Showing papers in "IEEE Electrification Magazine in 2013"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have reviewed the state of the art of IPT systems and explored the suitability of the technology to wirelessly charge battery powered vehicles, and showed that the IPT technology has merits for stationary charging, opportunity charging, and dynamic charging when the vehicle is moving along a dedicated lane equipped with an IPT system.
Abstract: In this article, we have reviewed the state of the art of IPT systems and have explored the suitability of the technology to wirelessly charge battery powered vehicles. the review shows that the IPT technology has merits for stationary charging (when the vehicle is parked), opportunity charging (when the vehicle is stopped for a short period of time, for example, at a bus stop), and dynamic charging (when the vehicle is moving along a dedicated lane equipped with an IPT system). Dynamic wireless charging holds promise to partially or completely eliminate the overnight charging through a compact network of dynamic chargers installed on the roads that would keep the vehicle batteries charged at all times, consequently reducing the range anxiety and increasing the reliability of EVs. Dynamic charging can help lower the price of EVs by reducing the size of the battery pack. Indeed, if the recharging energy is readily available, the batteries do not have to support the whole driving range but only supply power when the IPT system is not available. Depending on the power capability, the use of dynamic charging may increase driving range and reduce the size of the battery pack.
318 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss microgrid objectives and present options for microgrid operations and their monitoring and control in the context of a functional system at the illinois institute of technology (iit) in Chicago.
Abstract: in this article, we discuss microgrid objectives and present options for microgrid operations and their monitoring and control in the context of a functional system at the illinois institute of technology (iit) in Chicago. the microgrid represents a multitier hierarchical control of self-sustaining energy infrastructure with islanding and resynchronization, self-healing, and demand response capabilities. the intelligent high-reliability distribution system (HRDS) at iit is equipped with phasor measurement units (PMUs) for real-time monitoring, nondispatchable renewable energy production, as well as conventional and dispatchable energy resources.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the present art of lowvoltage dc power distribution system protection using solid-state protective devices (SSPDs), which include reduced fault-current level, greatly reduced current interruption time, limitation of arc-flash energy, improved acoustic performance and reduced maintenance.
Abstract: This article presents an overview of the present art of low-voltage (LV) dc power distribution system protection using solid-state protective devices (SSPDs). It describes how IGBTand IGCT-based SSPDs are constructed and how the important feature of galvanic isolation can be included in them. The article outlines the advantages of SSPDs, which include reduced fault-current level, greatly reduced current interruption time, limitation of arc-flash energy, improved acoustic performance, and reduced maintenance. It also demonstrates protective coordination using three of these solid-state circuit breakers and discusses new paradigms to consider. Test results are presented validating the use of restraint signals to aid in proper protective coordination in a generic three-level power distribution system. The article also shows test results for two paralleled SSPD building blocks used to make higher-current-rated solid-state circuit breakers, showing very good dynamic current sharing.
91 citations
TL;DR: The Microgrid Exchange Group as discussed by the authors defines a microgrid as a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid.
Abstract: A Microgrid is a cluster of distributed generation (DG), renewable sources, and local loads connected to the utility grid. A microgrid provides a solution to manage local generations and loads as a single grid-level entity. It has the potential to maximize overall system efficiency, power quality, and energy surety for critical loads. The Microgrid Exchange Group, an ad hoc group of expert and implementers of microgrid technology, has defined a microgrid as a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources within clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island mode.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a dc power distribution system for ships, where a dc grid has significant benefits, yet significant challenges must also be overcome before these systems can be widely adopted.
Abstract: In the last decade, the increased performance, improving efficiency, and decreasing cost of electronic power converters have spurred the rediscovery and proliferation of dc power distribution systems. These are increasingly of interest for ships, where a dc grid has significant benefits, yet significant challenges must also be overcome before these systems can be widely adopted.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to use high-temperature superconducting (HTS) components combined with cryogenic power converters to achieve high power density, high efficiency, and superior performance.
Abstract: In transportation applications, lower weight and volume of the power conversion systems is very important to achieve high power density, high efficiency, and superior performance. The thermal management of these power conversion units plays a significant role in reducing the weight and volume. The use of superconductive motors/generators, degaussing coils, energy storage modules, and cables has been considered to increase power density and efficiency. High-temperature superconducting (HTS) components combined with cryogenic power converters will provide significant benefits in the electrification of transportation and high power density power conversion systems. Cryogenic power converter modules offer other promising benefits over their room temperature counterparts in terms of reduced size and weight (i.e., increased power density) and improved efficiency, switching speed, and reliability. Such an integration could result in significant weight and space savings for next-generation mass transportation systems. In this article, the current research on cryogenic power electronics and superconducting motors/generators is discussed for future aircraft and ships.
52 citations
TL;DR: The U.S. transportation sector consumes approximately 14 million barrels of petroleum every day, which is more than the total oil consumption of any other nation in the world as discussed by the authors, and the most prominent sustainable solution to profoundly reduce both oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions lies in grid-enabled electric vehicles (EVs).
