Showing papers in "Energy in 1991"

TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison between ethanol from corn and gasoline from crude oil is made, with no consideration of how the products are to be used, and at the margin of the current U.S. energy system, it appears that there is a net CO2 saving associated with ethanol derived from corn.

TL;DR: The feasibility of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants has been investigated by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: In this paper, the thermodynamic advantages of fuel-cell systems were studied to evaluate the increase in plant exergy efficiency when incorporating fuelcell units into electrical power generating stations and identify and discuss their effect on the components of such plant systems.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the different regional and generational contributions to increases of CO2 concentrations resulting from fossil fuel use since the onset of the industrial revolution and proposed an intra-and inter-generational equity criterion for each human being to be allowed an equal emission right per year, independent of time or place lived.

TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model for the physical quality of life as a function of per capita electrical energy consumption is presented, which is based on data for 112 countries and can be used to assess the physical QoS as a guideline for national planning.

TL;DR: In this article, the reduction of Fe2O3 with graphite in a solar furnace was investigated and an idealization of a blast furnace for achieving it was presented. But the results of the experiments were limited to the nominal temperature range of 1300-2390 K.

TL;DR: A workshop on CO2 reduction and removal measures for the next century was held at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) as mentioned in this paper, where 48 participants represented more than 11 disciplines from academic, private and public organizations from 15 different countries both North and South.

TL;DR: The mean daily diffuse ratio correlates well with the clearness index and the relative bright sunshine hours, and the results have been compared with other correlations.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed alternative practical strategies of peak shaving that use the opportunities offered by modern electronics as well as a more intelligent use of the thermal mass storage inherent in the structure and furnishings of the house.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discussed the recovery of carbon dioxide from gases with a high carbon content in an integrated-gasifier, combined-cycle (IGCC) power plant, where coal is converted to an intermediate synthesis gas.

TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model is developed by writing the energy balance equations at various interfaces of the system, and numerical simulation of this theoretical model is carried out in order to evaluate the effect of the number of rectangular fins, the length of the fin, the depth of the air channel, the air flow rate, etc.

TL;DR: In this paper, a regenerative closed-cycle adaption cooling/heating system with performance significantly higher than conventional adsorption systems is modeled numerically, and equations governing the transport of heat and mass that occurs in such systems are derived, and the system performance is determined by using both infinite and finite transport coefficients.

TL;DR: In this article, an account of the commissioning and performance of the THTR includes descriptions of the design data and power operation, core dynamics, control behavior, power and temperature distribution in the core, refueling and damage of the spherical fuel elements, coolant gas activity and impurity content in the primary circuit and thermodynamic parameters of the primary system.

TL;DR: The Chinese iron and steel industry of 1987 is described in terms of energy consumption and production statistics and compared with the U.S. industry to clarify the major differences as mentioned in this paper, which includes the effect of very large production of cast-iron products in China and two major characteristics of the Chinese industry are: (1) much lower use of scrap from sources external to the steel industry and (2) much less ambitious shaping and treating of final products.

TL;DR: The present status of high-temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR) programs in the world and future plans for the continued development and deployment of HTGRs are discussed in this paper.

TL;DR: In this article, experiments have been carried out on a scale model of stratified hot-water storage tanks to study the effects of operating conditions on the thermoclines and on the extraction efficiency.

TL;DR: In this article, the collector efficiency of solar air heaters is improved if the fins in the collector are provided with attached baffles to create air turbulence and an extended heat transfer area.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the predictions of the greenhouse effect are contradicted by the climate record in nearly every important respect: 1) the Northern Hemisphere has not warmed more than the Southern Hemisphere, 2) high latitudes have not warmer more than low latitudes and 3) the U.S. has not shown the predicted warming trend, although this is the largest area in the world for which well-distributed, reliable records are available.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the performance of vertical and horizontal tube systems with respect to heat transfer rate, coefficient of performance and supercooling of phase-change material, and found that crystals of the phase change material grow into concentric circles in the horizontal tubes whereas they grow into convex circles in vertical tubes.

TL;DR: In this article, a maximum for available work for a temperature difference between reservoirs and a closed cyclical system working at steady-state conditions is verified for an open system consisting of two input and output fluids that served as the heat sources.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the thermodynamic irreversibility sources of a steady-flow, vapor-compression, water-to-water heat pump, and the three main components in the system (condenser, evaporator, and reciprocating compressor) were considered in detail.

TL;DR: The early research on the development of the helium gas-cooled power reactors is reviewed, and the operational experiences with the first generation of HTGRs are discussed in this article, where the original concepts in the proposals for hightemperature helium gas cooled power reactors by Farrington Daniels are summarized.

TL;DR: A survey of the evolution of the HTGR fuel element design in the USA, Federal Republic of Germany, UK, and Japan can be found in this paper, where the development of the kernel composition is discussed.

TL;DR: In this article, the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applied to solar-assisted heat-pump systems and several relations between first-and second-law efficiency parameters (such as the coefficient of performance, primary energy ratio, exergetic and collector efficiencies) are derived.

TL;DR: In this paper, the viability of heat pumps for the heating of swimming pools in South Africa is investigated and the life cycle cost of a heat-pump heating system is calculated and this cost is compared to the life-cycle cost of solar-heating system.

TL;DR: The High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR) is a test reactor in Japan with thermal output of 30MW and reactor outlet coolant temperature of 950 °C at a high temperature test operation.

TL;DR: In this article, the use of heat pumps for domestic hot-water heaters in South Africa is investigated and the total monthly residential energy consumptions with and without a heat pump are calculated.

TL;DR: In this paper, a new type of cool thermal storage, based on solid-liquid-vapor multiple phase-transformation operation, is introduced, where ice is made for cooling thermal storage at reduced pressure during off-peak power-consumption hours and melted to produce chilled water during on peak power consumption hours.

TL;DR: In this paper, a study on energy consumption and conservation in Sweden has been conducted and the purpose has been to deepen our understanding of energy behaviour in different groups of people by relating their behaviour to a general concept of life-styles.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a statistical analysis on the fuel-consumption characteristics of 115 automobiles, including vehicle weight, engine size, cumulative mileage, vehicle age, vehicle maintenance, make of vehicle, fuel brand, travel speed, trip length, travel time per trip, parking time, occupancy level, type of road, and traffic conditions.