deep chemical peeling.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDMicroneedling is a relatively new treatment option in dermatology and has been touted for a broad range of applications including skin rejuvenation, acne scarring, rhytides, surgical scars, dyschromia, melasma, enlarged pores, and transdermal drug delivery. The significant increase in mini
118 citations
TL;DR: Microneedling is a minimally invasive procedure that uses fine needles to puncture the epidermis as discussed by the authors, which stimulates the release of growth factors and induce collagen production.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDMicroneedling is a minimally invasive procedure that uses fine needles to puncture the epidermis. The microwounds created stimulate the release of growth factors and induce collagen production. The epidermis remains relatively intact, therefore helping to limit adverse events. The indicati
117 citations
TL;DR: Surgical excision with meticulous histologic evaluation of all surgical margins is needed for DFSP treatment to achieve long-term high cure rates and low morbidity.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a soft tissue tumor with slow infiltrative growth and local recurrence if inadequately excised. OBJECTIVE To compare long-term outcomes after Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) and wide local excision (WLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Records of patients with DFSP surgically treated with WLE or MMS from January 1955 through March 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Mean follow-up for patients treated with MMS (n = 67) and WLE (n = 91) was 4.8 and 5.7 years, respectively. Twenty-eight patients (30.8%) with WLE had recurrence (mean, 4.4 years), whereas only 2 (3.0%) with MMS had recurrence (1.0 and 2.6 years). Recurrence-free survival rates at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years were significantly higher with MMS (p < .001). Mean preoperative lesion sizes were similar (5-6 cm) between the 2 groups, whereas mean (standard deviation) postoperative defect sizes were 10.7 (4.3) cm and 8.8 (5.5) cm for WLE and MMS, respectively (p = .004). Primary closure was used for 73% of MMS cases, whereas WLE more commonly used flaps, grafts, or other closures (52%). Two Mohs layers typically were required for margin control. CONCLUSION Surgical excision with meticulous histologic evaluation of all surgical margins is needed for DFSP treatment to achieve long-term high cure rates and low morbidity.
77 citations
TL;DR: Preliminary data supporting the positive therapeutic effect of autologous growth factors on hair follicle regeneration is provided, and randomized clinical trials are needed.
Abstract: Autologous growth factors have proved to promote tissue regeneration in various medical fields. Recent findings suggest that platelet rich plasma may also play an important role in hair follicle restoration.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGFs) for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA).
Five PRGF injections were administered over 19 patients with AGA. Phototrichograms regarding follicle density/diameter and terminal/vellus hair ratio were performed at baseline and after 1 year follow-up period. Consenting participants underwent histologic scalp examination. At the end of the study, overall patient satisfaction and clinical improvement were determined.
After PRGF therapy, mean hair density/diameter increased and terminal/vellus hair ratio was also improved. Patients presented epidermal thickness, perifollicular neoangiogenesis, cell proliferation, and terminal/miniaturized hair ratio improvement. Plasma rich in growth factors seemed to reduce the perivascular inflammatory infiltrate, promote the remodeling of dermo-epidermal tissue, and increase bulge stem cell niches. Patients declared an overall positive satisfaction, and a high clinical improvement score was achieved when comparing premacrophotographs and postmacrophotographs.
Although randomized clinical trials are needed, this study provides preliminary data supporting the positive therapeutic effect of autologous growth factors on hair follicle regeneration.
70 citations
TL;DR: A 39-year-old woman was receiving volume in her right-sidedmidface by anoutside, experienced injector with a 20-mg/mL highly cross-linked hyaluronic acid filler near the infraorbital neurovascular bundle and began noticing visual changes in the ipsilateral eye that progressed toward full visual loss.
Abstract: A 39-year-old woman was receiving volume in her right-sidedmidface by anoutside, experienced injector with a 20-mg/mL highly cross-linked hyaluronic acid filler near the infraorbital neurovascular bundle, reportedly lateral to midpupillary line, and began noticing visual changes in the ipsilateral eye that progressed toward full visual loss. She also noted some right eye pain, right-sided ear pain, headache, dizziness, and subjective left sided face and arm weakness.
