Showing papers in "Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology in 2013"

Preparation and Application of Nanoemulsions in the Last Decade (2000–2010)

Abstract: An emulsion is a system containing two immiscible phases: a dispersed phase and a continuous phase. Components needed to prepare an emulsion are oil, water, surfactant, and energy. The nature of surfactant determines the type of emulsion (oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O)). A nanoemulsion is an emulsion with 20–200 nm droplet size. The required energy to form a nanoemulsion can be obtained from a mechanical device (high-energy emulsification) or from the chemical potential of the components (low-energy emulsification). High-energy emulsification consists of high-pressure homogenization (HPH), ultrasonication, and microfluidization and low-energy emulsification consists of phase inversion temperature (PIT), phase inversion composition (PIC), and solvent diffusion. O/W nanoemulsions have been studied more than W/O nanoemulsions and the preparation of nanoemulsions with high-energy emulsification is more reported than low-energy emulsification. The small droplet size of a nanoemulsion enhances the emu...

preparation and application of nano emulsion in the last decade(2000_2010)

Abstract: An emulsion is a system containing two immiscible phases: a dispersed phase and a continuous phase. Components needed to prepare an emulsion are oil, water, surfactant, and energy. The nature of surfactant determines the type of emulsion (oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O)). A nanoemulsion is an emulsion with 20–200 nm droplet size. The required energy to form a nanoemulsion can be obtained from a mechanical device (high-energy emulsification) or from the chemical potential of the components (low-energy emulsification). High-energy emulsification consists of high-pressure homogenization (HPH), ultrasonication, and microfluidization and low-energy emulsification consists of phase inversion temperature (PIT), phase inversion composition (PIC), and solvent diffusion. O/W nanoemulsions have been studied more than W/O nanoemulsions and the preparation of nanoemulsions with high-energy emulsification is more reported than low-energy emulsification. The small droplet size of a nanoemulsion enhances the emulsion stability; therefore, nanoemulsions have various applications in the industrial field, such as personal care and cosmetics as well as health care, food, and agrochemicals. Pharmacy and cosmetics are fields where more direct applications of nanoemulsions are proposed.

A Review: Studies on Uranium Removal Using Different Techniques. Overview

Abstract: The presence of uranium in soil and underground water generate an important issue against public perception on the risk, which the contamination poses to the environmental and human health. Uranium is the dangerous element found in nature, it found in all rocks with different ratios. As nuclear science developed, nuclear waste containing uranium increased. Contamination reached to soil, underground water and in some cases drinking water which has increased public health concerns due to the chemical toxicity of depleted uranium at elevated dosages. For this reason this review concerned to develop methods for uranium removal from low-grade and contaminated sources. There are several stationary phases and solvents used in uranyl separation process as amines in different type (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amine), phosphates, acetates, alcohols, phenols and amidoxime resins. The article addresses the main features of the following techniques for uranium: found on soil, chemical processes for se...

Measurement and Correlation of the Viscosity of Water-Based Al2O3 and TiO2 Nanofluids in High Temperatures and Comparisons with Literature Reports

Abstract: In this article, the viscosity of two common nanofluids including Al2O3/water and TiO2/water is measured at high temperatures, and high concentrations of the nanofluids. The range of temperature is 15–60°C where the volume fraction of nanoparticles varies from 1 to 8%. Next, comparisons have been done with the most well-known theoretical and experimental reports in the literature. Finally, using the experimental data, a helpful correlation is presented.

Effects of Curvature Ratio and Coil Pitch Spacing on Heat Transfer Performance of Al2O3/Water Nanofluid Laminar Flow through Helical Coils

Abstract: In the present work, the influence of curvature ratio and coil pitch for Al2O3/water nanofluid laminar flow on heat transfer behavior and pressure drop through helical coils were investigated experimentally. These experiments were performed for coils with curvature ratio 10 and 20 plus coil pitch 24 and 42. The volume fractions of nanoparticles were 0.25–1.0%. Nanofluids at all concentrations showed much higher heat transfer rate and pressure drop in comparison with distilled water, which is due to the nanoparticles present in the fluid. In addition, due to curvature of coils, significant enhancement was observed in heat transfer rate as well as pressure drop when helical coils utilize instead of straight one. Moreover, the heat transfer rate improved with the increase of pitch coils and decrease of curvature ratio. Also, the Nusselt numbers for nanofluid flow inside coils was correlated with helical number, Prandtl number, and volume concentration of nanofluid.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Silver Nanoparticles Fabrication in N-isopropylacrylamide-Based Polymer Microgels for Rapid Degradation of p-Nitrophenol

