Showing papers in "Experimental Biology and Medicine in 1954"
TL;DR: The presumption that this group of agents isolated in cultures of human or simian renal cells is composed of representatives of the viral species responsible for measles is supported.
Abstract: Conclusion and SummaryThe findings just summarized support the presumption that this group of agents is composed of representatives of the viral species responsible for measles.Eight agents exhibiting the properties of viruses have been isolated in cultures of human or simian renal cells from the blood or throat washings of five cases of typical measles. Multiplication of the agents in vitro is accompanied by characteristic changes in the cells. Primarily these changes consist in the formation of syncytial giant cells wherein the chromatin assumes a marginal position and is replaced centrally by an acidophilic substance of unknown nature. The cytopathogenic effect of at least one of the agents is inhibited by convalescent phase measles sera from other patients with measles. Antigen appears during cultivation in vitro of the measles agents that reacts specifically in complement fixation tests with convalescent phase measles sera.
587 citations
TL;DR: Immunologic evidence was obtained to support the thesis that the etiologic agents of varicella and herpes zoster have been isolated and propagated in vitro.
Abstract: SummaryTissue culture preparations infected with agents originally derived from the eruptive lesions of cases of varicella and herpes zoster, as well as control preparations infected with the virus of herpes simplex, were studied by a modification of the fluorescent antibody technic. Employing the infected preparations as antigen, fixation of antibody from human sera derived from cases of varicella, herpes zoster or herpes simplex was detected by the use of a fluorescent antihuman gamma globulin conjugate. Antibody reacting with the varicella and herpes zoster antigens to an almost identical degree appeared during convalescence in serum specimens derived either from cases of varicella or from cases of herpes zoster. Antibody reacting with herpes simplex virus was demonstrated uniformly only in a group of sera derived from cases of recurrent herpes simplex. Immunologic evidence was thus obtained to support the thesis that the etiologic agents of varicella and herpes zoster have been isolated and propagated...
568 citations
TL;DR: A microbial agent, presumably a virus, was recovered from throat washings from a patient with primary atypical pneumonia in an epidemic of acute respiratory illness which occurred at Fort Leonard Wood during the winter of 1952-1953.
Abstract: SummaryA microbial agent, presumably a virus, was recovered from throat washings from a patient with primary atypical pneumonia in an epidemic of acute respiratory illness which occurred at Fort Leonard Wood during the winter of 1952-1953. This agent multiplies in human cell tissue cultures producing obvious cytopathogenic changes but not in common laboratory hosts. The patient whose throat washings yielded the virus de veloped specific neutralizing and complement-fixing antibodies for the agent. Other patients in the epidemic with primary atypical pneumonia (PAP) or undifferentiated acute respiratory disease (ARD) also developed antibodies for the agent but those cases with proved influenza A′ did not. A portion of the population maintains an antibody level against the new agent suggesting a rather general experience with it.
462 citations
TL;DR: An adaptation of the method of Dulbecco for preparation of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cell suspensions has been described and procedures employed yield quantitatively standardized cell suspensions which can be used in the preparation of large numbers of replicate cultures.
Abstract: SummaryAn adaptation of the method of Dulbecco for preparation of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cell suspensions has been described Procedures employed yield quantitatively standardized cell suspensions which can be used in the preparation of large numbers of replicate cultures
369 citations
TL;DR: Preliminary treatment by mouth with a large dose (50 mg) of streptomycin increased the susceptibility of mice to infection following oral inoculation with a strePTomycin-resistant strain of Salmonella enteritidis, believed to be a disturbance of the normal intestinal microflora caused by the antibacterial action of the drug.
Abstract: Summary1. Preliminary treatment by mouth with a large dose (50 mg) of streptomycin increased the susceptibility of mice to infection following oral inoculation with a streptomycin-resistant strain of Salmonella enteritidis. In mice treated with streptomycin 24 hours before inoculation, <3 Salmonella sufficed to initiate infection in 50% as compared with approximately 105 in untreated controls. 2. This effect of streptomycin decreased as the interval between treatment and inoculation was lengthened but was still detectable on the 5 th day. Smaller doses of streptomycin (5-10 mg) resulted in smaller increases in susceptibility. 1 mg was ineffective. 3. Representative numbers of mice killed for culture showed the spleen to be infected in 90% and heart's blood in 72% of those with positive fecal cultures at the time of autopsy. 4. It is believed that this increase in susceptibility following streptomycin treatment resulted from a disturbance of the normal intestinal microflora caused by the antibacterial acti...
