Showing papers in "International Journal of Neuroscience in 2019"
TL;DR: Add-on THC:CBD oromucosal spray provided better and clinically relevant improvement of resistant MS spasticity compared with adjusting first-line antispasticity medication alone.
Abstract: Purpose/aim: To evaluate the efficacy of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC):cannabidiol (CBD) oromucosal spray (Sativex®) as add-on therapy to optimised standard antispasticity treatment in patients with m...
96 citations
TL;DR: Some of the preclinical and clinical studies aimed at disclosing the role of BDNF and NGF mediated pathophysiological mechanisms of depression and the new therapeutic approaches targeting those key molecules are reviewed.
Abstract: Purpose: Depression is one of the most prevalent, recurrent and life-threatening mental illnesses. However, the precise mechanism underlying the disorder is not yet clearly understood. It is theref...
82 citations
TL;DR: This article explores current advancements in adult hippocampal neurogenesis by presenting its history and evolution and studying its association with neural plasticity and describes the intracellular, extracellular, pathological, and environmental factors involved in its regulation.
Abstract: Background: The hippocampus is one of the sites in the mammalian brain that is capable of continuously generating controversy. Adult neurogenesis is a remarkable process, and yet an intensely debat...
77 citations
TL;DR: Current progress is discussed in the understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and management strategies of the disease.
Abstract: Context: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second common progressive neurodegenerative disease, distressing older men and is prevalent Worldwide.Objectives: This article is aimed to review the epidem...
52 citations
TL;DR: Pretreatment of Naringenin (NGN) significantly reversed the toxic effects of MPTP by reducing LPO levels and increasing the activities of glutathione reductase and catalase along with improved behavioural performance, suggesting that NGN may act as a potential target in the management of PD.
Abstract: Background Parkinson's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and depletion of dopamine in striatum due to excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and many other factors may contribute to MPTP- and PD-related neurodegeneration. The present study deals with the neuroprotective effect of Naringenin (NGN), a bioflavonoid against MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease in the mouse model. Methods Healthy male C57BL/6J mice (18-22 g b wt) were pretreated with NGN [25, 50, 100 mg/kg/b.wt, p.o] once daily for 5 days. Thereafter, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (80 mg/kg b.wt, i.p) was given in two divided doses (2 × 40 mg/kg at 16 h interval). The animals were observed for motor functions 48 h after the first MPTP injection. After completion of behaviour tasks, all animals were euthanized to dissect out the brain and used for biochemical, molecular and histopathological investigations. Results Pretreatment of NGN significantly reversed the toxic effects of MPTP by reducing LPO levels and increasing the activities of glutathione reductase and catalase along with improved behavioural performance. Interestingly, pre-treatment with NGN down-regulated iNOS expression level in MPTP intoxicated mice brain. In addition, the histopathological evaluation revealed that NGN decreased the nuclear pigmentation and cytoplasmic vacuolation in the substantia nigra and striatal regions when compared to MPTP-intoxicated mice brain. Discussion The present study showed that NGN exerts neuroprotection by suppressing oxidative stress via antioxidant mechanisms. The above finding suggests that NGN may act as a potential target in the management of PD.
42 citations
TL;DR: Aerobic exercise showed improvement in cognition after short and long-term treatment in MCI subjects and can be used as potential therapeutic candidate.
Abstract: Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is becoming an emerging problem for developing countries where there is an increase in expected age. There is no specific curative therapeutic treatment ...
34 citations
TL;DR: 3D MRI of human brain is considered and texture analysis based on Haralick's and GLCM texture features is performed, highlighting about the highly useful features for early detection of brain tumor disease.
Abstract: Purpose of the study: Medical field has highly evolved with advancements in the technologies which prove to be beneficial for radiologists and patients for better diagnosis. The era of medical scie...
30 citations
TL;DR: Despite the limitations due to small number of patients in a retrospective study, the high rate of responder and seizure-free patients suggest that PER could be a therapeutic option in BTRE.