Abstract: Multiresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) microgels were synthesized by precipitation polymerization in aqueous medium. Then silver-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) hybrid microgels were prepared by in-situ reduction of silver ions. Formation of microgels was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. pH and temperature sensitivity of microgel was studied by dynamic light scattering. Hydrodynamic radius of microgels decreases with increase in temperature at pH 8.20 and show volume phase transition temperature around 45°C. At pH 2.65, hydrodynamic radius decreases with increase in temperatures upto 35°C but further increase in temperature causes aggregation and microgel becomes unstable due to increase of hydrophobicity. With increase in pH of medium, the hydrodynamic radius of microgels increases sigmoidally. Formation of silver nanoparticles inside microgel and pH dependence of surface plasmon resonance wavelength of the hybrid microgels were inve...

Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Amino Acids Based Surfactants: A Review

Abstract: Amino acids based surfactants belong to the class of surfactants with high biodegradability, low toxicity and excellent surface active properties. They possess excellent emulsifying, detergency properties and form fine lather. These surfactants are environment friendly, mild to skin and eyes, and have hard water tolerance. This article reviews types, synthesis, various surface properties such as cmc (critical micelle concentration), surface tension, phase behavior, Krafft temperature, and interfacial adsorption of these surfactants. The biological properties such as antimicrobial activity, aquatic toxicity, biodegradability and hemolytic activity have also been focused. The various applications of amino acid based surfactants in the area of life sciences such as gene transfection, formation of liposomes, and drug delivery systems have also been reviewed.

Characterization of Colloidal Gas Aphron-Fluids Produced from a New Plant-Based Surfactant

Abstract: Colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) are gas bubbles with diameters ranging from 10 to 100 microns, generated by intense stirring of a surfactant solution at high speed. The surface activity and aggregation behavior of the surfactant affects the size/size distribution, stability, and other physicochemical properties of generated aphrons. Therefore, selection of a suitable surfactant is important for the generation of microbubbles with the desired properties. The goal of this articleis to investigate the potential use of a new plant-derived surfactant as an aphronizer surfactant in preparation of CGA-based drilling fluids for accomplishing desirable rheological and filtration properties. For this purpose, natural surfactant obtained from leaves of special tree, namely, Zizyphusspina Christi and used for preparation of aphron-based fluids. To achieve the research objectives, laboratory tests of suspension generation, microscopic visualization, initial yield, filtration loss, and rheological characterization with va...

Preparation and Evaluation of Carboxymethylated Lignin as Dispersant for Aqueous Graphite Suspension Using Turbiscan Lab Analyzer

Abstract: Carboxymethylated lignin (CML) was prepared from wheat straw alkali lignin (WAL) via carboxymethylation modification. The characterizations using FTIR, 13C NMR, and 1H–13C HSQC NMR suggest that carboxyl groups are introduced into WAL structure successfully and there are two different active sites substituted by carboxymethyl groups. Moreover, the dispersion efficiency of CML was evaluated using the Turbiscan Lab analyzer. Effects of CML dosage and suspension pH on the dispersion stability of aqueous graphite suspension were investigated. The result shows that the dispersion stability of aqueous graphite suspension prepared with CML of 1.0% dosage at suspension pH 6.7 is obviously improved.

Investigation on the Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibition Behavior of Gum Acacia and Synergistic Surfactants Additives on Mild Steel in 0.1 M H2SO4

Abstract: Adsorption and corrosion inhibition effect of gum acacia alone and in presence of surfactants sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide on mild steel in 0.1 M H2SO4 in temperature range of 30 to 60°C was investigated using weight loss method, chemical analysis of solution, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and determination of thermodynamic parameters. Inhibiting action of gum acacia is synergistically enhanced on addition of small amount of surfactants. SEM and AFM results confirmed the existence of an adsorbed protective film on the mild steel surface. Thermodynamic parameters reveal that adsorption process is spontaneous and obey Freundlich adsorption isotherm.