69 citations
TL;DR: This instrumental study demonstrated that PRP poor in leukocytes can provide objective improvements in skin biostimulation and showed improvement of skin texture.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDPlatelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an emerging treatment in dermatology recently proposed for skin rejuvenation.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of autologous pure PRP dermal injections on facial skin rejuvenation, investigating the cellularity of PRP samples.MATERIALS AND METHODSTw
56 citations
TL;DR: This model would be the first effort to include this imaging technique as the first elective medical test for staging and monitoring patients, which can support therapeutic decisions by providing earlier, objective, deeper, anatomical, and comparative evaluations in this difficult to treat disease.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDStaging and monitoring of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) have been traditionally based on clinical findings However, the physical examination may show important limitations because of its poor sensitivity for differentiating between different lesion subtypes, and its low sens
55 citations
TL;DR: Chlorhexidine antiseptic solutions are highly effective but have the potential to irreversibly damage the cornea with a minimal splash exposure and Povidone–iodine is a safe and effective alternative.
Abstract: Background Effective antiseptic to reduce surgical site infections is a cornerstone of modern surgery. Chlorhexidine gluconate-based antiseptics are among the most effective of these products. Unfortunately, chlorhexidine solutions are toxic to the cornea and middle ear, and they pose a splash risk to both the patient and health care personnel. Objective To examine the clinical evidence that led to the disavowal of chlorhexidine antiseptic solution for use on the face and head. Methods and materials Reference searches were performed using PubMed, Embase, and LexisNexis databases without restriction to the date of publication, language, or study setting. Results The literature revealed 11 sentinel cases of severe chlorhexidine-related keratitis in the late 1980s. These cases are reviewed together with data on ototoxicity and alternative products to understand why chlorhexidine solution should not be used on the face and scalp. Conclusion Chlorhexidine antiseptic solutions are highly effective. However, they pose a risk to the middle ear and have the potential to irreversibly damage the cornea with a minimal splash exposure. Povidone-iodine is a safe and effective alternative.
49 citations
TL;DR: Although treatment of primary EMPD with MMS versus excision did not show statistical difference, MMS demonstrated favorable long-term outcomes and was associated with a higher recurrence-free survival rate.
Abstract: Background Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare intraepithelial adenocarcinoma occurring mainly in the anogenital region. Traditional management with wide local excision has shown high recurrence rates, thus Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has emerged as a promising treatment option. Objective To compare long-term outcomes after treatment with MMS or excision for primary EMPD. Methods and materials Retrospective cohort review was conducted for 207 patients with EMPD treated at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, between 1961 and 2012. Results Of the 25 patients treated with MMS, 19 primary tumors were included for outcome analysis, with an estimated 5-year recurrence-free survival rate of 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 75-100) using Kaplan-Meier curve analysis. Of 158 patients treated with local excision, 124 were included for the analysis, with an estimated 5-year recurrence-free survival rate of 66% (95% CI, 56-78). The hazard ratio (HR) for association of treatment was 0.4 (95% CI, 0.10-1.65; p = .20). Estimated 5-year overall survival rates were 79% for MMS (95% CI, 61-100) and 68% for excision (95% CI, 59-78) (HR, 1.39 [95% CI, 0.69-2.82]; p = .36). Conclusion Although treatment of primary EMPD with MMS versus excision did not show statistical difference, MMS demonstrated favorable long-term outcomes and was associated with a higher recurrence-free survival rate.
TL;DR: The results suggest that implantation of barbed thread induces strong anchorage to skin tissue, and quantitative analysis of collagen and its downstream signaling molecule TGF-&bgr; supports the long-term durability of the thread.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Owing to its potentially greater mechanical force on the implanted tissue, barbed thread is frequently used in face-lifting procedures. However, the long-term durability thereof remains controversial. Moreover, reports on underlying histologic and molecular changes resulting from face-lifting procedures are scarce. OBJECTIVE To evaluate histologic and molecular changes induced by absorbable, barbed face-lifting thread in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fragments of monofilament, monodirectionally barbed polydioxanone thread were implanted in dorsal skin from 12 guinea pigs. Tissue samples were harvested at 1, 3, and 7 months thereafter. Histopathologic analysis and quantification of Type 1 collagen and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) levels were performed. RESULTS Implantation of a single fragment induced fibrous capsule around the thread. Tissue reactions were strongest at 1 month after implantation, showing marked infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts, which gradually decreased. On molecular analysis, Type 1 collagen and TGF-β1 levels were significantly increased, compared to normal skin, throughout the 7-month study period. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that implantation of barbed thread induces strong anchorage to skin tissue. Quantitative analysis of collagen and its downstream signaling molecule TGF-β supports the long-term durability of the thread. Therefore, the authors expect potential beneficial effect for rejuvenation on its clinical application.