281 citations
TL;DR: Epithelial-like cells from normal human conjunctiva, liver, kidney and appendix have been serially cultivated for 30, 26, 22, and 16 passages, respectively.
Abstract: SummaryEpithelial-like cells from normal human conjunctiva, liver, kidney and appendix have been serially cultivated for 30, 26, 22, and 16 passages, respectively.
271 citations
TL;DR: Six subjects with obesity of exogenous origin showed significant reductions in serum concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol and of phospholipids when plant fats were substituted isocalorically for animal fats during a 4-month metabolic ward study.
Abstract: SummarySix subjects with obesity of exogenous origin showed significant reductions in serum concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol and of phospholipids when plant fats were substituted isocalorically for animal fats during a 4-month metabolic ward study. The approximate magnitude of the change was 20% decrease. Neutral fat levels showed no significant change. Body weights and caloric intakes were held constant throughout the experiment.
205 citations
TL;DR: The drug hastens the onset of maximal tonic extensor seizures in mice receiving intravenous Metrazol or caffeine and lowers the convulsive seizure threshold of mice to electrical stimuli and antagonizes the anticonvulsant action of Dilantin.
Abstract: Summary1. Data are presented to show a facilitation action of reserpine on the central nervous system. The drug hastens the onset of maximal tonic extensor seizures in mice receiving intravenous Metrazol or caffeine (but not strychnine). It lowers the convulsive seizure threshold of mice to electrical stimuli and antagonizes the anticonvulsant action of Dilantin. 2. Some possible mechanisms of action and certain clinical implications of this property of reserpine are suggested.
177 citations
TL;DR: The motility of the clumped spermatozoa is impaired with consequent loss of the ability to penetrate cervical mucus, and the clumps can be completely dispersed by mechanical agitation after which the spermutozoa reagglutinate although not quite to the original extent.
Abstract: 2 men whose spermatozoa agglutinated in their ejaculate were found in an investigation of 100 sterile couples. Antibodies were found in their seminal plasma and blood serum. Agglutination of the spermatozoa of normal subjects was also produced by the seminal plasma and by blood serum of these 2 men. Agglutinations occurred only in the presence of motile spermatozoa and after liquefaction of the semen began. Within a short time agglutinated spermatozoa became sluggish and finally lost their motility. Low temperatures retarded clumping by reducing sperm motility. Temperatures above 37 degrees C halted motility of spermatozoa and prevented agglutination. Postcoital examination of cervical mucus during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle showed only a few spermatozoa with little or no motility. Clumping took place in dilutions of blood serum up to 1:80 in 1 patient and up to 1:20 in the other. Inactivating the complement in serum or plasma did not affect agglutination. Agglutinins in blood serum were removed by absorption. As controls seminal plasma and serum of 8 fertile men and serum of 8 pregnant women failed to cause any agglutination of sperm. The blood group of 1 patient was Ab Rho(D) positive and of his wife B Rho(D) positive. The patients wife had not been pregnant during 10 years of marriage but became pregnant following artificial insemination with a donors semen. The blood group of the other man was B Rho(D) negative and anti-Rho(D) negative. His wifes blood group was O Rho(D) positive. She had never been pregnant in 3 years of marriage.
175 citations
TL;DR: The proposed method for determination of iron-free siderophilin, or unsaturated iron-binding capacity of serum (UIBC), involves addition to serum of iron in excess of that capable of being bound, followed by direct analysis of serum sample with terpyridine as the chromogenic agent without acidification or the removal of constituent proteins.