Clouding Behavior and Thermodynamic Study of Nonionic Surfactants in Presence of Additives

Abstract: The present study investigates the effect of different additives on the cloud point (CP) of nonionic surfactants Triton X-100 (TX-100) and Triton X-114 (TX-114) in aqueous solutions. The thermodynamic parameters of these mixtures were calculated at different additive concentrations. The cloud point of nonionic surfactants TX-100 and TX-114 decreased with the increment of electrolyte concentrations and increased with alcohol concentrations. The standard Gibbs free energy was found to be positive for both the surfactants, whereas the enthalpy and the entropy of the clouding phenomenon were found to be positive with alcohols and negative with electrolytes. The overall clouding process was endothermic for alcohols and exothermic for electrolytes.

Preparation the Esters of Oleic Acid-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer and Their Evaluation as Flow Improvers for Waxy Crude Oil

Abstract: Five comb-like copolymers derived from oleic acid-maleic anhydride were prepared and then esterified by long-chain fatty alcohol (POMA Cn), where n = 18, 20, 22. These polymers were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR analysis. The molecular weight was determined by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The prepared copolymers were investigated as flow improvers and pour point depressants (PPD) for crude oil. From the evaluation, it was found that, the maximum depression of PP was obtained by (POMA2 C22) with long-chain alcohol (C22–OH) from 27°C to 15°C (ΔPP3000ppm = −12°C). On the other side, it was remarked that no depression obtained by (POMA2 C18), which esterified by alcohol (C18–OH) at the same condition. The depression of pour point effectiveness was discussed on the light of polymers structure, molecular weights, and their concentrations. By analysis the results of the rheological flow properties, it was found that the POMA2 C22 enhanced the Bingham yield values (τβ). The τβ for crude oil witho...

A Review: Carbon Dioxide Capture: Biomass-Derived-Biochar and Its Applications

Abstract: The changes in global temperatures as a result of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has suggested that cumulative CO2 emissions will continue to increase over time. Many countries are looking for ways to reduce or alter the amount of CO2 harming our environment; therefore, this review is a compilation of CO2 adsorption on biomass-derived-biochar (BDB). This suggests that effective measures to mitigate the risk of dangerous climate change will need to limit cumulative emissions of CO2. Further, if cumulative CO2 emissions overshoot acceptable limits, it will become necessary to remove CO2 from the air, that is, the so-called “negative emissions.” In this review, we discuss the definitions and classes of technologies for capturing CO2 from the air and the application of biochar in the improvement of soil fertility. We also discuss the economic tradeoff between biochar and bio-oil, agricultural nutrient leaching, the novel magnetic property of biochar and its durability.

Corrosion Inhibiting Effect of Aframomum melegueta Extracts and Adsorption Characteristics of the Active Constituents on Mild Steel in Acidic Media

Abstract: The extract from the seeds of Aframomum Melegueta (AM) was investigated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in aerated 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions using gravimetric and electrochemical techniques. AM extract was found to inhibit both the cathodic and anodic partial reactions of the corrosion process, via adsorption of the organic matter on the metal/solution interface, as described by the Langmuir as well as Flory-Huggins adsorption isotherms. Corrosion rates in all systems studied increased with rise in temperature. Increasing the temperature of the system enhanced inhibition efficiency of AM extract in 1 M HCl, but decreased efficiency in 0.5 M H2SO4. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to theoretically illustrate the electronic structure and adsorption behaviour of the active constituents of the seeds of Aframomum melegueta; paradol (1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)decan-3-one) and shogaol ((E)-1-(4-Hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)dec-4-en-3-one) in order to theoretically evaluate their contrib...

Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Plastic Viscosity, Yield Point, and Apparent Viscosity for Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Abstract: A feed-forward multilayer perceptron neural network model with Levenberg-Marquardt learning algorithm has been developed to predict rheological properties of water-based drilling fluids. The developed model was based on a three-layer network containing input, hidden, and output layer. The sigmoid function was applied as the transfer function in the hidden layer and linear transfer function in the output layer. Two statistical parameters, mean square errors and correlation coefficient, were used as a criterion for evaluating artificial neural network modeling performance. Accordingly, a comparison between experimental values and those predicted by the artificial neural network showed a good coincidence proving its high accuracy in estimating target value.

Caffeine Encapsulated in Small Unilamellar Liposomes: Characerization and In Vitro Release Profile

Abstract: Liposomes containing hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (PCH), with or without cholesterol (CHOL) and caffeine (CAF), were prepared by sonication and characterized for encapsulation efficiency and mean diameter. Dynamic light scattering assay showed that the incorporation of CHOL decreased significantly the size of the liposomes and led to a more heterogeneous distribution of size raising the CAF encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro drug release studies showed that the encapsulation of the CAF in liposomes produced a reduction in the release rate and the inclusion of CHOL in the liposome formulation delayed still further the release of the CAF.

Interfacial Tension Measurements Between Oil Fractions of a Crude Oil and Aqueous Solutions with Different Ionic Composition and pH

Abstract: Dynamic and equilibrium interfacial tensions between crude oil fractions and aqueous solutions of various compositions and pH were measured. The basic oil components seemed to determine the interfacial tensions at pH 2, while the non-dissociated and dissociated acidic components governed the interfacial tension at the natural pH and pH 9, respectively. The ionic composition of the aqueous phase influenced the degree of dissociation of the acidic components at pH 9: Na+ ions in the aqueous phase promoted dissociation of the interfacial acidic components (compared to pure water), while Ca2+ ions resulted in complexation with the dissociated acids and most likely formation of stable interfacial films. The amount of Ca2+ determined which of these phenomena that dominated when both ions were present in sea water solutions. Generally, the interfacial tensions of the oil fractions were lower when measured against the high salinity aqueous solutions than against the corresponding low salinity solutions.

Thermal Dispersion Model Compared with Euler-Lagrange Approach in Simulation of Convective Heat Transfer for Nanoparticle Suspensions

Abstract: Convective heat transfer characteristics of water/Al2O3 nanofluid flow inside a tube were evaluated in this study. A non-uniform concentration distribution was used in thermal dispersion model. Meanwhile, an experimental study was done to find the dispersion coefficient in addition to assess the accuracy of simulation results. The accuracy of the results of thermal dispersion model was compared with the numerical solution using discrete phase modeling and homogenous method, while the effective parameters on particle migration were considered to find the particle distribution for being used in the dispersion model. Non-uniformity of the particle distribution is increased by raising volume fraction and Reynolds number. Concentration distribution was obtained using discrete phase method and was compared with the distribution employed for the dispersion model. When a uniform concentration is used in the dispersion model, error of prediction is expected to be increased. The thermal dispersion model, in which t...

Application of Crosslinked Ionic Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanogel as Adsorbents for Water Treatment

Abstract: Core-shell smart ionic nanogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) core and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide/acrylic acid) p(NIPAm-AAc) shell particles were successfully synthesized through a one-step surfactant-free emulsion polymerization method (SFEP). Different mole ratios of p(NIPAm-AAc) shells were synthesized. The morphologies of PVA/p(NIPAm-AAc) nanogels were investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The data showed the formation of spherical nanoparticles and well-defined core-shell nanogels. PVA/p(NIPAm-AAc) core-shell nanogels were applied as a novel polymeric adsorbent to remove heavy metal pollutants from aqueous solution. Copper(II) (Cu2+) ions were selected as the target pollutant to evaluate these nanoparticles’ adsorption capability. The influence of the uptake conditions such as pH, weight ratio of nanoparticles, time, initial feed concentration, and adsorption temperature on the metal ion binding capacity of nanogels was also tested. Adsorption equilibrium data were calculated a...