TL;DR: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a locally aggressive disease with histological margins that often far surpass what is clinically suspected, and Mohs micrographic surgery is the standard of care for removal of these lesions.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDMicrocystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a rare, locally aggressive cutaneous neoplasm that commonly occurs on the face.OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this article is to comprehensively review the current literature on MAC pertaining to epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, histology,
TL;DR: Head-to-head prospective clinical studies between cetuximab and cisplatin are needed to determine which is more efficacious in cSCC and prospective tumor registries and randomized controlled trials should be developed to establish the ideal systemic regimen.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDCutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer and metastasizes in 2% to 5% of cases.OBJECTIVESystematic evaluation of published cases of metastatic cSCC (mSCC) treated with cisplatin or cetuximab from 1989 to 2014.MATERIALS AND METHODSA literature s
TL;DR: The large number of useful videos, high reliability, and the wide range of content covered suggests that those who search for antiwrinkle BTX videos on YouTube are likely to view high-quality content.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDPatients interested in botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) for wrinkles search for videos on YouTube, but little is known about the quality and reliability of the content.OBJECTIVEThe authors examined the quality, reliability, content, and target audience of YouTube videos on BTX for wrinkles.M
TL;DR: A complete enzymatic degradation of HA filler to hyaluronidase needs a certain time, and subcutaneous hyaluronic acid (HA) filler treatment may be the better option.
Abstract: Background Hyaluronidase is a key preventative treatment against vascular complications of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler injection, but the degradation profile of HA to hyaluronidase is limited, and the comparison between intra-arterial and subcutaneous injections of hyaluronidase has not been studied. Objective To evaluate HA degradation to hyaluronidase and compare different treatments between intra-arterial and subcutaneous testicular hyaluronidase injections. Materials and methods The authors observed HA degradation to hyaluronidase in vitro via microscopic examination and particle analysis. Rabbit ears were used for the in vivo study. There were 2 control groups receiving ligation or HA-induced embolism in the arteries, respectively, and 2 intervention groups receiving hyaluronidase treatments in different regions. The laser Doppler blood perfusion monitoring measurements were made at defined time points, and biopsies were taken on Day 2. Results Nearly, all of the HAs degraded in vitro at the 1-hour time point. Subcutaneous hyaluronidase treatment showed better recovery of blood perfusion. Histology showed severe inflammation in the embolism group and mild inflammation in the intervention groups. Conclusion A complete enzymatic degradation of HA filler to hyaluronidase needs a certain time, and subcutaneous hyaluronidase treatment may be the better option.
TL;DR: There is insufficient evidence to justify delaying treatment with superficial chemical peels andNonablative lasers, including hair removal lasers and lights, vascular lasers, and nonablative fractional devices for patients currently or recently exposed to isotretinoin.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDCurrently, the isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) package insert contains language advising the discontinuation of isotretinoin for 6 months before performing cosmetic procedures, including waxing, dermabrasion, chemical peels, laser procedures, or incisional and excisional cold-steel sur
TL;DR: Laser therapy offers an alternative treatment option for nonmelanoma skin cancer; however, its clinical efficacy is variable and, at this time, remains less than currently accepted standards of care.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Skin cancer remains the most prevalent type of cancer in the United States, and its burden on the health care system remains substantial. Standard treatments such as cryosurgery, electrodessication and curettage, topical and photodynamic therapies, and surgical excision including Mohs micrographic surgery are not without inherent morbidity, including risk of bleeding, infection, and scar. OBJECTIVE Lasers may be an alternative for treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer, and this paper reviews this therapeutic option. METHODS A comprehensive search in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and PUBMED databases was performed to identify relevant literature investigating the role of laser therapy in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. RESULTS New literature regarding laser treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer is emerging, demonstrating promising clinical outcomes. The greatest efficacy has been seen with vascular-selective and ablative lasers in the treatment of basal cell carcinomas. Some success has been reported for laser treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, but data are less convincing. In summary, laser therapy offers an alternative treatment option for nonmelanoma skin cancer; however, its clinical efficacy is variable and, at this time, remains less than currently accepted standards of care. CONCLUSION Further studies are needed to optimize parameters, determine maximum efficacy, and provide long-term follow-up.