Abstract: Introduction: Epilepsy occurs in 35–70% of patients with gliomas; glutamate plays a central role via AMPA-receptor activation, which is involved both in seizure activity and tumor growth. W...
28 citations
TL;DR: Monitoring plasma hs-CRP levels and cutting down the elevated plasma c-reactive protein levels will be beneficial in screening and treatment decisions for the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke.
Abstract: Objective: Plasma high hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels are associated with risk and prognosis of vascular diseases. The clinical implications of markedly elevated hs-CRP levels ar...
27 citations
TL;DR: Level of Hhcy was a risk factor for recurrent cerebral infarction and particular demographic and clinical outcomes including age, relative NIHSS scores, and circulating triglyceride levels were markedly associated with the occurrence of cerebralinfarction.
Abstract: Purpose: Although hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) is a risk factor for cerebral infarction, its effect on recurrent cerebral infarction is less-defined We aimed to investigate the association of Hhcy
26 citations
TL;DR: Intra-arterial mesenchymal stem cells have shown to improve the functional outcome and normalize oxidative parameters and the study suggests that IA MSCs seemingly reduce the expression of CaN after ischemic stroke.
Abstract: Aim: Calcineurin (CaN) is a threonine/phosphatase which play roles in neuronal homeostasis. Ischemic stroke induces hyperactivation of CaN which further triggers apoptotic signaling. CaN in...
TL;DR: It is concluded that aerobic exercise could partially reverse diabetes-associated cognitive decline by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory milieu in T2D animal brain.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated cognitive impairment is highly prevalent especially among the geriatric population Here, we investigate the role of exercise in T2D-associated cognitive decline in rats METHODS T2D was induced using high-fat diet (15 days) followed by low-dose STZ (25mg/kg) The T2D animals were subjected to aerobic exercise on running wheel for 6 weeks Effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance of T2D animals was measured using step-down and transfer latency tests This was followed by the measurement of reduced glutathione levels in hippocampal homogenates We also measured hippocampal AchE activity and levels of neuroinflammatory markers such as IL-1 β, TNF-α and MCP-1 Morphology and density of hippocampal neurons were also determined by histopathological studies RESULTS Exercise led to the following changes in T2D animals It led to decrease in fasting blood glucose level (<250 mg/kg) and HbA1c (85 ± 023) compared to diabetic (1173 ± 014) animals and improved insulin resistance There was an increase in step-down latency (p < 0001) and a decrease in transfer latency (p < 001) suggesting improved cognitive function A significant increase in GSH levels (1828 ± 0024) compared to diabetic group (152 ± 003; p < 0001) and decrease in AchE activity (14 ± 005) compared to diabetic group (165 ± 003; p < 005) were also observed It reduced the levels of neuroinflammatory markers such as IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1 (p < 001) Hippocampal sections showed higher CA1 and CA3 neuronal density (p < 0001) than T2D group CONCLUSION We may conclude that aerobic exercise could partially reverse diabetes-associated cognitive decline by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory milieu in T2D animal brain
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that rapamycin reduces the risk of AD in T2DM rats and inhibits activation of AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby improving AD lesion in hippocampus of T2 DM rats.
Abstract: Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly correlated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Rapamycin has important uses in oncology, cardiology and transplantation medicine. This study aims ...
TL;DR: The results of the present study showed that cholinergic system may be involved in improving effect of KM on SCN-induced memory impairment in MRPAM.
Abstract: Purpose of the study: Kaempferol (KM) is a flavonoid found in plant-derived foods and medicinal plants. Recently, it is well established that KM plays a protective role to develop Alzheimer...
TL;DR: Although the data comparison was challenging provided the heterogeneity in methodology, the results across studies were similar and yet cognitive tasks resulted in the ΔO2Hb increasing in 8 of the 11 studies and ΔHHb decreasing in8 of 8 studies that reported this outcome.
