Showing papers in "Evolution and Human Behavior in 2012"

TL;DR: The first direct tests in children of CGC's prediction of prestige bias, a tendency to learn from individuals to whom others have preferentially attended, learned or deferred, are reported.

TL;DR: The authors found that lower-pitched voices were associated with favorable personality traits more often than were higher-pitch voices and that people preferred to vote for politicians with lower pitch rather than higher pitch.

TL;DR: The theory of evolved sex differences in jealousy predicts the differences in responses to sexual infidelity and emotional infidelities as mentioned in this paper, but such differences are absent in studies that use continuous measures.

TL;DR: For example, this paper found that for men, but not for women, range and variance rise as subsistence intensifies, and for full-time agriculturalists in the first civilizations, ranges consistently ran to triple digits: emperors from Mesopotamia to Peru were the fathers of hundreds of children.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined associations between male facial attractiveness, masculinity, and skin color in African and Caucasian populations and found that more plastic health cues, such as skin color, are more important than developmental cues such as masculinity.

TL;DR: In this paper, the mean facial width-to-height ratio (WHR) was measured from frontal photographs of Turkish university students and measured the aggressiveness level of 212 individuals using the Buss and Perry aggressiveness questionnaire.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined associations between historical and contemporary pathogen prevalence and endorsement of the moral foundations via multilevel analyses and found that even when controlling for gross domestic product per capita, historical (but not contemporary) pathogen prevalences significantly predicted endorsement of binding foundations, but not individualizing foundations.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted an empirical test of whether facial disfigurement can trigger the same set of emotional and behavioral responses as a contagious disease (influenza) based on a disease avoidance account of stigmatization.

TL;DR: For example, this article found that individuals who reported higher levels of religious commitment behaved more generously in a public goods economic game and revealed more instances of provided and received cooperation within their religious community, suggesting that ritual as a costly signaling may effectively predict willingness to cooperate with other group members and that the signaler may accrue benefits in the form of received cooperation.

TL;DR: This article investigated whether the age and knowledge state of a model affected the fidelity of children's copying and found that children favored the use of a copy adults' bias over a copy task-knowledgeable individual bias, even though the latter could potentially have provided more reliable information.

TL;DR: In this article, the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) has been proposed as a novel sexually dimorphic morphologic measure, with men suggested to have a higher fWHR than women.

TL;DR: Ekman et al. as discussed by the authors found that facial actions related to enjoyment were predictive of cooperative decisions within dyads; additionally, facial action related to contempt was predictive of non-cooperative decisions in a Prisoner's Dilemma game.

TL;DR: This article found that children from two very different cultures exhibit prepared social learning about dangerous animals: city-dwelling children from Los Angeles, who face relatively little danger from animals, and Shuar children from the Amazon region of Ecuador, to whom dangerous animals pose a much greater threat.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that laughter allows a threefold increase in the number of bonds that can be "groomed" at the same time in nonhuman primates.

TL;DR: It is found that children were more prosocial than chimpanzees have previously been in similar tasks, and the results suggest that this was driven more by a desire to provide benefits to others than a preference for egalitarian outcomes.

TL;DR: This article investigated the association between facial attractiveness at young adulthood and reproductive life history (number of children and pregnancies) in women of a rural community and found attractive women to have more biological offspring than less attractive women.

TL;DR: A Bayesian model in which both individual and social learning arise from a single inferential process is presented, indicating that natural selection favors individuals who place heavy weight on social cues when the environment changes slowly or when its state cannot be well predicted using nonsocial cues.

TL;DR: The authors found that most knowledge related to honey collecting is acquired by the early 20s, and later social learning mainly functions to update information; the eldest cohort has the highest average explicit knowledge, although the most knowledgeable or skilled individuals do not always belong to the most elderly cohort; length of learning can be affected by age-dependent trade-offs of costs and benefits to learners; and children tend to learn from parents, but individuals use other demonstrators later in life.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the comforting sound of a familiar voice is responsible for the hormonal differences observed and, hence, that similar differences may be seen in other species using vocal cues to communicate.

TL;DR: This paper examined the interaction between fairness and favoritism by presenting children with two distributors who share resources with the child participant and another recipient, and found that placing children in a competitive context leads to a stronger preference for the distributor who favored the child participants.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the relationship between the timing and frequency of women's orgasms and putative markers of the genetic quality of their mates, including measures of attractiveness, facial symmetry, dominance, and masculinity.

TL;DR: This paper found that wider-faced males are less likely to die from male-male physical violence, perhaps because of their formidability, while women with wider faces are more aggressive and robust.

TL;DR: The authors investigated the consequences of extremely high-stakes emotional deception on the engagement of particular facial muscles, posited by Darwin [Darwin, C. (1872/2005). The expression of the emotions in man and animals.

TL;DR: It is proposed that intuitions about modern mass-level criminal justice emerge from evolved mechanisms designed to operate in ancestral small-scale societies, and that the human mind contains dedicated psychological mechanisms for restoring social relationships following acts of exploitation.

TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between lifetime reproductive success and income in economically developed societies and found a negative association between LRS and income for women, while for men, they find a flat or slightly positive one.

TL;DR: The authors found that religious commitment was associated with a tendency to forgo immediate rewards in order to gain larger, future rewards, and that this relationship was partially mediated by future time orientation, which is a subjective sense that the future is very close in time and is approaching rapidly.

TL;DR: This paper found that the rule-based structure of moral cognition is not explained by kin selection, reciprocity, or other altruism theories, and that participants were more likely to observe the Kantian rule against killing in decisions about brothers and friends, rather than strangers.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify observable cues that afford information about which women are sexually exploitable and test the hypothesis that men find cues to sexual exploitability sexually attractive, an adaptation that functions to motivate pursuit of accessible women.

TL;DR: The authors found that the summed sexual aversion felt toward all opposite-sex peers predicts levels of moral wrongness associated with third-party peer sex, but not other behaviors, including sibling incest.

TL;DR: For each of the four race and age groups, estimates of aggression were positively correlated with facial width-to-height ratio irrespective of rating own-or other-race faces, and the correlations were stronger for adults than for children.