TL;DR: The authors introduce a vertical lifting technique most suitable for Asians, in which short, wedge-shaped PDO sutures are inserted vertically downward in the anterior malar and submalar areas.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDWith the evolution of facial rejuvenation methods, thread lifts have gained popularity among patients who seek cosmetic improvement. Absorbable wedge-shaped polydioxanone (PDO) sutures are currently available, and they are extremely popular in the aesthetic clinics in Korea. In case of mid
TL;DR: The 40U dose of daxibotulinumtoxinA was well tolerated (e.g., absence of ptosis) and had the most favorable risk: benefit profile and statistical and clinical superiority were observed for 40U and 60U daxIBOTulinumToxinA over 20U onabotulinums toxinA for a range of efficacy outcomes despite the study not being powered to detect statistically significant differences between these active treatment groups.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDInjectable daxibotulinumtoxinA (RT002) is an investigational botulinum toxin Type A in clinical development. It is formulated with a proprietary peptide and offers the potential of a longer acting neurotoxin therapy.OBJECTIVETo compare the safety, efficacy, and duration of response of daxi
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that treatment of lentigos with a picosecond 532-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser would be both efficacious and well tolerated in skin Type IV patients.
Abstract: Given the more focused thermal activity of picosecond lasers, we hypothesized that treatment of lentigos with a picosecond 532-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser would be both efficacious and well tolerated in skin Type IV patients.Dyspigmentation of the face including solar
TL;DR: VYC-15L was safe and effective for lip and perioral enhancement, with treatment effects lasting through 1 year, than a nonanimal stabilized HA with lidocaine (Restylane-L; NASHA).
Abstract: BACKGROUNDVYC-15L (Juvederm Volbella XC) is a nonanimal crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) gel with lidocaine.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of VYC-15L for lip and perioral enhancement versus a nonanimal stabilized HA with lidocaine (Restylane-L; NASHA).METHODSThis prospective multi
TL;DR: The existing evidence suggests that experienced users should achieve equivalent results regardless of BoNT-A formulation, but additional, well-designed, adequately powered, controlled randomized studies should be performed.
Abstract: Background Several formulations of Botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT-A) for aesthetic indications are available, with numbers likely to increase. Preparations are not interchangeable, based on dose unit comparisons. Objective Numerous myths and misconceptions regarding the use of BoNT-A for aesthetic indications have arisen, which this review aims to lay to rest. Materials and methods This review assesses evidence for and against each of the most common myths regarding BoNT use in aesthetics. Results BoNT-A neurotoxin/protein complexes are irrelevant to the toxin's therapeutic/aesthetic indications. BoNT-A neurotoxin/protein complexes do not influence movement from injection site or immunogenicity. Any relationship between neutralizing antibody formation and clinical response is complex and clinicians should consider other factors that may induce an apparent loss of clinical response. Diffusion appears predominately, perhaps exclusively, dose dependent. Careful placement and correct dosing optimizes likelihood of good outcomes. Manufacturers recommend reconstitution of products with sterile nonpreserved saline. However, compelling evidence suggests that reconstitution using preserved saline dramatically improves patient comfort without compromising efficacy. Several post-treatment instructions/restrictions are widely used despite the lack of evidence, but muscle activity after injection may be beneficial. Cooling the treatment area might hinder BoNT-A translocation and should probably be abandoned. Conclusion The existing evidence suggests that experienced users should achieve equivalent results regardless of BoNT-A formulation, but additional, well-designed, adequately powered, controlled randomized studies should be performed.
TL;DR: The upper platysma muscle plays a relevant role in the functional anatomy of the lower face that can be modulated safely with neuromodulators.
Abstract: Background: The platysma is a superficial muscle involved in important features of the aging neck. Vertical bands, horizontal lines, and loss of lower face contour are effectively treated with botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A). However, its pars facialis, mandibularis, and modiolaris have been underappreciated.
Objective: To demonstrate the role of BoNT-A treatment of the upper platysma and its impact on lower face dynamics and contour.
Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of cases treated by an injection pattern encompassing the facial platysma components, aiming to block the lower face as a whole complex. It consisted of 2 intramuscular injections into the mentalis muscle and 2 horizontal lines of BoNT-A injections superficially performed above and below the mandible (total dose, 16 onabotulinumtoxinA U/side). Photographs were taken at rest and during motion (frontal and oblique views), before and after treatment.
Results: A total of 161 patients have been treated in the last 2 years with the following results: frontal and lateral enhancement of lower facial contour, relaxation of high horizontal lines located just below the lateral mandibular border, and lower deep vertical smile lines present lateral to the oral commissures and melomental folds.
Conclusion: The upper platysma muscle plays a relevant role in the functional anatomy of the lower face that can be modulated safely with neuromodulators.
TL;DR: awareness of biofilm infections is key in the assessment of filler reactions in order to ensure timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment and to minimize the occurrence of potentially devastating consequences of dermal fillers.