Enhanced Remediation of Reactive Black 5 from Aqueous Media Using New Chitosan Ion Exchangers

Abstract: Chitosan was cross-linked using epichlorohydrine to form chitosan gel. The resins obtained were chemically modified through the reaction with to 1,1,1,3,3,3 hexafloro,2-bis (3-amino,2-hydroxyphenyl) propane to produce resin (RI), 3-amino-1,2,4 triazole,5-thiol to produce resin (RII), and melamine to produce resin (RIII). The uptake of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) from aqueous media by the obtained resins was studied using batch method. Various parameters such as pH, agitation time, RB5 concentration and temperature were studied. The resins showed high affinity for the adsorption of RB5 where uptake values of 0.63, 0.45, and 0.33 mmol/g were reported for resins RI, RII, and RIII, respectively at 25°C. Both kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the process were estimated. These data indicated an endothermic spontaneous adsorption process and kinetically followed the pseudo-second order model, Fickian diffusion low and Elovich equation. Desorption of RB5 from the surface of the prepared resins was efficiently d...

Modeling of Liquid/Liquid Phase Separation: Application to Petroleum Emulsions

Abstract: A description of water-in-oil emulsion destabilization under gravity effect was proposed taking account of both droplet sedimentation and coalescence between droplets and with their homophase. Physical laws were developed and permitted to describe the evolution of each interface including sedimentation, free water phase, and droplet dense packed zone. Batch settling experiments were performed on a dispersion rig set up with a cell equipped with capacitance sensors. This specific experiment permits the control the emulsion formation and registers the kinetic of oil/emulsion/water phase separation. Simulations of experiments were then performed using the physical laws previously described. A good fitting of the experimental curves was obtained by matching only one parameter representative of droplet collision efficiency.

Surfactant-Free Multiple Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Combining Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Nanoparticles

Abstract: A series of W/O/W or O/W/O emulsion stabilized solely by two different types of solid nanoparticles were prepared by a two-step method. We explored the option of particular emulsifiers for the multiple Pickering emulsions, and a variety of nanoparticles (silica, iron oxide, and clay) only differing in their wettability was used. The primary W/O emulsion was obtained by the hydrophobic nanoparticles, and then the hydrophilic nanoparticles were used as emulsifier in the secondary emulsification to prepare the W/O/W emulsion. In a similar way, the primary O/W emulsion of the O/W/O emulsion was stabilized by the hydrophilic nanoparticles, while the secondary emulsification to prepare the O/W/O emulsion was effected with the hydrophobic nanoparticles. The resultant multiple Pickering emulsion was stable to coalescence for more than 3 months, except the W/O/W emulsions of which the secondary emulsion stabilized by clay nanoparticles became a simple O/W emulsion in a day after preparation. Moreover, the temperat...

Effect of Colloidal Dispersion of Clay on Some Properties of Wool Fiber

Abstract: This work was carried out to characterize the changes induced on wool fiber by clay treatment. Technical measurements were studied including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal degradation analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), moisture regain measurement (MRM), and tensile strength test (TST). The intensity of major peaks in FTIR spectra of the clay treated sample is in favor of chemical changes of the polypeptide functional groups. DSC results indicated that clay treatment of wool enhances heat and thermal barrier properties of fiber. TGA results stated lower thermal degradation of clay treated wool compared with untreated one. One of the main advantages of clay application on wool could be its positive effect on the moisture absorption of wool.

Pressure Drop and Performance Characteristics of Water-Based Al2O3 and CuO Nanofluids in a Triangular Duct

Abstract: An experimental study is performed to determine the pressure drop and performance characteristics of Al2O3/water and CuO/water nanofluids in a triangular duct under constant heat flux where the flow is laminar. The effects of adding nanoparticles to the base fluid on the pressure drop and friction factor are investigated at different Reynolds numbers. The results show that at a specified Reynolds number, using the nanofluids can lead to an increase in the pressure drop by 35%. It is also found that with increases in the Reynolds number, the rate of increase in the friction factor with the volume fraction of nanoparticles is reduced. Finally, the performance characteristics of the two nanofluids are investigated using the data of pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficient. The results show that the use of Al2O3/water nanofluid with volume fractions of 1.5% and 2% is not helpful in the triangular duct. It is also concluded that at the same volume fraction of nanoparticles, using Al2O3 nanopartic...