Abstract: Summary1. New, rapid, and reliable methods for determination of siderophilin-bound iron and of iron-free siderophilin in small amounts of sera or plasma have been devised. 2. Bound serum iron is determined by adjustment of serum sample with concentrated phosphate buffer to a pH value at which constituent proteins remain in solution but siderophilin-bound iron is wholly dissociated and available to combine with a suitable chromo-genic agent, (terpyridine). Ascorbic acid is used as the iron reductant. Iron-terpyridine complex in treated serum is measured by light absorption of a test solution at 552 mμ against a treated serum control minus terpyridine. A standard iron-terpyridine curve permits ready estimation of amount of iron in original serum sample. 3. The proposed method for determination of iron-free siderophilin, or unsaturated iron-binding capacity of serum (UIBC), involves addition to serum of iron in excess of that capable of being bound, followed by direct analysis of serum sample with terpyridin...
156 citations
TL;DR: The administration of Cu+ 64 by mouth to normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis of the liver resulted in an immediate uptake of copper by the albumin fraction of serum as indicated by experiments employing zone electrophoresis for the separation of the serum.
Abstract: Summary 1. The administration of Cu64 by mouth to the rat resulted in an immediate uptake of the copper by the albumin fraction of serum as indicated by experiments employing zone electrophoresis for the separation of the serum. Later the copper shifted to the major copper protein in rat serum, which has the approximate mobility of an α1 globulin. 2. The administration of Cu+ 64 by mouth to normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis of the liver also resulted in an immediate uptake of copper by the serum albumin fraction. The radioactivity shifted within a few hours to the α2 globulin, ceruloplasmin, the major copper protein in human serum. 3. When radioactive copper was administered to patients with Wilson's disease, the radioactivity was confined to the albumin peak and little or no localization of the copper to the a2 globulin fraction occurred.
TL;DR: Preliminary results suggest that the addition of pyridoxine to the high dose of INH prevents neuritis, which otherwise occurs in 40% of the cases.
Abstract: Summary and ConclusionsThe excretion of an excess of vit. B6 has been demonstrated in patients receiving isoniazid, with the irregular appearance of abnormal amounts of xanthurenic acid following a test dose of tryptophane. The effect is more marked in those getting a higher dose of INH. Such laboratory evidence of B6 abnormality provides a cause of peripheral neuritis. Preliminary results suggest that the addition of pyridoxine to the high dose of INH prevents neuritis, which otherwise occurs in 40% of the cases.
TL;DR: Rectal swabs from 1566 healthy American children who had no contact with clinically recognized cases of poliomyelitis were tested in monkey kidney tissue cultures, and a hitherto unidentified group of enteric viruses was found to be antigenically unrelated to the so-called “orphan viruses” recovered in tissue culture by Melnick and by Steigman et al.
Abstract: SummaryRectal swabs from 1566 healthy American children who had no contact with clinically recognized cases of poliomyelitis were tested in monkey kidney tissue cultures. Among the 31 cytopathogenic agents which were recovered, 5 were poliomyelitis virus (three Type 2 and two Type 3), one was a group B Coxsackievirus, and 25 belonged to a hitherto unidentified group of enteric viruses. This new group of human enteric or HE viruses is antigenically unrelated to the so-called “orphan viruses” recovered in tissue culture by Melnick and by Steigman et al., from the stools of patients with suspected nonparalytic poliomyelitis. 22 of (these 25 new viruses belong to 3 distinct serologic types (8 were Type 1, 11 Type 2 and 3 Type 3). The HE 1, HE 3 and the 3 unclassified strains were neutralized by human gamma globulin while the HE 2 virus was not. The HE 1 and HE 2 strains produced neither paralysis nor any significant lesions after intraspinal injection in cynomolgus monkeys. The 5 poliomyelitis viruses were al...
TL;DR: The results indicate that the supraopticohypophyseal tract may play a role in the regulation of ACTH secretion by release of antidiuretic hormone into the hypophyteal portal vessels.