Abstract: The U.S. transportation sector consumes approximately 14 million barrels of petroleum every day, which is more than the total oil consumption of any other nation in the world. The most prominent sustainable solution to profoundly reduce both oil consumption and greenhouse gas emissions lies in grid-enabled electric vehicles (EVs) These vehicles are propelled either partially or fully by electricity through energy storage systems such as electrochemical batteries, which need to be charged from the grid.
31 citations
TL;DR: The concept of electric vehicles (EVs) is the best old "new" idea that has been around for the last century as mentioned in this paper, and the winning combination of making the EVs indispensable to the average North American consumer can be found in accessible charging infrastructures, reliable long-life batteries and increased mileage.
Abstract: The concept of electrified vehicles (EVs) is the best old "new" idea that has been around for the last century. Designs have changed to make EVs popular, but until now, no design has captured the public's imagination or gained market traction. This is because consumers need more than facts about EVs; they need to be wooed into making a bigger commitment to the EV. The winning combination of making the EVs indispensable to the average North American consumer can be found in accessible charging infrastructures, reliable long-life batteries, and increased mileage. Vehicle manufacturers want a better-quality Ev to offer consumers to increase market penetration. Engineers and policy makers, to make this relationship a reality, need to appeal to more than just consumers' minds and go beyond testing and performance statistics and test results.
29 citations
TL;DR: According to the results of Japanese government research, electric railways convey more than 90% of the total person trips of the whole railway system, which carries about 30% of all the person trips in Japan as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Fortunately, Japan's big cities have embraced electrified railways as a major method of transportation since the early 20th century. According to the results of Japanese government research, electric railways convey more than 90% of the total person trips of the whole railway system, which carries about 30% of all the person trips in Japan (with the remainder carried 54% by car, 7% by bus, and 7% by air). Thus, we can consider the electric railway to be one of the backbone technologies of Japanese life.
26 citations
TL;DR: A Marine Corps forward operating base (FOB) is a self-contained remote temporary military base designed to support combat operations in an austere environment, often without pre-existing infrastructure as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A Marine Corps forward operating base is a self-contained remote temporary military base designed to support combat operations in an austere environment, often without pre-existing infrastructure. Similar in function to a permanent military base, this temporary base contains planning spaces, billeting tents, and a variety of equipment that all require electricity. As there is no utility grid, the primary source of a temporary base's electrical power is provided on site by diesel generators.
19 citations
TL;DR: Since 2002, the rail transport industry in Spain has increased its consumption of electricity by 6% annually as discussed by the authors, and one of the arguments used to defend the increased consumption is that rail is the transport type that consumes the least energy per passenger, it does require an enormous input of energy, which demands continuous improvement, above all with regard to safety and energy saving.
Abstract: Since 2002, the rail transport industry in Spain has increased its consumption of electricity by 6% annually. Although one of the arguments used to defend the increased consumption is that rail is the transport type that consumes the least energy per passenger, it does require an enormous input of energy, which demands continuous improvement, above all with regard to safety and energy saving.
TL;DR: The efficiency of electric vehicles is limited by the efficiency of the power electronic motor drive as mentioned in this paper, which is inversely related to the switching frequency of the electric vehicle's passive components.
Abstract: The efficiency of any electric vehicle (EV) is limited by the efficiency of its power electronic motor drive. Currently, EVs use conventional silicon (Si) insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) or Si metal?oxide?semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) technologies. Si technology prevents traction motor drives from exceeding the low switching frequencies (tens of kilohertz) due to excessive switching losses. This is important as the size of passive components (and thus cost) is inversely related to the switching frequency.
TL;DR: The average internal combustion engine (ICE)-propelled automobile is roughly 10-20% efficient on average at converting the energy in gasoline into forward motion as mentioned in this paper, but the remainder of the energy is dissipated into heat or ejected and not fully burned.
Abstract: The average internal combustion engine (ICE)-propelled automobile is roughly 10-20% efficient on average at converting the energy in gasoline into forward motion. The remainder of the energy is dissipated into heat or ejected and not fully burned. This means that 80-90% of the fuel is wasted. If you consider an analogy where a person filling the gas tank pumped 1-2 gal into the tank, then pumped 8-9 gal onto the ground, you begin to understand just how much fuel your automobile can waste. This may startle those who might think of their vehicle as clean burning and energy efficient; but, as we will see, the numbers actually get much worse.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight the strong dependence of the mechanical design on the railway electrification and highlight the high sensitivity of the quality of service to the mechanical performance of the OCL.
Abstract: Electrification of railway systems becomes a very tricky topic when designing overhead contact lines (OCLs). This article highlights the strong dependence of the mechanical design on the railway electrification. Indeed, only the high sensitivity of the quality of service to the mechanical performance of the OCL can explain the complex designs of the existing railway lines. The interoperability framework of the European Union together with the standards that tackle gauges and clearance calculations are briefly introduced, both for the static and dynamic analyses of the pantograph and catenary.
TL;DR: The inaugural issue of IEEE Electrification Magazine as discussed by the authors was published in 2003. And it reported on its major contribution and challenges for the future, as well as its major contributions and challenges.
Abstract: DIscusses the inaugural issue of IEEE Electrification Magazine and rreports on its major contribution and challenges for the future.