Experimental Design Approach to Investigate the Effects of Operating Factors on the Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Stability of Heavy Crude Oil-in-Water Emulsions

Abstract: In this article, the effects of various operating factors on the surface tension, viscosity, and stability of two heavy oil types in water emulsions for pipeline transportation are studied using the Taguchi experimental design approach. The surface tension of heavy crude oil-in-water emulsion is decreased by increasing the emulsifier concentration while the stability of emulsions is increased. The viscosity and stability are increased by an increase in oil content. An increase in the salinity and mixing speed leads to an increase in the stability of emulsion.

Adsorption of Cd(II) Ions onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Hazelnut Husks

Abstract: In this study, a batch adsorption of Cd(II) ions onto activated carbon (AC) produced from hazelnut husks were investigated. The factors controlling the adsorption process such as initial pH, agitation time, dosage and initial concentration have been examined. The AC was showed a high affinity to Cd(II) ions at pH values between 5.0 and 7.0. The equilibrium time was found to be 300 minutes. Cd(II) adsorption equilibrium was analyzed with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations and it was found that Langmuir equations fitted well with the experimental data. Maximum Cd(II) adsorption capacity of AC was calculated to be 20.9 mg g−1. Cd(II) adsorption kinetics described well with the pseudo second order model. The activated carbon prepared from hazelnut husks is efficient sorbent material for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions.

Inhibition Effect and Adsorption Behavior of New Azodye Derivatives on Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Acid Medium

Abstract: The inhibition effects of synthesized azodye derivatives on carbon steel corrosion in 2.0 M HCl were studied using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements show that azodye derivatives are mixed-type inhibitors. EFM can be used as a rapid and non destructive technique for corrosion rate measurements without prior knowledge of Tafel constants. The results obtained from weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and EFM measurements were in good agreement. Adsorption of these inhibitors on the surface on carbon steel follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The surface of carbon steel examined using UV-vis reflectance spectroscopy. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed and several quantum chemical parameters were calculated and correlated with the corresponding inhibition efficiencies.

Janus Emulsion Drops: Equilibrium Calculations

Abstract: Experimental results indicated the contact angles in the drops of Janus emulsions formed in a one-step mixing process to be invariant within a significant range the oil volume ratios, similar to the results from microfluidics emulsification. Since this result points to a connection between the kinetically formed emulsions and the local equilibrium topology of emulsion drops, the effect of interfacial tensions on the morphology of Janus emulsions was estimated from the equilibrium interfacial tensions at the line of contact. Realistic values of the tensions revealed the limited range of these to obtain Janus drops and also offered correlation between the equilibrium entities and the curvature of the interface between the two oils.

Improvement in Uranium Adsorption Properties of Amidoxime-Based Adsorbent Through Cografting of Amine Group

Abstract: Amidoxime (AO)/amine co-functionalized polypropylene fiber adsorbents were prepared The all-polymeric structures were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscope, contact angle meter and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis methods, confirming the grafting, modification, and amidoximation stages gravimetrically, spectroscopically, and visually The properties for the removal of uranyl(VI) from aqueous solutions were investigated For amidoxime (AO) fiber, high adsorption rate was observed within the first 30 minutes and the plateau value of 406% uranium loading (00812 mg/g) was reached at around 30 minutes The adsorption equilibrium for AO/amine fiber was attained within 20 minutes, resulting in the adsorption of 926% uranium loading (0185 mg/g) The percentage of adsorption increases with increasing pH value (2–6), reaches a maximum at pH 60 and then remains almost constant for AO/amine fiber, whereas reduces slightly for AO fiber

Characterization of Soy Protein Nanoparticles Prepared by High Shear Microfluidization

Abstract: Soy protein nanoparticles were produced with a microfluidizer and characterized in terms of particle size, size distribution, morphology, rheological properties, and aggregate structure. Three stages of structure breakdown were observed when the soy protein dispersion was passed through the microfluidizer. A sudden change in the aggregate size was observed after a certain number of passes through the microfluidizer; such change was both concentration and pH dependent. Rheological measurements of these soy protein emulsions showed that both viscosity and storage/loss modulus decreased as the aggregate size of soy protein was decreased, indicating reduced interactions between the aggregates. The fractal dimension of the soy protein aggregates was estimated from the properties of a continuous matrix embedded with the aggregates.