Abstract: Purpose of the study: the aim of this study was to synthesize PFC fNIRS outcomes on the effects of cognitive tasks compared to resting/baseline tasks in healthy adults from studies utilizing a pre/...
TL;DR: The finding in the present study indicated that PPARγ agonist pioglitazone prevented the brain tissues from oxidative damage and learning and memory impairments in juvenile hypothyroid rats.
Abstract: Aim: The effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist pioglitazone on the brain tissues oxidative damage and learning and memory impairment in the juvenile hypoth...
TL;DR: The results of this study support the connection between gut and brain axis in rotenone exposed zebrafish by means of oxidative stress and NO for the first time in literature.
Abstract: Aim of the study: Rotenone is a commonly used pesticide that inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport system. Rotenone exposed rats demonstrate many characteristics of Parkinson D...
TL;DR: ION-CCI may give rise to an up-regulation of Nav1.3 in trigeminal nerve as well as in C-type neurons at the trigeminals ganglion, which implied that the ectopic action potential may generate from both the compressed site of the trigminal nerve and the ganglions rather than from the trigaminal nuclei.
Abstract: Objectives: Despite the etiology of trigeminal neuralgia has been verified by microvascular decompression as vascular compression of the trigeminal root, very few researches concerning its ...
TL;DR: Lower levels of 25(OH)D are associated with greater total MRI cSVD burden in ischemic stroke patients, and multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that patients with 25( OH)D level in its first quartile, compared with those in its fourth quartile were more likely to have severe WMLs and severe EPVs.
Abstract: Background: Decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] has been reported to be related to increased risk of cerebrovascular disease. We aimed to investigate whether an association exists between 25(OH...
TL;DR: Arbutin protects the brain against STZ-induced memory impairment and oxidative damage in the hippocampus, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the amount of MDA and nitrite in the serum and hippocampus, and an increase in FRAP levels of hippocampus was observed in arbutin receiving animals.
Abstract: Objectives: Recent evidences have shown the beneficial effects of natural products for treating of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Arbutin is derived from Pyrus biossieriana and exerts a wide ran...
TL;DR: The paralysis of tensor tympani muscle owing to trigeminal ganglia ischemia may be responsible for phonophobic clinical state in animals with SAH and there seems to be an important concern for the verbal component of GCS in SAH.
Abstract: Objective: The exact mechanism of phonophobia induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has not been understood well. This subject was investigated.Material and methods: This study was conducted on ...
TL;DR: MPV and PDW-sd were independent predictors for 90-day outcomes in stroke patients receiving thrombolysis, and there was a trend of incremental OR when compared higher tertile of MPV with lower ones.
Abstract: Objective: We aimed to investigate whether platelet volume indices (PVIs) were associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients undergoing intravenous thrombo...
TL;DR: These data confirm that a strong acoustic trauma induced histological changes in the cochlea and auditory nerve, leading to permanent hearing loss, are confirmed.
Abstract: Aims: Hearing loss is the most common form of sensory impairment in humans. Short impulses of a high intensity noise can trigger sudden hearing loss, which is generally irreversible and associated ...
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that patients with a shift in brain activity to the noninjured cerebral cortex exhibited better motor recovery following LF-rTMS/OT, and the findings suggest that evaluation of brain asymmetry before LF-reinforced transcranial magnetic stimulation with fNIRS can help predict the response to LF- rT MS/OT.
Abstract: Background: The beneficial effects of the combination therapy of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of nonlesional hemisphere and intensive occupational therapy (LF-...
TL;DR: All the landmark research reports for CDK5 were considered for this review and its involvement in disrupted autophagy and hyper immune response is the key cause for neurodegeneration.
Abstract: Objectives: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer Diseases (AD), Parkinson Diseases (PD) are a huge public health problem. The elucidation of their pathophysiological mechanism is one of our greatest challenges. Hyperactive immune system contributes to the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Methods: In this review article, we have highlighted the neurodegenerative role of CDK5 and its involvement in Amyloid precursor pathway via Beta secretase enzyme. Results:All the landmark research reports for CDK5 were considered for this review and its involvement in disrupted autophagy and hyper immune response is the key cause for neurodegeneration. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present review focus on the pathways associated with Cdk5 and its role in causing neurodegeneration.