Abstract: Background The numbers of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures performed in the United States have steadily increased each year Concurrently, the rates of filler complications have also increased Delayed filler reactions and granulomas have recently been attributed to biofilm infections Objective The biology and pathogenesis of biofilms, and their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention will be discussed Methods The relevant and recent literature on delayed filler reactions and biofilms was reviewed Results Increasing evidence implicates biofilm infections in the pathogenesis of delayed filler reactions Therapeutic and preventative measures can be taken to minimize the occurrence of these potentially devastating consequences of dermal fillers Conclusion Awareness of biofilm infections is key in the assessment of filler reactions in order to ensure timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment
TL;DR: Lower concentrations of hyaluronidase may be just as effective as higher concentrations to degrade HA filler in situations where the reversal of cutaneous augmentation with HA filler arises.
Abstract: Background Hyaluronidase is an enzyme capable of dissolution of hyaluronic acid (HA). There is a lack of evidence-based research defining time- and concentration-dependent reversal of HA filler using hyaluronidase. Objective To explore the efficacy of different concentrations of hyaluronidase in digesting commercially available HA-based reversible fillers-Belotero Balance (BEL), Juvederm Ultra XC (JUVXC), Juvederm Ultra Plus (JUVX+), Juvederm Voluma XC (JUVV), Restylane-L (RESL), Restylane Silk (RESS), and Perlane/Restylane Lyft (RESLYFT). Materials and methods This was a blinded randomized study involving 15 participants. Participants received HA filler injection into their back, followed by no secondary injection, or injection with normal saline, 20 or 40 units of hyaluronidase. Using a 5-point palpation scale, the degradation of HA filler was monitored over 14 days. Results In the authors' study, there is a significant decrease in HA filler degradation using 20 and 40 units of hyaluronidase compared with no secondary injection or normal saline. There is no significant difference in HA filler dissolution when comparing 20 to 40 units of hyaluronidase. Conclusion Lower concentrations of hyaluronidase may be just as effective as higher concentrations to degrade HA filler in situations where the reversal of cutaneous augmentation with HA filler arises.
TL;DR: The results of this trial supported Food and Drug Administration clearance of the device for the long-term reduction in the appearance of cellulite following TS-GS and demonstrated the safety and efficacy of this treatment with no reduction in treatment benefits out to 3 years.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDCellulite is a common female cosmetic concern for which no single treatment option had been proven effective over the long term. A novel tissue stabilized-guided subsicion system (TS-GS system) has demonstrated significant reduction in the appearance of cellulite after treatment.OBJECTIVET
TL;DR: The results suggest that the emerging technology of low-level laser therapy may play a potentially significant role in health care providers' armamentarium for the disease androgenic alopecia.
Abstract: Background Photobiomodulation, also referred to as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), has been studied and used for (among other diseases) the promotion of hair regrowth. Objective/materials and methods/results A clinical study was developed to define the physiologic effects that occur when the human hair follicle and surrounding tissue structures are exposed to laser light using a novel device that is fitted with an array of laser diode sources operating at 650 nm and placed inside a sports cap to promote discretion while in use. The study demonstrates that low-level laser treatment of the scalp every other day for 17 weeks using the HANDI-DOME LASER device is a safe and effective treatment for androgenetic alopecia in healthy females between the ages of 18 to 60 with Fitzpatrick skin Types I to IV and Ludwig-Savin Baldness Scale I-2 to II-2 baldness patterns. Subjects receiving LLLT at 650 nm achieved a 51% increase in hair counts as compared with sham-treated control patients in this multicenter randomized controlled trial. Conclusion These results suggest that the emerging technology of low-level laser therapy may play a potentially significant role in health care providers' armamentarium for the disease androgenic alopecia.
TL;DR: Overall, BoNT-A has the potential to prevent or treat pathologic scars in patients with a known personal or family history of keloids and hypertrophic scars, which may improve patient psychosocial distress and reduce clinic visits and health care costs.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDKeloids and hypertrophic scars are conditions of pathologic scarring characterized by fibroblast hyperproliferation and excess collagen deposition. These conditions significantly impact patients by causing psychosocial, functional, and aesthetic distress. Current treatment modalities have
TL;DR: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of basosquamous carcinoma and suggests further study is required to elucidate the mechanisms driving the formation of this aggressive tumor.
Abstract: BACKGROUNDBasosquamous carcinoma is a rare cutaneous neoplasm that has caused considerable controversy as to its classification, pathogenesis, and management.OBJECTIVETo review and summarize current literature on the definition, pathogenesis, incidence, and management of basosquamous carcinoma.MATER