Abstract: Conclusions1. Hypothalamic lesions which block ACTH secretion, as judged by adrenal ascorbic acid depletion, adrenal weight, or blood ACTH concentration, uniformly destroy a significant fraction of the supraopticohypophyseal tract as evidenced by their location and the presence of diabetes insipidus. 2. ACTH secretion appears to be produced in these rats by large doses of pitressin. 3. Control of diabetes insipidus by small doses of pitressin, or the injection of epinephrine, histamine or pitocin does not produce significant ACTH secretion in such rats. 4. The results indicate that the supraopticohypophyseal tract may play a role in the regulation of ACTH secretion by release of antidiuretic hormone into the hypophyseal portal vessels.
TL;DR: Significant increase in the virus in 3 serial passages in tissue culture is demonstrated, as well as the infective titers of supernatant fluids withdrawn from cultures at intervals have been determined by titrations in mice.
Abstract: Summary and ConclusionsCytologic changes including large intranuclear inclusions were produced in cultures of mouse tissue inoculated with salivary gland material from mice infected with the salivary gland virus. They also occurred in 2 serial subcultures. The large intranuclear inclusions resembled those occurring in cells of the mouse salivary gland. Further evidence that the mouse salivary gland virus has been propagated in serial passages in cultures derived from mouse embryonic tissue is as follows. After 3 serial passages of the infective agent in the cultures the salivary gland virus disease, as characterized by specific intranuclear inclusions, has been reproduced in the salivary glands of mice by intraperitoneal inoculation of the supernatant fluids from the cultures. Also the infective titers of supernatant fluids withdrawn from cultures at intervals have been determined by titrations in mice. The results of the titrations, together with the calculated dilutions of the original inocula effected ...
TL;DR: Fertility of mice treated when 20 days old, however, was not decreased whereas mice treated at 10 days of age assumed an intermediate position, similar to other studies on mice treated with testosterone propionate.
Abstract: SummaryMice 5, 10 and 20 days of age were given a single 1 mg injection of testosterone propionate. Fertility was tested when these mice were 3 months old and compared with littermate controls. No litters were obtained with mice treated at 5 days of age despite 100 days in breeding. Fertility of mice treated when 20 days old, however, was not decreased whereas mice treated at 10 days of age assumed an intermediate position.
TL;DR: In 2 healthy men, restriction of sodium intake to 11 mEq./day was followed by increased aldosterone output, which mirrored the reduction of urine sodium, and significant changes were observed in renal clearance of inulin and endogenous creatinine and in the output of 17-hydroxy-corticoids and 17-ketosteroids.
Abstract: SummaryIn 2 healthy men, restriction of sodium intake to 11 mEq./day was followed by increased aldosterone output, which mirrored the reduction of urine sodium. Insignificant changes were observed in renal clearance of inulin and endogenous creatinine and in the output of 17-hydroxy-corticoids and 17-ketosteroids.
TL;DR: The adrenal vein blood of untreated rabbits contains corticosterone as the predominant steroid component and a single dose of ACTH did not alter significantly the nature or amount of steroid output of the adrenal gland.
Abstract: SummaryThe adrenal vein blood of untreated rabbits contains corticosterone as the predominant steroid component. A single dose of ACTH did not alter significantly the nature or amount of steroid output of the adrenal gland. When ACTH of porcine origin was given for one week, hydrocortisone as well as corticosterone was found in the adrenal vein blood in a ratio of 1:2. The administration of ACTH for 21-28 days led to the predominance of hydrocortisone in the adrenal secretion, and the ratio of hydrocortisone to corticosterone was 4:1.
TL;DR: Intravenous administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, 2-acetylamino-1,3, 4-thiadiazole-5-sulfonamide sodium (Diamox), to anesthetized cats and rabbits caused a sustained 3- to 15-fold decrease in rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation resulting in a marked reduction in intracranial pressure.