TL;DR: It is indicated that Schisanhenol can attenuate scopolamine-induced learning impairment and enhance cognitive function, the mechanism via improve the cholinergic system and antioxidant ability, activate SIRT1-PGC1α signaling, inhibit the phosphorylation of Tau, and would be an effective candidate against cognitive disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Abstract: Purpose: Schisanhenol is a compound derived from the fruit of a traditional Chinese herb Schisandra rubriflora. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Schisanhenol on the cognit...
TL;DR: It is indicated that ABA attenuates STZ-induced learning and memory impairment and PPAR-β/δ receptors and PKA signaling are involved, at least in part, in the ABA mechanism.
Abstract: Aim: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and progressive cognitive decline. Abscisic acid (ABA) is produced in a variety of mammalian tissues, i...
TL;DR: As an alternative surgical approach of PPECD, PPECD through lamina–hole approach is a novel access for CIVDH and may be considered a valid and safe therapeutic option for CivDH.
Abstract: Background: The optimal PECD surgical approach for cervical intervertebral disc herniation (CIVDH) remains controversial. The conventional posterior K-hole approach for PECD leads to damage...
TL;DR: Osthole attenuates PD symptoms by suppressing Notch signaling pathway, a natural coumarin derivative isolated from various herbs, which has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress properties.
Abstract: Objectives: Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor dysfunctions. Dopaminergic neuron loss, inflammation and oxidative stress responses play key roles in the pathogenisis of PD. Osthole (Ost), a natural coumarin derivative, isolated from various herbs such as Cnidium monnieri (L.), has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress properties. However, whether it has effects on PD is unknown. Methods: In this study, mice were subjected to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injection to induce PD symptoms, and treated with osthole. Stepping and cylinder tests were performed to determine their motor function. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1). The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress factors were detected by qPCR and ELISA. Notch signaling pathway was investigated by western blot. Results: We found that injection of MPTP induced motor deficits in mice, enhanced the loss dopaminergic neurons and the activation of microglia, increased inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, and inhibited Notch signaling pathway. Osthole treatment suppressed theses MPTP-induced alterations. Conclusion: In conclusion, osthole attenuates PD symptoms by suppressing Notch signaling pathway.
TL;DR: Pretreatment with m-AIP appeared to provide a temporary improvement in pain and fear memory and decreased the expression of the above proteins in the hippocampus seven days after surgery, indicating that CaMKII may be a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain treatment.
Abstract: Purpose/Aim of the study In this study, we sought to observe the effects of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) on neuropathic pain and fear memory in a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI). Materials and methods Rats were randomly divided into the Sham, Control, CCI and m-AIP groups. In the m-AIP group, an intrathecal injection of m-AIP, the specific antagonist of CaMKII, was given either pretreatment or posttreatment in rats. Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests were used to test pain behavior, and the passive avoidance test was used to measure fear memory in rats. Results The right side of hippocampus tissues were taken at varying time points. The expression levels of CaMKII-α, pCaMKII-α, CaMKII-β, pCaMKII-β, NR2A, pNR2A, NR2B and pNR2B were detected by Western blot analysis. Significant pain behaviors and impaired cognitive function were shown after CCI surgery, accompanied by the upregulation of proteins in the hippocampus. Pretreatment with m-AIP appeared to provide a temporary improvement in pain and fear memory and decreased the expression of the above proteins in the hippocampus seven days after surgery. Furthermore, postoperative treatment with m-AIP provided relief for pain behavior and protein expression but did not affect fear memory. Conclusions These data suggested that CaMKII played an important role in the crosstalk between neuropathic pain and fear memory, indicating that CaMKII may be a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic pain treatment.