Abstract: SummaryIntravenous administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, 2-acetylamino-1,3, 4-thiadiazole-5-sulfonamide sodium (Diamox), to anesthetized cats and rabbits caused a sustained 3- to 15-fold decrease in rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation resulting in a marked reduction in intracranial pressure. This phenomenon cannot be ascribed to changes in plasma CO2 concentration since prolonged alterations in alveolar CO2 had no effect on the steady state rate of CSF production either before or after Diamox. It is hypothesized that normally the carbonic anhydrase of the central nervous system (CNS) accelerates the formation within the blood-brain barrier of H+ and HCO3- from CNS CO2. These ions are exchanged for plasma anions and cations, largely Na+ and Cl-, which thus enter the interstitial fluid of the CNS. By virtue of the relative impermeability of the blood-brain barrier to electrolytes, water enters from the plasma to maintain osmotic equilibrium. This mechanism is considered to exist not only in th...
TL;DR: The concentrations of hexosamine and water in connective tissue decrease with growth in the rat and were not detectable following systemic stress (fracture).
Abstract: Summary1. The concentrations of hexosamine and water in connective tissue decrease with growth in the rat. There is a high degree of correlation between the concentrations of water and hexosamine in normal connective tissue. 2. Most traumatic agents (physical and chemical) effect a local non-specific increase in hexosamine and water concentrations. The degree of change of each of these constituents varies with the agent administered. Fasting does not influence this increase in hexosamine in response to local trauma, or the hexosamine concentration in untraumatized connective tissue. 3. Changes in the concentration of connective tissue hexosamine were not detectable following systemic stress (fracture).
TL;DR: The 24 hour excretion of any individual was remarkably constant over a three week period, and the daily ingestion of 4 or more g of ascorbic acid increased urinaryexcretion of oxalic acid; whereas the daily ingesting of less than 4 g ofAscorBic acid produced no significant increase in oxalate excretion.
Abstract: SummaryAn investigation was conducted to determine the urinary oxalate excretion of normal males on their regular diet, and to determine to what extent extra-dietary ascorbic acid would increase this excretion. The mean 24 hour urinary oxalic acid excretion of 51 healthy adult males on their regular diets was 38.3 ± 1.7 mg. The 24 hour excretion of any individual was remarkably constant over a three week period. The daily ingestion of 4 or more g of ascorbic acid increased urinary excretion of oxalic acid; whereas the daily ingestion of less than 4 g of ascorbic acid produced no significant increase in oxalate excretion.
TL;DR: Bilirubin added to the ambient fluid in concentrations above 20 to 25 mg % depresses the respiration of chopped rat brain by approximately 25% but this inhibition can be counteracted by oxidation of the bilirubsin and by the action of methylene blue on the bilIRubin.
Abstract: Summary and ConclusionsBilirubin added to the ambient fluid in concentrations above 20 to 25 mg % depresses the respiration of chopped rat brain by approximately 25%. This inhibition can be counteracted by oxidation of the bilirubin and by the action of methylene blue on the bilirubin. Cytochrome C also reverses the inhibition. The mechanisms of these reversals appear to be different.
TL;DR: Reserpine (Serpasil) antagonized the analgetic effect of morphine in mice whereas chloropromazine prolonged it.
Abstract: Summary Reserpine (Serpasil) antagonized the analgetic effect of morphine in mice whereas chloropromazine prolonged it.
TL;DR: Alternative excretion in the urine as creatine, or in the feces as creatinine is excluded by the data presented, and other possible mechanisms are suggested, but have not been studied.
Abstract: Summary and Conclusions1. The urinary excretion of creatinine decreases as the filtration rate falls and the serum creatinine rises in chronic renal failure. This is especially apparent when the serum creatinine exceeds 6 mg/100 ml. 2. This decrease is due to either a reduced rate of creatinine production or an alternate excretory pathway. The muscle mass is not significantly decreased, and therefore should not account entirely for decreased production. Alternative excretion in the urine as creatine, or in the feces as creatinine is excluded by the data presented. Other possible mechanisms are suggested, but have not been studied.
TL;DR: The reactive hypertrophy of brown fat in cortisone-treated hamsters diminishes with increasing age, apparently caused in part by the increasing numbers of unresponsive white fat cells within the borders of brownfat masses.
Abstract: Summary1. Beyond an early age (about 3 weeks), the proportion of brown fat within the hamster maintains a relative constancy. In contrast, the ratio of white fat to body weight increases precipitously with age until full maturity of the hamster. 2. Cortisone treatment results in a prompt hypertrophy of brown fat in hamsters and mice, reflected microscopically by measurable expansion of cell diameter. White fat is possibly somewhat reduced in weight. 3. The reactive hypertrophy of brown fat in cortisone-treated hamsters diminishes with increasing age, apparently caused in part by the increasing numbers of unresponsive white fat cells within the borders of brown fat masses.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the concentration and amount of hexosamine in orbital connective tissue in the rat is determined by a balance between the production of hormones of thyroid and anterior pituitary (growth hormone).
Abstract: Summary1. A decrease in the concentration of hexosamine in orbital connective tissue is observed with increasing age in normal rats but is abolished following thyroidectomy. It can be reversed, however, by the administration of thyroxin. The concentration of connective tissue hexosamine in hypophysectomized rats is similar to controls of the same age and is unaffected by either small or large doses of thyroxin. Growth hormone, on the other hand, produces an increase in the amounts of connective tissue and hexosamine with no change in the concentration of hexosamine. 2. It is suggested that the concentration and amount of hexosamine in orbital connective tissue in the rat is determined by a balance between the production of hormones of thyroid and anterior pituitary (growth hormone). 3. The response of rat orbital connective tissue to thyroidectomy or to the administration of pituitary extract appears to be less sensitive than that in the guinea pig.
TL;DR: Passive transfer of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to 274-dinitro-chlorobenzene in guinea pigs has been accomplished with extracts of peritoneal exudative leucocytes disrupted by sonic vibration.
Abstract: SummaryPassive transfer of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to 274-dinitro-chlorobenzene in guinea pigs has been accomplished with extracts of peritoneal exudative leucocytes disrupted by sonic vibration. Crude extracts of cells treated and subsequently centrifuged were effective as transfer media. Sedimented material was essentially ineffective.
TL;DR: Following peripheral inoculation, poliomyelitis virus (Type I) proliferates in the brown fat of cortisone-treated monkeys during the preparalytic and paralytic stages of the disease.
Abstract: SummaryFollowing peripheral inoculation, poliomyelitis virus (Type I) proliferates in the brown fat of cortisone-treated monkeys during the preparalytic and paralytic stages of the disease. On subsequent peripheral passage of infected brown fat, the virus can be detected in the brown fat in the absence of cortisone treatment. Characteristic brown fat lesions are incidental to viral proliferation.
TL;DR: Synthetic chondroitin sulfate-collagen complexes have been found to exhibit behavior similar to that of rachitic bone cartilage with regard to metachromasia and calcifiability.
Abstract: Summary1. Toluidine blue and protamine, like inorganic cations, produce a reversible inactivation of the mechanism of calcification. This inactivation is a function of the inhibitor to calcium ratio. 2. Up to a concentration of about 15 meq/L, calcium ion in the dye solution increases the intensity of metachromatic staining. Above this concentration there is a gradual decrease of metachromasia. 3. Under certain conditions, the calcifiability of bone sections parallels metachromasia. But it is possible, by raising the calcium ion concentration, to destroy metachromasia while increasing calcifiability, or by treatment with certain protein denaturants, to destroy calcifiability while enhancing metachromasia. 4. Synthetic chondroitin sulfate-collagen complexes have been found to exhibit behavior similar to that of rachitic bone cartilage with regard to metachromasia and calcifiability.
TL;DR: Chromatographically pure I131 labelled 1-thyroxin was added to surviving kidney slices which were incubated in a modified Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution and the triiodothyronine was found to be radioactive.
Abstract: Summary and Conclusions1. Chromatographically pure I131 labelled 1-thyroxin was added to surviving kidney slices which were incubated in a modified Krebs-Ringer phosphate solution. 2. Following incubation, the slices were homogenized, extracted with butanol and the thyroxin and triiodothyronine separated and identified by paper chromatography. 3. The triiodothyronine was found to be radioactive. This was taken as evidence of deiodination of thyroxin to triiodothyronine. 4. Conversion of thyroxin to triiodothyronine was reduced by excess iodide and abolished by boiling the tissue or by the addition of potassium cyanide to the media.